p.17
Alcohols and Their Characteristics
What is an alcohol?
An organic compound that contains an -OH functional group.
p.26
Carboxylic Acids and Their Properties
How is an ester formed?
From a carboxylic acid and alcohol in the presence of a sulfuric acid catalyst.
p.3
Crude Oil and Hydrocarbons
What is a hydrocarbon?
A compound made up exclusively of hydrogen and carbon atoms.
p.33
Amino Acids and Proteins
How do amino acids contribute to protein formation?
Amino acids undergo numerous condensation polymerization reactions to form proteins.
p.20
Alcohols and Their Characteristics
What is a common use of alcohols in beverages?
Alcohols are used in the production of alcoholic drinks.
p.2
Crude Oil and Hydrocarbons
What is crude oil?
A mixture of compounds; a fossil fuel consisting of the remains of ancient biomass.
p.13
Alkenes and Their Reactions
What is an alkene?
An unsaturated hydrocarbon.
p.26
Carboxylic Acids and Their Properties
What is an ester?
An organic compound containing a -COO- functional group.
p.18
Alcohols and Their Characteristics
What is a common characteristic of methanol, ethanol, propanol, and butanol regarding water?
They dissolve in water to form a neutral solution.
p.27
Polymers and Polymerization
What is a polymer?
A long chain molecule made by many smaller molecules joining together.
p.21
Alcohols and Their Characteristics
What type of solution is required for the fermentation of glucose?
Aqueous solution of glucose.
p.16
Alkenes and Their Reactions
What is the process of adding halogens to alkenes called?
Addition of halogens (Br2/Cl2/I2).
p.11
Cracking of Hydrocarbons
What is the purpose of heating in the cracking process?
To convert reactants into vapor for further processing.
p.30
Polymers and Polymerization
What is a condensation polymer?
A polymer made in condensation polymerisation.
p.31
Amino Acids and Proteins
What is an amide bond?
An amide bond is similar to an ester bond, with O replaced by N, e.g. (C=O)-NH2.
p.11
Cracking of Hydrocarbons
What role does a catalyst play in catalytic cracking?
It facilitates the cracking process at lower temperatures.
p.20
Alcohols and Their Characteristics
What is one use of alcohols as a fuel?
Alcohols can be used as fuels for vehicles.
p.32
Amino Acids and Proteins
What functional groups are present in an amino acid?
A carboxylic acid group (COOH) and an amine group (-NH2).
p.6
Combustion of Hydrocarbons
What are the products of incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons?
Carbon or carbon monoxide and water.
p.25
Carboxylic Acids and Their Properties
Why are carboxylic acids considered weak acids?
Because they are only partially dissociated in water.
p.31
Amino Acids and Proteins
What functional group does an amide bond contain?
It contains the C=O group.
p.27
Polymers and Polymerization
What is produced during the addition polymerisation of C=C bonds?
Only the polymer chain is produced; no other products are made.
p.34
Polymers and Polymerization
How do the structures of starch and cellulose differ?
In the way the glucose molecules are joined together.
p.8
Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil
Where are small molecules with low boiling points collected?
At the top of the column.
p.2
Crude Oil and Hydrocarbons
Is crude oil a renewable resource?
No, it is a finite resource that cannot be replaced as it is used up.
p.33
Amino Acids and Proteins
What are polypeptides?
Polypeptides are shorter chains made by the condensation polymerization of amino acids.
p.25
Carboxylic Acids and Their Properties
How does the pH of a carboxylic acid solution compare to that of a strong acid of the same concentration?
The pH of a carboxylic acid solution is not as low as that of a strong acid at the same concentration.
p.11
Cracking of Hydrocarbons
What is steam cracking?
A process where vaporized reactant is mixed with steam and heated to high temperatures.
p.8
Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil
Where are large molecules with high boiling points collected?
At the bottom of the column.
p.22
Carboxylic Acids and Their Properties
What are carboxylic acids?
Organic compounds that contain a COOH functional group.
p.12
Cracking of Hydrocarbons
How are alkanes and alkenes used?
As polymers and starting materials for synthesis.
p.29
Polymers and Polymerization
What is a repeating unit of a polymer?
The smallest structure which, upon numerous translations, yields the structure of the polymer.
p.31
Amino Acids and Proteins
How does an amide bond differ from an ester bond?
In an amide bond, the oxygen (O) in the ester bond is replaced by nitrogen (N).
p.11
Cracking of Hydrocarbons
What is catalytic cracking?
A process where vaporized reactant is passed over a hot catalyst.
p.5
Alkanes and Their Properties
What is a homologous series?
A series of compounds with the same general formula, same functional groups, and similar chemical properties.
p.23
Carboxylic Acids and Their Properties
What happens when carboxylic acids dissolve in water?
They form an acidic solution containing H+ ions.
p.18
Alcohols and Their Characteristics
What reaction occurs between alcohols and carboxylic acids in the presence of an acid catalyst?
They react to form esters.
p.7
Alkanes and Their Properties
How does volatility change with increasing alkane molecule size?
Volatility decreases as molecules get bigger.
p.34
Polymers and Polymerization
What are starch and cellulose made of?
Polymers made of glucose monomers.
p.9
Cracking of Hydrocarbons
What is cracking in the context of hydrocarbons?
The thermal breakdown of large hydrocarbons into smaller and useful molecules.
p.15
Combustion of Hydrocarbons
Why do alkenes burn with smoky flames?
Due to incomplete combustion.
p.29
Polymers and Polymerization
How do you draw a polymer from a monomer?
Change C=C to C-C and show additional single bonds extending away from these carbons.
p.27
Polymers and Polymerization
What type of reaction occurs when forming addition polymers?
Addition polymerisation reaction.
p.7
Alkanes and Their Properties
What trend is observed in flammability as alkane molecules increase in size?
Flammability decreases as molecules get bigger.
p.35
Amino Acids and Proteins
What is the primary role of DNA?
To store genetic information.
p.6
Combustion of Hydrocarbons
What are the products of complete combustion of hydrocarbons?
Carbon dioxide and water.
p.28
Polymers and Polymerization
What is the use of (Poly)tetrafluoroethene (PTFE)?
It is used for Teflon surfaces in non-stick kitchenware.
p.34
Polymers and Polymerization
What are carbohydrates?
Organic molecules made of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O).
p.7
Alkanes and Their Properties
What is the general reactivity of alkanes?
They have poor reactivity.
p.8
Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil
Why do hydrocarbons condense at different heights in the column?
Because they have different boiling points.
p.14
Alkenes and Their Reactions
What color change occurs when bromine water is added to alkenes?
From orange to colourless.
p.32
Amino Acids and Proteins
What is an amino acid?
An organic compound that contains both a carboxylic acid functionality (COOH) and an amine functional group (-NH2).
p.6
Combustion of Hydrocarbons
What happens to carbon and hydrogen atoms during complete combustion?
They are completely oxidised.
p.27
Polymers and Polymerization
How do molecules containing C=C bonds form polymers?
The C=C bonds open up, allowing smaller molecules (monomers) to join together to form a chain.
p.25
Carboxylic Acids and Their Properties
What is the implication of partial dissociation of carboxylic acids in water?
It results in a higher pH compared to strong acids, indicating weaker acidity.
p.21
Alcohols and Their Characteristics
What is the equation for the fermentation of glucose?
C6H12O6 → 2 CH3CH2OH + 2 CO2.
p.8
Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil
What happens to the vaporized crude oil in the fractionating column?
The vapor rises up the fractionating column (tower).
p.35
Amino Acids and Proteins
What is the structure of DNA?
It consists of two polymer chains in a double helix.
p.20
Alcohols and Their Characteristics
In what capacity are alcohols used as solvents?
Alcohols are used as solvents in various industrial and household applications.
p.33
Amino Acids and Proteins
How can proteins be described in relation to polypeptides?
Proteins can be thought of as products of many polypeptide chains bonded together.
p.28
Polymers and Polymerization
What is (Poly)chloroethene commonly known as, and what is its use?
It is known as polyvinylchloride (PVC) and is used for water pipes.
p.16
Alkenes and Their Reactions
What conditions are required for the hydration of alkenes?
High temperature, pressure, and concentrated phosphoric acid (H3PO4) as a catalyst.
p.8
Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil
How does temperature vary in the fractionating column?
The column is hotter at the bottom and cooler at the top.
p.30
Polymers and Polymerization
What happens during condensation polymerisation?
Many molecules join together to form a polymer, releasing a small molecule like H2O or HCl.
p.7
Alkanes and Their Properties
How do the physical states of alkanes change as the series progresses?
They change from gases to liquids, then to solids.
p.7
Alkanes and Their Properties
What happens to boiling points and viscosity as alkane molecules get bigger?
Both boiling points and viscosity increase.
p.11
Cracking of Hydrocarbons
What is the first condition for cracking?
The reactant must be heated to vapor.
p.8
Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil
What is the first step in the fractional distillation of crude oil?
Crude oil is heated and vaporised.
p.8
Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil
What is the result of fractional distillation?
It gives fractions, which can be used in various ways.
p.16
Alkenes and Their Reactions
What happens during addition reactions of alkenes?
Atoms are added across the carbon-carbon double bond, converting it into a single carbon-carbon bond.
p.16
Alkenes and Their Reactions
What is hydrogenation in the context of alkenes?
The addition of hydrogen to alkenes, requiring higher temperature and a nickel catalyst.
