p.1
Scapula Structure and Functions
What is the spine of the scapula?
A triangular-shaped process that continues laterally as the acromion.
p.2
Scapula Structure and Functions
What structure bridges the scapular notch?
The superior transverse scapular ligament.
p.17
Muscles of the Pectoral Region and Axilla
What is the areola?
A ring of pigmented skin around the nipple.
p.5
Radius and Ulna Characteristics
What is the styloid process associated with?
The distal end of the ulna.
p.20
Muscles of the Pectoral Region and Axilla
What is the origin of the Deltoid muscle?
Lateral third of clavicle, acromion, and spine of scapula.
p.1
Clavicle Anatomy and Fractures
Where do clavicle fractures most commonly occur?
At the junction of its middle and lateral thirds.
p.17
Muscles of the Pectoral Region and Axilla
What supports the breast structures?
Suspensory ligaments (of Cooper).
p.5
Radius and Ulna Characteristics
What is the ulnar tuberosity?
A roughened prominence distal to the coronoid process that provides an attachment site for the brachialis.
p.21
Muscles of the Pectoral Region and Axilla
What is the primary function of the Rotator Cuff?
To stabilize the shoulder joint by keeping the head of the humerus in the glenoid fossa during movements.
p.4
Humerus Anatomy and Common Injuries
What is the characteristic deformity associated with a Colles fracture?
Dinner (silver) fork deformity.
p.14
Lymphatic Drainage of the Upper Limb
Where do the central axillary lymph nodes lie?
Near the base of the axilla between the lateral thoracic and subscapular veins.
p.1
Clavicle Anatomy and Fractures
What is a common cause of clavicle fractures?
A fall on the shoulder or outstretched hand.
p.5
Radius and Ulna Characteristics
What does the trochlear notch receive?
The trochlea of the humerus.
p.21
Muscles of the Pectoral Region and Axilla
What forms the Rotator Cuff?
The tendons of supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis (SITS).
p.21
Upper Limb Joints and Ligaments
What structures are transmitted through the Quadrangular Space?
The axillary nerve and the posterior humeral circumflex vessels.
p.10
Cutaneous Nerves of the Upper Limb
What is the function of the Medial Antebrachial Cutaneous Nerve?
Innervates the medial side of the forearm.
p.4
Humerus Anatomy and Common Injuries
What does the trochlea articulate with?
The trochlear notch of the ulna.
p.6
Humerus Anatomy and Common Injuries
What is a common cause of a scaphoid fracture?
A fall on an outstretched hand.
p.10
Cutaneous Nerves of the Upper Limb
Which nerves are associated with the C8–T1 spinal segments?
Medial Brachial Cutaneous Nerve, Medial Antebrachial Cutaneous Nerve, Ulnar Nerve, and Median Nerve.
p.12
Superficial Veins of the Upper Limb
What is the dorsal venous network formed by?
It is formed by the dorsal metacarpal veins.
p.4
Humerus Anatomy and Common Injuries
What is the role of the lateral epicondyle?
It provides the origin for the supinator and extensor muscles of the forearm.
p.5
Radius and Ulna Characteristics
What is the function of the olecranon?
It provides an attachment site for the triceps tendon.
p.2
Scapula Structure and Functions
What can happen due to calcification of the superior transverse scapular ligament?
It may trap or compress the suprascapular nerve.
p.5
Radius and Ulna Characteristics
What does the head of the ulna articulate with?
The articular disk of the distal radioulnar joint.
p.14
Cutaneous Nerves of the Upper Limb
What is the primary function of the brachial plexus?
To provide nerve supply to the upper limb.
p.21
Muscles of the Pectoral Region and Axilla
Which muscle is located medially in the Quadrangular Space?
Long head of the triceps.
p.12
Superficial Veins of the Upper Limb
Where does the median cubital vein lie in relation to the bicipital aponeurosis?
It lies superficial to the bicipital aponeurosis.
p.20
Muscles of the Pectoral Region and Axilla
What is the insertion point of the Subscapularis muscle?
Lesser tubercle of humerus.
p.1
Clavicle Anatomy and Fractures
What bones does the clavicle articulate with?
The sternum and the acromion of the scapula.
p.5
Radius and Ulna Characteristics
Where is the coronoid process located?
Below the trochlear notch.
p.2
Scapula Structure and Functions
Which muscles are affected if the suprascapular nerve is compressed?
The supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles.
p.21
Muscles of the Pectoral Region and Axilla
What muscles bound the Quadrangular Space superiorly?
Teres minor and subscapularis muscles.
p.13
Lymphatic Drainage of the Upper Limb
What is the shape of the axilla?
Pyramid-shaped space between the upper thoracic wall and the arm.
p.11
Superficial Veins of the Upper Limb
What is the origin of the basilic vein?
Dorsal venous arch of the hand.
p.20
Muscles of the Pectoral Region and Axilla
What action does the Teres major muscle perform?
Adducts and rotates arm medially.
p.23
Muscles of the Pectoral Region and Axilla
What is the insertion point of the Flexor carpi ulnaris?
Pisiform, hook of hamate, and base of fifth metacarpal.
p.13
Lymphatic Drainage of the Upper Limb
What are the boundaries of the axilla?
Medial wall: upper ribs and intercostal muscles; Lateral wall: intertubercular groove of the humerus; Posterior wall: subscapularis, teres major, and latissimus dorsi; Anterior wall: pectoralis major and minor; Base: axillary fascia and skin; Apex: interval between clavicle, first rib, and upper border of scapula.
p.19
Muscles of the Pectoral Region and Axilla
What is the insertion point of the subclavius muscle?
Inferior surface of the clavicle.
p.9
Upper Limb Joints and Ligaments
Where does the Radial Collateral Ligament extend from and to?
From the lateral epicondyle to the radial notch of the ulna and the annular ligament of the radius.
p.8
Upper Limb Joints and Ligaments
What is the function of the transverse humeral ligament?
Holds the tendon of the long head of the biceps in the intertubercular groove.
p.18
Muscles of the Pectoral Region and Axilla
What is the difference between a radical mastectomy and a modified radical mastectomy?
Modified radical mastectomy preserves the pectoralis major and minor muscles.
p.8
Upper Limb Joints and Ligaments
What is the purpose of the bursae around the shoulder?
To provide lubrication between the rotator cuff and the coracoacromial arch during shoulder movement.
p.18
Muscles of the Pectoral Region and Axilla
What is lumpectomy (tylectomy)?
Surgical excision of only the palpable mass in carcinoma of the breast.
p.1
Scapula Structure and Functions
What does the spine of the scapula divide?
The posterior scapula into the upper supraspinous and lower infraspinous fossae.
p.1
Scapula Structure and Functions
What muscles originate from the coracoid process?
Coracobrachialis and short head of biceps brachii.
p.2
Scapula Structure and Functions
What is the clinical significance of the scapular notch?
It can lead to nerve compression affecting shoulder muscle functions.
p.10
Cutaneous Nerves of the Upper Limb
Which nerve arises from the medial cord of the brachial plexus and innervates the medial side of the arm?
Medial Brachial Cutaneous Nerve.
p.14
Cutaneous Nerves of the Upper Limb
What are the terminal branches of the brachial plexus?
Median nerve, Musculocutaneous nerve, Axillary nerve, Radial nerve, Ulnar nerve.
p.23
Muscles of the Pectoral Region and Axilla
What action does the Flexor carpi radialis perform?
Flexes forearm, flexes and abducts hand.
p.13
Lymphatic Drainage of the Upper Limb
What forms the floor of the axilla?
The axillary fascia and skin, attached to the suspensory ligament of the axilla.
p.8
Humerus Anatomy and Common Injuries
What is the primary manifestation of a rotator cuff rupture?
Severe limitation of shoulder joint motion, chiefly abduction.
p.3
Humerus Anatomy and Common Injuries
Which muscles' tendons are attached to the greater tuberosity?
Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and teres minor.
p.11
Cutaneous Nerves of the Upper Limb
What nerve arises from the radial nerve and innervates the posterior sides of the arm?
Posterior Brachial Cutaneous Nerve.
p.14
Muscles of the Pectoral Region and Axilla
What is the anatomical location of the breast?
Extends from the second to sixth ribs and from the sternum to the midaxillary line.
p.4
Radius and Ulna Characteristics
Where does the radial tuberosity provide an attachment site?
For the biceps brachii tendon.
p.22
Muscles of the Pectoral Region and Axilla
What structures are contained in the upper Triangular Space?
Circumflex scapular vessels.
p.23
Muscles of the Pectoral Region and Axilla
Which muscle extends and abducts the hand?
Extensor carpi radialis longus.
p.23
Muscles of the Pectoral Region and Axilla
What is the action of the Extensor digitorum?
Extends fingers and hand.
p.9
Upper Limb Joints and Ligaments
What movements are allowed by the Distal Radioulnar Joint?
Pronation and supination.
p.9
Upper Limb Joints and Ligaments
What movements does the Midcarpal Joint allow?
Gliding and sliding movements.
What is the function of the heads of the metacarpals?
They form the knuckles of the fist.
p.15
Upper Limb Joints and Ligaments
What is the function of the thoracoacromial artery?
It supplies blood to the shoulder and upper chest.
p.18
Muscles of the Pectoral Region and Axilla
What is the function of lactiferous ducts?
They open onto the tip of the nipple and serve as a passage for milk.
p.6
Upper Limb Joints and Ligaments
What movements does the sternoclavicular joint allow?
Elevation, depression, protraction, retraction, and circumduction of the shoulder.
p.1
Clavicle Anatomy and Fractures
What type of ossification does the clavicle undergo?
Intramembranous ossification.
p.1
Scapula Structure and Functions
What is the acromion?
The lateral end of the spine of the scapula that articulates with the clavicle.
p.17
Muscles of the Pectoral Region and Axilla
What arteries supply blood to the breast?
Medial mammary branches of the internal thoracic artery, lateral mammary branches of the lateral thoracic artery, pectoral branches of the thoracoacromial trunk, and lateral cutaneous branches of the posterior intercostal arteries.
p.4
Humerus Anatomy and Common Injuries
What is a Colles fracture?
A distal radius fracture where the distal fragment is displaced posteriorly, creating a dinner fork deformity.
p.12
Superficial Veins of the Upper Limb
What does the median cubital vein connect?
It connects the cephalic vein to the basilic vein over the cubital fossa.
p.21
Upper Limb Joints and Ligaments
What is located laterally in the Quadrangular Space?
Surgical neck of the humerus.
p.10
Cutaneous Nerves of the Upper Limb
What is the origin of the Medial Brachial Cutaneous Nerve?
It arises from the medial cord of the brachial plexus.
p.19
Muscles of the Pectoral Region and Axilla
What is the primary function of the pectoralis major muscle?
Flexes, adducts, and medially rotates the arm.
p.9
Upper Limb Joints and Ligaments
What is the source of blood supply to the upper limb?
Branches of the brachial artery and recurrent branches of the radial and ulnar arteries.
p.18
Muscles of the Pectoral Region and Axilla
In which quadrant does breast cancer most commonly occur?
Upper lateral quadrant (approximately 60% of cases).
p.12
Lymphatic Drainage of the Upper Limb
What lymphatic vessels accompany the basilic vein?
The medial group of lymphatic vessels.
p.13
Lymphatic Drainage of the Upper Limb
What major structures are contained within the axilla?
Brachial plexus, axillary artery and its branches, axillary vein, lymph nodes, and areolar tissue.
p.12
Lymphatic Drainage of the Upper Limb
Where do the lateral group of lymphatic vessels drain?
They drain into the lateral axillary nodes and the deltopectoral node.
p.11
Superficial Veins of the Upper Limb
What forms the axillary vein at the lower border of the teres major muscle?
Basilic vein joining the brachial veins.
p.6
Humerus Anatomy and Common Injuries
What is a Boxer's fracture?
A fracture of the necks of the second and third metacarpals, typically seen in unskilled boxers.
p.4
Radius and Ulna Characteristics
What is the location of the styloid process of the radius?
On the distal end of the radius, approximately 1 cm distal to that of the ulna.
p.22
Muscles of the Pectoral Region and Axilla
What divides the arm into anterior and posterior compartments?
Medial and lateral intermuscular septa.
p.6
Carpal Bones and Their Arrangement
How are the carpal bones arranged?
In two rows of four: scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform in the proximal row; trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate in the distal row.
p.7
Upper Limb Joints and Ligaments
What type of dislocation is most common in the shoulder joint?
Anteroinferior dislocation.
p.1
Clavicle Anatomy and Fractures
When does the clavicle complete its ossification?
Approximately 21 years of age.
p.17
Muscles of the Pectoral Region and Axilla
Where does the nipple usually lie?
At the level of the fourth intercostal space.
p.5
Radius and Ulna Characteristics
What does the radial notch accommodate?
The head of the radius at the proximal radioulnar joint.
p.10
Cutaneous Nerves of the Upper Limb
What nerve innervates the skin over the upper pectoral, deltoid, and outer trapezius areas?
Supraclavicular nerve (C3–C4).
p.23
Muscles of the Pectoral Region and Axilla
What is the origin of the Pronator teres?
Medial epicondyle and coronoid process of ulna.
p.9
Upper Limb Joints and Ligaments
Which nerves innervate the upper limb?
Musculocutaneous, median, radial, and ulnar nerves.
p.22
Muscles of the Pectoral Region and Axilla
What is the action of the Biceps brachii?
Flexes arm and forearm, supinates forearm.
p.19
Muscles of the Pectoral Region and Axilla
Where does the pectoralis minor muscle originate?
From the third, fourth, and fifth ribs.
p.10
Cutaneous Nerves of the Upper Limb
What is the role of the Lateral Antebrachial Cutaneous Nerve?
Innervates the lateral side of the forearm.
p.8
Muscles of the Pectoral Region and Axilla
What is the role of the rotator cuff?
Keeps the head of the humerus in the glenoid fossa and stabilizes the shoulder joint.
p.11
Cutaneous Nerves of the Upper Limb
What is the function of the Intercostobrachial Nerve?
It is the lateral cutaneous branch of the second intercostal nerve.
p.6
Humerus Anatomy and Common Injuries
What is a Bennett fracture?
A fracture of the base of the metacarpal of the thumb.
p.4
Radius and Ulna Characteristics
What bones does the distal end of the radius articulate with?
The proximal row of carpal bones, including the scaphoid, lunate, and triquetral bones.
p.3
Humerus Anatomy and Common Injuries
What does the intertubercular groove contain?
The tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii muscle.
p.12
Fasciae of the Axilla and Pectoral Regions
What is the costocoracoid ligament?
A thickening of the clavipectoral fascia between the coracoid process and the first rib.
p.3
Humerus Anatomy and Common Injuries
What is the deltoid tuberosity?
A rough triangular elevation on the lateral aspect of the midshaft marking the insertion of the deltoid muscle.
p.9
Upper Limb Joints and Ligaments
What type of joint is the Wrist (Radiocarpal) Joint?
A synovial condylar joint.
p.7
Upper Limb Joints and Ligaments
What arteries supply blood to the shoulder joint?
Branches of the suprascapular, anterior and posterior humeral circumflex, and scapular circumflex arteries.
p.3
Humerus Anatomy and Common Injuries
What is a common injury associated with a supracondylar fracture?
Injury to the median nerve.
p.7
Upper Limb Joints and Ligaments
What can result from a dislocation of the acromioclavicular joint?
Shoulder separation due to rupture of the coracoclavicular ligament.
p.6
Upper Limb Joints and Ligaments
What ligaments reinforce the acromioclavicular joint?
The coracoclavicular ligament, consisting of the conoid and trapezoid ligaments.
p.10
Cutaneous Nerves of the Upper Limb
Which nerve arises from the axillary nerve and innervates the lateral side of the arm?
Lateral Brachial Cutaneous Nerve.
p.12
Upper Limb Joints and Ligaments
What is the risk associated with the brachial artery during intravenous injections?
The brachial artery is vulnerable to being punctured.
p.3
Humerus Anatomy and Common Injuries
What commonly causes a fracture of the greater tuberosity?
Direct trauma or violent contractions of the supraspinatus muscle.
p.13
Lymphatic Drainage of the Upper Limb
What does the axillary sheath enclose?
The axillary vessels and the brachial plexus.
p.6
Humerus Anatomy and Common Injuries
What is a significant clinical sign of a scaphoid fracture?
Deep tenderness in the anatomical snuffbox.
p.9
Upper Limb Joints and Ligaments
What is the function of the Annular Ligament?
Encircles the head of the radius, holds it in position, and fuses with the radial collateral ligament and the articular capsule.
p.18
Muscles of the Pectoral Region and Axilla
What is a common advanced sign of inflammatory breast cancer?
Peau d’orange (texture of an orange peel).
p.14
Muscles of the Pectoral Region and Axilla
What tissues compose the breast?
Mammary gland tissue, fibrous and fatty tissue, blood and lymph vessels, and nerves.
p.3
Humerus Anatomy and Common Injuries
Where is the lesser tubercle located?
On the anterior medial side of the humerus, just distal to the anatomic neck.
p.14
Lymphatic Drainage of the Upper Limb
What is the significance of the apical (medial or subclavicular) nodes?
They receive lymph from all other axillary nodes and drain into the subclavian trunks.
p.11
Superficial Veins of the Upper Limb
What is the role of the median cubital vein?
Connects the cephalic vein with the basilic vein in front of the elbow.
p.7
Upper Limb Joints and Ligaments
What structure deepens the cavity of the shoulder joint?
The fibrocartilaginous glenoid labrum.
p.23
Muscles of the Pectoral Region and Axilla
What is the action of the Extensor pollicis longus?
Extends distal phalanx of thumb and abducts hand.
p.19
Lymphatic Drainage of the Upper Limb
What anatomical structure does the lymphatic drainage follow to enter the parasternal nodes?
Perforating vessels through the pectoralis major muscle and the thoracic wall.
How many phalanges are in each finger and thumb?
Three in each finger and two in the thumb.
p.7
Upper Limb Joints and Ligaments
What is a common example of referred pain related to the shoulder?
Gallbladder pain radiating to the right shoulder.
p.8
Humerus Anatomy and Common Injuries
What are the common causes of rotator cuff rupture?
Chronic wear and tear or an acute fall on the outstretched arm.
p.4
Humerus Anatomy and Common Injuries
What is the function of the olecranon fossa?
It houses the olecranon of the ulna on full extension of the forearm.
p.14
Lymphatic Drainage of the Upper Limb
What is the location of the subscapular (posterior) nodes?
Along the subscapular vein.
p.11
Cutaneous Nerves of the Upper Limb
Which nerve innervates the lateral side of the forearm?
Lateral Antebrachial Cutaneous Nerve.
p.23
Muscles of the Pectoral Region and Axilla
What is the action of the Flexor digitorum superficialis?
Flexes proximal interphalangeal joints, flexes hand and forearm.
p.20
Muscles of the Pectoral Region and Axilla
Which muscle is responsible for laterally rotating the arm?
Infraspinatus and Teres minor.
p.13
Lymphatic Drainage of the Upper Limb
What is the axillary vein formed by?
The union of the brachial veins and the basilic vein, receiving the cephalic vein.
p.19
Muscles of the Pectoral Region and Axilla
What is the action of the serratus anterior muscle?
Rotates the scapula upward; abducts the scapula with the arm and elevates it above the horizontal.
p.20
Muscles of the Pectoral Region and Axilla
What is the action of the Latissimus dorsi muscle?
Adducts, extends, and rotates arm medially.
p.16
Humerus Anatomy and Common Injuries
What artery supplies the deltoid muscle?
Deltoid (ascending) branch of profunda brachii artery.
p.6
Cutaneous Nerves of the Upper Limb
What anatomical structures form the Guyon canal?
Pisiform, hook of the hamate, and pisohamate ligament.
p.7
Upper Limb Joints and Ligaments
Which nerves innervate the shoulder joint?
Axillary, suprascapular, and lateral pectoral nerves.
p.16
Humerus Anatomy and Common Injuries
What are the two main branches of the radial artery?
Superficial palmar arch and deep palmar arch.
p.18
Lymphatic Drainage of the Upper Limb
What does the sentinel node biopsy procedure determine?
The extent of spread or stage of cancer.
p.16
Humerus Anatomy and Common Injuries
What artery branches off the brachial artery and supplies the posterior compartment of the forearm?
Posterior interosseous artery.
p.7
Upper Limb Joints and Ligaments
What is referred pain to the shoulder often associated with?
Involvement of the phrenic nerve or diaphragm.
p.12
Superficial Veins of the Upper Limb
What does the median antebrachial vein arise from?
It arises in the palmar venous network.
p.20
Muscles of the Pectoral Region and Axilla
What is the origin of the Latissimus dorsi muscle?
Spines of T7–T12, thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, ribs 9–12.
p.3
Humerus Anatomy and Common Injuries
What accompanies a fracture of the lesser tuberosity?
Posterior dislocation of the shoulder joint.
p.10
Cutaneous Nerves of the Upper Limb
Which nerve has a superficial branch and arises from the radial nerve?
Radial nerve superficial branch (C6–C8).
p.3
Humerus Anatomy and Common Injuries
What is the consequence of a fracture of the surgical neck of the humerus?
Injury to the axillary nerve and the posterior humeral circumflex artery.
p.7
Upper Limb Joints and Ligaments
What type of joint is the shoulder (glenohumeral) joint?
A synovial ball-and-socket joint.
p.7
Upper Limb Joints and Ligaments
What are the main components that reinforce the shoulder joint's fibrous capsule?
Rotator cuff, glenohumeral ligaments, and coracohumeral ligaments.
p.22
Muscles of the Pectoral Region and Axilla
What is the significance of the Cubital Fossa?
It contains important structures like the radial nerve, biceps tendon, brachial artery, and median nerve.
p.8
Upper Limb Joints and Ligaments
Where does the subacromial bursa lie?
Between the coracoacromial arch and the supraspinatus muscle.
p.18
Muscles of the Pectoral Region and Axilla
What is the retromammary space?
An area of loose areolar tissue that allows the breast some movement over the pectoralis major muscle.
p.15
Upper Limb Joints and Ligaments
Which artery provides collateral circulation around the elbow?
Superior ulnar collateral artery.
p.15
Upper Limb Joints and Ligaments
Which artery is involved in the blood supply to the dorsal aspect of the hand?
Dorsal metacarpal artery.
p.22
Muscles of the Pectoral Region and Axilla
What is the insertion point of the Brachialis muscle?
Coronoid process of ulna and ulnar tuberosity.
p.23
Muscles of the Pectoral Region and Axilla
What is the origin of the Brachioradialis?
Lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus.
p.9
Upper Limb Joints and Ligaments
What is the structure of the Ulnar Collateral Ligament?
Triangular, composed of anterior, posterior, and oblique bands.
p.13
Lymphatic Drainage of the Upper Limb
What is the axillary tail?
A superolateral extension of the mammary gland, also known as the tail of Spence.
p.13
Lymphatic Drainage of the Upper Limb
What branches does the axillary artery have?
Superior thoracic, thoracoacromial, lateral thoracic, thoracodorsal, and circumflex humeral arteries.
p.12
Fasciae of the Axilla and Pectoral Regions
What maintains the hollow of the armpit?
The suspensory ligament of the axilla.
p.18
Muscles of the Pectoral Region and Axilla
What is the purpose of mammography?
To screen for benign and malignant tumors and cysts in the breast.
p.9
Upper Limb Joints and Ligaments
What type of joints are the Carpometacarpal Joints?
Synovial saddle (sellar) joints and plane joints.
p.3
Humerus Anatomy and Common Injuries
What may happen if the medial epicondyle is fractured?
Damage to the ulnar nerve, causing numbness.
p.16
Humerus Anatomy and Common Injuries
What is the function of the thoracoacromial artery?
Supplies blood to the shoulder and upper chest region.
p.19
Lymphatic Drainage of the Upper Limb
Which nodes are primarily involved in draining lymph from the medial quadrants?
Parasternal (internal thoracic) nodes.
p.3
Humerus Anatomy and Common Injuries
What is the function of the glenoid labrum?
To deepen the glenoid cavity for the head of the humerus.
p.18
Muscles of the Pectoral Region and Axilla
What is the mammary gland classified as?
A modified sweat gland located in the fatty superficial fascia.
p.15
Upper Limb Joints and Ligaments
What is the role of the profunda brachii artery?
It supplies blood to the posterior compartment of the arm.
p.15
Upper Limb Joints and Ligaments
Which artery supplies the anterior compartment of the forearm?
Anterior interosseous artery.
p.16
Humerus Anatomy and Common Injuries
Which artery is a branch of the subscapular artery?
Circumflex scapular artery.
