p.1
Cultural Shifts in Carnivorous Sensibilities
What dietary choice did the colleague of the author make regarding meat?
She decided to eat only free-range meats to avoid participating in animal suffering.
p.14
The Evolution of Sensibilities Toward Animal Suffering
What doctrine emerged in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries regarding human compassion?
The doctrine of irresistible compassion, which contributed to modern humanitarianism.
p.10
The Role of Cartesian Philosophy in Animal Ethics
What philosophical view allowed for the moral vacuum in dealing with animals?
The view that animals are not simply lesser beings but rather things.
p.6
The Role of Cartesian Philosophy in Animal Ethics
What classical position did Descartes's writings reaffirm?
The classical Stoic position that denies rational thought and a soul to animals.
p.3
The Concept of Compassionate Killing
What concept does compassionate killing challenge?
The idea that killing is inherently an act of cruelty.
p.7
Philosophical Views on Animals: Descartes vs. Montaigne
What is the main position of Descartes regarding humans and animals?
Descartes insisted on the uniqueness and superiority of human beings over animals.
p.13
Philosophical Views on Animals: Descartes vs. Montaigne
How did neo-Stoic writers in France compare passions?
They compared passions to 'violent winds' that take us away from our proper nature and right reason.
p.16
Philosophical Views on Animals: Descartes vs. Montaigne
What does Mandeville suggest about the relationship between the anatomy of animals and human empathy?
The more an animal resembles a human anatomically, the more their suffering should disturb our sensibilities.
p.16
The Concept of Compassionate Killing
What does Mandeville imply about the consciousness of guilt in meat consumption?
He suggests that people try to distance themselves from the guilt of killing animals by purchasing meat rather than killing it themselves.
p.1
Temple Grandin and Humane Slaughter Practices
What recognition did Temple Grandin receive from Time magazine in 2010?
She was named one of the 'People Who Most Affect Our World' and hailed as a 'hero.'
p.11
Moral Implications of Animal Experimentation
What concerns did Robert Hooke express regarding his experiments on live dogs?
He expressed misgivings about the torture of the creature and hesitated to continue such experiments.
p.11
The Intersection of Science and Ethics in Animal Treatment
How did Boyle's actions reflect a conflict between scientific inquiry and ethical considerations?
He performed experiments on live animals while occasionally showing signs of sympathy, indicating an internal conflict.
p.4
Philosophical Views on Animals: Descartes vs. Montaigne
What was Descartes' concept of the 'beast-machine'?
It suggested there was no definitive way to prove that animals were not machines.
p.15
Philosophical Views on Animals: Descartes vs. Montaigne
What was Malebranche's view on sentimentalism regarding animals?
He excluded animals from mankind's natural benevolence.
p.2
Moral Implications of Animal Experimentation
What moral concern does the text highlight regarding the treatment of animals?
The focus on mitigating suffering often deflects attention from the act of killing.
p.15
The Evolution of Sensibilities Toward Animal Suffering
What societal practices did Shaftesbury condemn?
Spectacles of suffering, such as bull baiting and cock fights.
p.10
The Role of Cartesian Philosophy in Animal Ethics
How did the post-Cartesian world view animal subjects during vivisection?
With a peculiar insensitivity, equating them to unthinking automata.
p.10
Philosophical Views on Animals: Descartes vs. Montaigne
What did Malebranche allegedly say after kicking a pregnant dog?
He claimed, 'What! Don’t you know the thing doesn’t feel?'
p.13
Philosophical Views on Animals: Descartes vs. Montaigne
What sentiment did Scudéry express about Cartesian philosophy?
She declared herself against the idea of animals as machines.
p.2
Temple Grandin and Humane Slaughter Practices
What is Temple Grandin's view on humane treatment and slaughter of animals?
She sees no contradiction; a humane death is a form of kindness.
p.10
Philosophical Views on Animals: Descartes vs. Montaigne
Who is often associated with the idea that animals are unfeeling things?
Descartes's disciples, although Descartes himself objectified animals in his writings.
p.2
Historical Perspectives on Animal Treatment
What historical periods are mentioned in relation to the distinctions made between lives?
The seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
p.12
The Evolution of Sensibilities Toward Animal Suffering
What ambivalence did Boyle and Hooke exhibit towards animals?
They treated animals as both insentient things and sentient beings.
p.3
The Concept of Compassionate Killing
What underlying concept is explored in relation to humane slaughter?
The belief in the existence of humane slaughter and the coupling of compassionate treatment and killing.
p.2
Temple Grandin and Humane Slaughter Practices
What organization awarded Temple Grandin a Proggy Award in 2004?
PETA (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals).
p.3
Temple Grandin and Humane Slaughter Practices
How does Temple Grandin's approach relate to historical practices of killing?
She applies the ideal that killing can be accomplished without cruelty, similar to the inventors of the guillotine.
p.10
The Intersection of Science and Ethics in Animal Treatment
What did Descartes suggest before discussing animals in his 'Discourse'?
He suggested that those not versed in anatomy should observe the heart of a large animal cut in half.
p.1
Cultural Shifts in Carnivorous Sensibilities
What is the general consensus about animal suffering among various dietary choices?
Even vegetarians find it difficult to argue against sparing animals from needless suffering.
p.15
The Role of Cartesian Philosophy in Animal Ethics
What did a loyal Cartesian express about the treatment of animals?
He advocated for treating animals with tenderness and regard, despite denying their perception.
p.14
Cultural Shifts in Carnivorous Sensibilities
How did the concept of sensibilité evolve in the late seventeenth century?
It became viewed as a quality inherent to all human beings, rather than just morally outstanding individuals.
p.6
Philosophical Views on Animals: Descartes vs. Montaigne
Who did Descartes oppose in his views on animal thought?
Michel de Montaigne and others who suggested a closer connection between humans and animals.
p.7
Philosophical Views on Animals: Descartes vs. Montaigne
What does Montaigne question about communication between humans and animals?
He questions whether the inability to communicate is as much the fault of humans as it is of animals.
p.7
Philosophical Views on Animals: Descartes vs. Montaigne
How does Montaigne criticize human arrogance regarding their relationship with God?
He derides the arrogance of mankind for equating themselves with God and attributing divine qualities to themselves.
p.8
The Evolution of Sensibilities Toward Animal Suffering
What does the term 'humane' signify in relation to animals?
It became synonymous with compassion, implying that kindness is part of human nature.
p.6
Philosophical Views on Animals: Descartes vs. Montaigne
What philosophical view did Descartes hold regarding the difference between humans and animals?
He believed there was an incommensurable difference, asserting that humans and animals are fundamentally different.
p.1
Temple Grandin and Humane Slaughter Practices
Who is Temple Grandin?
A Professor of Animal Science at Colorado State University known for her insights into animal behavior and humane slaughter practices.
p.15
The Evolution of Sensibilities Toward Animal Suffering
What did Shaftesbury argue about delighting in the pain of others?
He considered it unnatural and horrid.
p.16
Moral Implications of Animal Experimentation
What does Pierre-Louis Moreau de Maupertuis argue about animal suffering?
He argues that causing unnecessary pain to animals is a cruelty and an injustice, regardless of their reasoning ability.
p.7
Philosophical Views on Animals: Descartes vs. Montaigne
What does Descartes believe about the souls of humans and animals?
Descartes believes that only humans possess immortal souls.
p.15
The Concept of Compassionate Killing
What dilemma did Bernard Mandeville raise regarding the treatment of animals?
If animals are sentient, then killing and eating them becomes problematic.
p.10
The Role of Cartesian Philosophy in Animal Ethics
How did Boyle refer to the animals he experimented on?
As 'curious engines' that could be stopped.
p.12
Moral Implications of Animal Experimentation
What legacy did Montaigne leave regarding the suffering of animals?
He expressed a sensitivity to animal suffering that resonated in certain circles by the mid-seventeenth century.
p.9
The Evolution of Sensibilities Toward Animal Suffering
What does the need for repeated assurances about animal exploitation suggest?
It indicates a persistent moral qualm regarding mankind's use of animals.
p.14
Human-Animal Relationships in Early Modern Thought
What was Malebranche's belief about human beings' natural inclination?
He believed humans have a natural inclination toward altruism and are connected to the suffering and joy of others.
p.3
The Concept of Compassionate Killing
What is a modern example of the struggle with humane execution methods?
American courts determining humane methods of executing the death penalty.
p.10
The Evolution of Sensibilities Toward Animal Suffering
What practice was revived in the sixteenth century that involved both animals and humans?
Vivisection and dissection of human corpses in anatomy theaters.
p.3
Philosophical Views on Animals: Descartes vs. Montaigne
What does Descartes's 'Discours de la méthode' emphasize?
Doubting everything that cannot be absolutely certain.
p.12
Philosophical Views on Animals: Descartes vs. Montaigne
What conflict is suggested between Cartesian stoicism and new sensibilities?
The struggle between unsentimental Cartesian stoicism and emerging sensitivity to animal suffering.
p.8
The Role of Cartesian Philosophy in Animal Ethics
Who summarized the Cartesian view on animals and what did he claim?
Nicolas Malebranche claimed that animals do not feel pain or pleasure and act only mechanically.
p.4
Philosophical Views on Animals: Descartes vs. Montaigne
What is Descartes' famous assertion regarding existence and thought?
In order to think, one must exist.
p.4
Philosophical Views on Animals: Descartes vs. Montaigne
Which philosophers had similar views to Descartes regarding the difference between humans and animals?
Aristotle, Augustine, and Aquinas.
p.6
Philosophical Views on Animals: Descartes vs. Montaigne
What did Descartes imply about the implications of endowing animals with a soul?
He suggested it would imply that all animals had a soul, which he opposed.
p.2
The Concept of Compassionate Killing
According to Grandin, how does death at the slaughter plant compare to death in the wild?
It is quicker and less painful than death in the wild.
p.15
The Evolution of Sensibilities Toward Animal Suffering
What was the sentiment towards animal cruelty in the early eighteenth century?
New sensibilities were emerging that questioned the cruelty towards animals.
p.13
Philosophical Views on Animals: Descartes vs. Montaigne
What was Madeleine de Scudéry's view on passions?
She believed passions could heighten senses and deepen relationships.
p.11
Moral Implications of Animal Experimentation
What did Boyle observe in the kitten during his vacuum experiment?
The kitten gasped for life, had violent convulsions, and appeared dead before recovering when air was reintroduced.
p.13
Philosophical Views on Animals: Descartes vs. Montaigne
What did Madame de Sévigné say about animals as machines?
She remarked that if animals were machines, they were 'Machines that love.'
p.6
Philosophical Views on Animals: Descartes vs. Montaigne
How did Descartes justify his view on the treatment of animals?
He believed it absolved humans of guilt when eating or killing animals.
p.6
Philosophical Views on Animals: Descartes vs. Montaigne
What argument did Descartes use to deny animals the ability to think?
He argued that no animal has demonstrated the ability to communicate beyond instinctive passions.
p.7
Philosophical Views on Animals: Descartes vs. Montaigne
How do Montaigne and Charron view the relationship between humans and animals?
They place mankind within a great chain of beings, suggesting equality with other creatures.
p.13
Philosophical Views on Animals: Descartes vs. Montaigne
How did Descartes characterize emotions in 'Passions of the Soul'?
As a storm of the soul that clouds reason.
p.12
The Evolution of Sensibilities Toward Animal Suffering
How did the perception of human beings change during the time of Boyle and Hooke?
Humans were reimagined as naturally sensitive beings who suffer when witnessing pain in others.
p.12
The Evolution of Sensibilities Toward Animal Suffering
What was the general attitude in Western society towards animals by the end of the seventeenth century?
There was a recognition of a moral gulf between humans and animals, yet a growing sensitivity to animal suffering.
p.12
The Concept of Compassionate Killing
How did Montaigne describe his feelings towards the suffering of others?
He experienced great compassion and would easily cry for others' suffering.
p.5
The Role of Cartesian Philosophy in Animal Ethics
What implication did Descartes' admission about animal thought have on the concept of the soul?
It suggested that if animals could think, they might also possess immortal souls, challenging the idea that humans have a monopoly on souls.
p.14
The Role of Cartesian Philosophy in Animal Ethics
How did Malebranche view the relationship between compassion and rationality?
He believed that sentimental feelings like pity were rational responses hard-wired into humans by God and nature.
p.15
Philosophical Views on Animals: Descartes vs. Montaigne
How did Shaftesbury expand on Malebranche's principle of natural benevolence?
He included all living beings, regardless of species, as beneficiaries.
p.16
The Role of Cartesian Philosophy in Animal Ethics
How does Mandeville's view contrast with Cartesian philosophy?
Mandeville emphasizes shared capacity to feel pain, while Cartesian philosophy focuses on man's unique powers of reason.
p.13
Philosophical Views on Animals: Descartes vs. Montaigne
What did Justus Lipsius define pity as?
A 'sickness' and 'the vice of a low and abject soul.'
p.10
Moral Implications of Animal Experimentation
What type of experiments did Robert Boyle conduct in the mid-seventeenth century?
Experiments involving live animals in a vacuum chamber.
p.8
The Role of Cartesian Philosophy in Animal Ethics
What was Descartes's position on animal feelings?
He suggested that animals were incapable of feeling pain, though he never explicitly stated it.
p.4
Philosophical Views on Animals: Descartes vs. Montaigne
What conclusion did Descartes reach about animals and rational thought?
He concluded there was no concrete evidence that animals possessed a rational soul.
p.14
Philosophical Views on Animals: Descartes vs. Montaigne
What criticism did Bernard de Fontenelle make about Cartesianism?
He argued that animals are not just machines, as they can reproduce, unlike watches.
p.1
Cultural Shifts in Carnivorous Sensibilities
What trend in chicken slaughtering is mentioned in the text?
The trend to kill chickens by gassing them instead of slitting their throats.
p.1
Temple Grandin and Humane Slaughter Practices
How does Temple Grandin describe her perspective on animals?
She imagines herself in an animal's body and sees things from their perspective.
p.3
The Concept of Compassionate Killing
What historical program exemplifies the coupling of compassion and killing?
The Nazi T4 euthanasia program.
p.2
Cultural Shifts in Carnivorous Sensibilities
What cultural sensibility developed regarding human compassion in the early modern period?
The belief that humans are naturally caring and cannot witness pain without feeling it.
p.7
The Concept of Compassionate Killing
What concern does Montaigne raise about cruelty toward animals?
He questions the morality of pursuing and killing defenseless animals and advocates for extending respect and affection toward them.
p.7
Philosophical Views on Animals: Descartes vs. Montaigne
What is the fundamental contradiction between Descartes's and Montaigne's views?
Descartes views humans as superior and unique, while Montaigne sees humans as equal to other creatures within a shared nature.
p.9
Moral Implications of Animal Experimentation
What moral concerns did early modern clergy address regarding the use of animals?
They provided reassurances that exploitation and killing of animals were morally permissible.
p.4
Philosophical Views on Animals: Descartes vs. Montaigne
What did Descartes compare animals to in his argument?
He compared them to divinely-fabricated automata.
p.16
The Evolution of Sensibilities Toward Animal Suffering
What behavior does Mandeville observe in people regarding animals they know versus those they do not?
People are often reluctant to eat animals they have known but will eat meat purchased at the market without remorse.
p.1
Temple Grandin and Humane Slaughter Practices
What innovative system did Temple Grandin design?
A conveyorized restraint system used in the slaughter of cattle.
p.2
Historical Perspectives on Animal Treatment
What ideologies emerged in the eighteenth century regarding lives that could be taken?
Distinctions between enemies of the state and citizens.
p.3
The Evolution of Sensibilities Toward Animal Suffering
What belief emerged from the merging of Cartesian views and human compassion?
The belief that one can kill animals without remorse while caring about their suffering.
p.16
Cultural Shifts in Carnivorous Sensibilities
What does Rousseau believe about human beings' natural diet?
He believes that human beings are by nature herbivores.
p.7
The Concept of Compassionate Killing
What conclusion does Montaigne reach in his essay 'On Cruelty'?
He renounces the imaginary sovereignty over other creatures and suggests a relationship of mutual obligation between humans and animals.
p.9
Cultural Shifts in Carnivorous Sensibilities
What biblical passage did early modern Christian clergy cite to justify the exploitation of animals?
Genesis 9:3, which states, 'Every moving thing that lives shall be meat for you.'
p.5
The Role of Cartesian Philosophy in Animal Ethics
What comparison did Descartes make that influenced the conception of animals?
He compared animals to machines.
p.4
Philosophical Views on Animals: Descartes vs. Montaigne
What evidence did Descartes find regarding human thought?
He saw irrefutable evidence in their use of language.
p.3
The Role of Cartesian Philosophy in Animal Ethics
What philosophical view did Descartes hold regarding animals?
He viewed animals as unthinking automatons.
p.16
The Concept of Compassionate Killing
What is Rousseau's stance on the moral justification of meat consumption?
He questions how humans can morally justify consuming meat, emphasizing the sentience of animals.
p.11
The Role of Cartesian Philosophy in Animal Ethics
What analogy did the author use to describe the effect of air deprivation on animals?
The author compared it to a windmill that remains motionless until the wind blows again.
p.13
Philosophical Views on Animals: Descartes vs. Montaigne
How did Scudéry view animals in relation to emotions?
She included animals in her expanded affective circle.
p.11
Moral Implications of Animal Experimentation
What does Hooke's reluctance to experiment further on live dogs suggest about his views on animal suffering?
It suggests that he recognized the capacity for suffering in animals and felt sympathy for them.
p.9
Philosophical Views on Animals: Descartes vs. Montaigne
What was the general attitude of early modern writers towards the morality of man's dominion over animals?
Most were preoccupied with the morality of dominion, unlike Hobbes who divorced it from moral considerations.
p.5
The Role of Cartesian Philosophy in Animal Ethics
What distinction did Descartes make regarding animals and consciousness?
He argued that animals had no consciousness of pain, not because they lacked feelings, but because they lacked consciousness.
p.12
The Evolution of Sensibilities Toward Animal Suffering
What broader understanding of animals was reflected in the work of Boyle and Hooke?
The binary nature of contemporary understanding of animals.
p.13
Philosophical Views on Animals: Descartes vs. Montaigne
What did Scudéry prize in her relationships?
Close personal friendships where one gives their 'whole heart.'
p.9
Philosophical Views on Animals: Descartes vs. Montaigne
How did Hobbes justify the right over irrational creatures?
By force and natural strength, similar to the rights over other humans.
p.9
Moral Implications of Animal Experimentation
What did Bishop Ezekiel Hopkins state about the killing of animals?
He maintained that animals could be killed as necessary for food or medicine.
p.8
Philosophical Views on Animals: Descartes vs. Montaigne
How did modern humans perceive their relationship with animals?
They viewed themselves as superior to animals, entitled to use them, while also feeling morally bound to acknowledge their suffering.
p.9
Philosophical Views on Animals: Descartes vs. Montaigne
What was Thomas Hobbes's view on man's dominion over animals?
He declared it a natural right of the stronger to exercise dominion over the weaker.
p.8
Philosophical Views on Animals: Descartes vs. Montaigne
What reasoning did Malebranche use to argue that animals do not suffer?
He believed that if animals were innocent, a just God would not allow them to suffer pain without sin.
p.5
The Role of Cartesian Philosophy in Animal Ethics
What did Descartes admit in his letter to the Marquis of Newcastle regarding animal thought?
He admitted uncertainty about whether animals can think and suggested they might have some form of thought.
p.9
Philosophical Views on Animals: Descartes vs. Montaigne
What did Jean-Marie Darmanson argue about animals in relation to God?
He insisted that animals must be unfeeling automatons; otherwise, it would imply flaws in God's nature.
p.11
Moral Implications of Animal Experimentation
Why did Boyle spare two kittens during his experiments?
He felt it was severe to make the same kitten undergo the same measure again.
p.8
The Concept of Compassionate Killing
What is the implication of the phrase 'Lions dining on the guts of a live animal' in the context of humane treatment?
It suggests that humans should strive to treat animals better than how they might treat one another.
p.5
The Role of Cartesian Philosophy in Animal Ethics
What did Descartes' disciples and modern scholars interpret his comparison of animals to machines to mean?
That animals are automata and incapable of experiencing pain or feelings.
p.4
Philosophical Views on Animals: Descartes vs. Montaigne
How did Descartes differentiate between human and animal souls?
He stated that animals have a soul of an entirely different nature from humans.
p.12
Philosophical Views on Animals: Descartes vs. Montaigne
What did neo-Stoics advocate regarding emotions?
They preached resigned equanimity and frowned upon deeply-felt emotions.
p.4
Philosophical Views on Animals: Descartes vs. Montaigne
How did Descartes view the absence of language in animals?
He saw it as proof that animals were not engaged in thought.
p.5
The Role of Cartesian Philosophy in Animal Ethics
In his correspondence, what did Descartes suggest about animals and pain?
He suggested that animals do not experience pain in the same way humans do.
