p.3
Definitions of Chemotherapy and Antimicrobial Agents
What is chemotherapy?
The use of any chemical (drug) to treat any disease or condition.
p.70
Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance
Why can't some drugs affect certain bacteria?
Because the drugs are unable to cross the cell wall or cell membrane.
p.2
Definitions of Chemotherapy and Antimicrobial Agents
What is the focus of PDN1306?
Applied Pharmacology and Microbiology, specifically anti-microbial and anti-viral agents.
p.3
Definitions of Chemotherapy and Antimicrobial Agents
What are antimicrobial agents?
Any drug used to treat an infectious disease, either by inhibiting or killing pathogens.
p.5
Sources and Classification of Antibiotics
What is a source of antibiotics derived from molds?
Penicillin and cephalosporins.
p.18
Mechanisms of Action: Bactericidal vs. Bacteriostatic
What is the effect of cell wall inhibitors on non-growing bacteria?
They have little or no effect on bacteria that are not growing and dividing.
p.53
Selection and Administration of Antimicrobial Agents
What should be assessed before administering sulfonamides?
Anemia or other hematological disorders.
p.5
Sources and Classification of Antibiotics
Which antibiotics are derived from bacteria?
Bacitracin, erythromycin, and chloramphenicol.
p.60
Antiviral Agents and Their Mechanisms
Why are antiviral agents particularly difficult to develop?
Because viruses use the host's genetic and metabolic mechanisms to replicate.
p.53
Selection and Administration of Antimicrobial Agents
Why is it important to assess renal function when administering sulfonamides?
Sulfonamides may increase the risk of crystalluria.
p.34
Selection and Administration of Antimicrobial Agents
What is one therapeutic application of tetracyclines?
Treatment of typhus (斑疹熱).
p.50
Complications of Antibiotic Therapy
What side effects should patients be taught to expect from fluoroquinolones?
Dizziness and light-headedness.
p.9
Antibiotic Spectrum of Activity: Broad vs. Narrow
Why might a healthcare provider choose a narrow-spectrum antibiotic?
To minimize disruption to the patient's normal flora and reduce the risk of resistance.
p.64
Selection and Administration of Antimicrobial Agents
What is the significance of understanding antibiotic mechanisms?
It helps in selecting appropriate treatment for infections.
p.45
Therapeutic Applications of Macrolides
Can macrolides be used for respiratory infections?
Yes, they are effective against respiratory tract infections.
p.5
Definitions of Chemotherapy and Antimicrobial Agents
What are antibiotics used for?
Killing or inhibiting the growth of other microorganisms.
p.70
Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance
What is the consequence of intrinsic resistance for antibiotic treatment?
The drug cannot reach its site of action, such as ribosomes.
p.4
Definitions of Chemotherapy and Antimicrobial Agents
What are antimicrobials?
Agents that kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites.
p.20
Complications of Antibiotic Therapy
What electrolyte imbalances should be monitored during penicillin therapy?
Hyperkalemia and hypernatremia.
p.20
Complications of Antibiotic Therapy
What cardiac aspect should be monitored during penicillin therapy?
Cardiac status, including ECG changes.
p.62
Antiviral Agents and Their Mechanisms
What is the primary effect of HIV on the body?
It attacks the immune system, specifically CD4 cells.
p.1
Definitions of Chemotherapy and Antimicrobial Agents
What is the focus of Lecture 10 in PDN1306?
Anti-microbial and anti-viral agents.
p.18
Mechanisms of Action: Bactericidal vs. Bacteriostatic
What do cell wall inhibitors do?
They interfere with the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall.
p.4
Definitions of Chemotherapy and Antimicrobial Agents
What is the definition of antibiotics?
Substances that kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria.
p.18
Mechanisms of Action: Bactericidal vs. Bacteriostatic
Can you name examples of cell wall inhibitors?
Examples include β-Lactam and Vancomycin.
p.64
Definitions of Chemotherapy and Antimicrobial Agents
Why are antibiotics important in pharmacology?
They are used to treat bacterial infections.
p.14
Definitions of Chemotherapy and Antimicrobial Agents
What is the primary focus of PDN1306?
Applied Pharmacology and Microbiology.
p.29
Sources and Classification of Antibiotics
What are cephalosporins?
A class of antibiotics used to treat a variety of bacterial infections.
p.48
Definitions of Chemotherapy and Antimicrobial Agents
What type of antibiotics are fluoroquinolones?
Broad-spectrum bactericidal antibiotics.
p.43
Antibiotic Spectrum of Activity: Broad vs. Narrow
Can macrolides be used against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria?
Yes, they are effective against a range of bacteria.
p.25
Sources and Classification of Antibiotics
What are cephalosporins?
A class of antibiotics used to treat a variety of bacterial infections.
p.48
Mechanisms of Action: Bactericidal vs. Bacteriostatic
How do fluoroquinolones inhibit bacterial growth?
By inhibiting DNA synthesis through blocking an enzyme necessary for DNA replication.
p.7
Mechanisms of Action: Bactericidal vs. Bacteriostatic
What are bactericidal agents?
Agents that specifically kill bacteria, but not endospores.
p.3
Definitions of Chemotherapy and Antimicrobial Agents
What are chemotherapeutic agents?
Any drug used to treat any condition or disease.
p.31
Complications of Antibiotic Therapy
What can high levels of protein synthesis inhibitors cause?
Toxic effects due to interaction with host mitochondrial ribosomes.
p.71
Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance
How is antibiotic resistance measured?
By the amount of antibiotic needed to control bacterial growth.
p.64
Mechanisms of Action: Bactericidal vs. Bacteriostatic
What are the two main types of antibiotics based on their action?
Bactericidal and bacteriostatic.
p.43
Mechanisms of Action: Bactericidal vs. Bacteriostatic
How do macrolides function?
By inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis.
p.47
Complications of Antibiotic Therapy
What cardiac effect may quinolones have?
They may prolong the QT interval.
p.66
Complications of Antibiotic Therapy
How does the use of multiple antibiotics affect resistance?
It increases the risk of resistance.
p.35
Selection and Administration of Antimicrobial Agents
Name a long-acting Tetracycline.
Doxycycline or Minocycline.
p.9
Antibiotic Spectrum of Activity: Broad vs. Narrow
What does the term 'spectrum of activity' refer to in antibiotics?
The range of bacteria that an antibiotic can effectively target.
p.71
Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance
What is antibiotic resistance?
The ability of bacterial populations to withstand the effects of antibiotics.
p.66
Complications of Antibiotic Therapy
What type of allergic reaction is commonly associated with penicillin?
Hypersensitivity/allergic reactions.
p.30
Selection and Administration of Antimicrobial Agents
How are cephalosporins typically administered?
They can be given orally or intravenously, depending on the specific drug and infection.
p.67
Complications of Antibiotic Therapy
What impact can antibiotics have on normal flora?
They can disrupt the balance of normal flora, leading to opportunistic infections.
p.32
Mechanisms of Action: Bactericidal vs. Bacteriostatic
What are protein synthesis inhibitors?
Agents that interfere with the process of protein synthesis in cells.
p.30
Selection and Administration of Antimicrobial Agents
What is the significance of the half-life of cephalosporins?
It determines the dosing frequency and duration of therapy.
p.32
Definitions of Chemotherapy and Antimicrobial Agents
What is the structure of the prokaryotic ribosome involved in protein synthesis?
It consists of a 70S ribosome made up of 30S and 50S subunits.
p.74
Complications of Antibiotic Therapy
What are possible complications of antibiotic therapy?
Possible complications include allergic reactions, gastrointestinal disturbances, superinfections, and development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
p.49
Definitions of Chemotherapy and Antimicrobial Agents
What is the primary use of fluoroquinolones?
They are primarily used to treat bacterial infections.
p.11
Ideal Properties of Antimicrobial Agents
What is the importance of an antimicrobial agent acting quickly?
To kill pathogens before they mutate and become resistant.
p.51
Mechanisms of Action: Bactericidal vs. Bacteriostatic
What do sulfonamides inhibit in bacteria?
The production of folic acid.
p.49
Antibiotic Spectrum of Activity: Broad vs. Narrow
What is a key characteristic of fluoroquinolones?
They are known for their broad-spectrum activity against various bacteria.
p.48
Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance
What is a notable concern regarding fluoroquinolones?
Rapid development of drug resistance, even during treatment.
p.50
Selection and Administration of Antimicrobial Agents
Which clients should be closely monitored when administering fluoroquinolones?
Clients with liver and renal dysfunction.
p.4
Definitions of Chemotherapy and Antimicrobial Agents
How do antibiotics differ from antimicrobials?
Antibiotics specifically target bacteria, while antimicrobials can target a broader range of microorganisms.
p.71
Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance
What does a bacteria count of 71 indicate?
It may refer to the measurement of bacterial population in relation to antibiotic resistance.
p.13
Mechanisms of Action: Bactericidal vs. Bacteriostatic
What is concentration dependent killing?
A significant increase in the rate of bacterial killing as the drug concentration increases, exemplified by aminoglycosides.
p.65
Synergism vs. Antagonism in Antimicrobial Therapy
What is synergism in antimicrobial therapy?
The use of 2 antimicrobial agents that produces greater pathogen killing than either drug alone.
p.28
Sources and Classification of Antibiotics
How are cephalosporins classified?
Into generations based on their spectrum of activity and chemical structure.
p.74
Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance
What are the common types of antibiotic resistance?
Common types include enzymatic degradation of antibiotics, alteration of target sites, and increased efflux of the antibiotic from the bacterial cell.
p.49
Definitions of Chemotherapy and Antimicrobial Agents
What class of antibacterial agents do fluoroquinolones belong to?
Fluoroquinolones are a class of antibacterial agents.
p.21
Selection and Administration of Antimicrobial Agents
What are the oral routes of administration for penicillin?
Pen V, Amoxicillin, and amoxicillin combined with clavulanic acid.
p.69
Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance
What are the mechanisms of bacterial resistance to antibiotics?
Blocking entry, inactivation by enzymes, alteration of target molecule, and efflux of antibiotic.
p.42
Definitions of Chemotherapy and Antimicrobial Agents
What is the structure characteristic of macrolides?
They have a macrocyclic lactone ring structure.
p.68
Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance
What is one of the most problematic antibiotic resistances worldwide?
Methicillin resistance among Staphylococcus aureus.
p.56
Selection and Administration of Antimicrobial Agents
What is empiric antibiotic therapy?
Antibiotic treatment initiated for certain or suspected infections before specific microbiological results are available.
p.37
Mechanisms of Action: Bactericidal vs. Bacteriostatic
What is the mechanism of action of Tetracycline?
It inhibits protein synthesis in bacteria.
p.70
Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance
What is intrinsic resistance in bacteria?
Bacteria are naturally resistant because the drug cannot cross the cell wall or cell membrane to reach its site of action.
p.9
Antibiotic Spectrum of Activity: Broad vs. Narrow
What is a broad-spectrum antibiotic?
An antibiotic that is effective against a wide variety of bacteria.
p.9
Antibiotic Spectrum of Activity: Broad vs. Narrow
What is a narrow-spectrum antibiotic?
An antibiotic that is effective against a limited range of bacteria.
p.67
Complications of Antibiotic Therapy
How can antibiotic therapy lead to antibiotic resistance?
Overuse and misuse of antibiotics can promote the survival of resistant bacteria.
p.30
Selection and Administration of Antimicrobial Agents
What are cephalosporins?
A class of antibiotics used to treat a variety of bacterial infections.
p.4
Definitions of Chemotherapy and Antimicrobial Agents
Can antibiotics be classified as antimicrobials?
Yes, antibiotics are a subset of antimicrobials that specifically target bacteria.
p.33
Mechanisms of Action: Bactericidal vs. Bacteriostatic
How do tetracyclines work?
They target bacterial ribosomes by blocking protein synthesis, preventing the addition of amino acids to the polypeptide chain.
p.36
Complications of Antibiotic Therapy
How does tetracycline affect oral contraceptives?
It decreases their effectiveness.
p.65
Synergism vs. Antagonism in Antimicrobial Therapy
What is antagonism in antimicrobial therapy?
The use of 2 drugs that results in less pathogen killing than either drug alone.
p.41
Selection and Administration of Antimicrobial Agents
What should be monitored when administering aminoglycosides?
Ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity.
p.21
Selection and Administration of Antimicrobial Agents
Which penicillins are administered via IV/IM?
Ticarcillin, piperacillin, ampicillin with sulbactam, ticarcillin with clavulanic acid, and piperacillin with tazobactam.
p.62
Antiviral Agents and Their Mechanisms
What is the significance of early diagnosis of HIV?
It allows for timely treatment and management to prolong life and improve quality of life.
p.36
Selection and Administration of Antimicrobial Agents
What should tetracycline not be taken with?
Milk products, iron supplements, magnesium-containing laxatives, or antacids.
p.21
Selection and Administration of Antimicrobial Agents
How does food affect the absorption of penicillin?
Food in the stomach decreases absorption; it should be administered 30-60 minutes before meals.
p.61
Antiviral Agents and Their Mechanisms
How do antiviral drugs affect viral entry?
They can block the receptors or fusion processes that allow viruses to enter host cells.
p.28
Sources and Classification of Antibiotics
What is a notable feature of third-generation cephalosporins?
Increased activity against Gram-negative bacteria.
p.63
Antiviral Agents and Their Mechanisms
Name two inhibitors of neuraminidase for influenza treatment.
Zanamivir (Relenza) and Oseltamivir (Tamiflu).
p.31
Mechanisms of Action: Bactericidal vs. Bacteriostatic
What are examples of protein synthesis inhibitors?
Chloramphenicol and tetracyclines.
p.67
Complications of Antibiotic Therapy
What are common complications of antibiotic therapy?
Allergic reactions, gastrointestinal disturbances, and antibiotic resistance.
p.5
Sources and Classification of Antibiotics
What are semisynthetic antibiotics?
Chemically modified antibiotics, such as ampicillin and carbenicillin.
p.60
Antiviral Agents and Their Mechanisms
What is the primary action of effective antiviral drugs?
Inhibiting viral replication within cells.
p.45
Therapeutic Applications of Macrolides
What are macrolides commonly used for in therapy?
They are used to treat various bacterial infections.
p.14
Definitions of Chemotherapy and Antimicrobial Agents
What are antibiotics?
Substances that kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria.
p.6
Sources and Classification of Antibiotics
What are the two main classifications of antibiotics based on their mode of action?
Bacteriostatic and Bactericidal.
p.45
Therapeutic Applications of Macrolides
What is a key advantage of using macrolides?
They have a broad spectrum of activity against gram-positive and some gram-negative bacteria.
p.62
Antiviral Agents and Their Mechanisms
What can untreated HIV infection lead to?
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS).
p.45
Therapeutic Applications of Macrolides
Are macrolides effective against atypical pathogens?
Yes, they are effective against atypical pathogens like Mycoplasma and Chlamydia.
p.6
Antibiotic Spectrum of Activity: Broad vs. Narrow
How are antibiotics classified based on their spectrum of action?
Into broad-spectrum and narrow-spectrum antibiotics.
p.23
Antibiotic Spectrum of Activity: Broad vs. Narrow
Which cephalosporin is effective against more gram-negative bacteria, ceftriaxone or cephalexin?
Ceftriaxone (3rd generation) is effective against more gram-negative bacteria than cephalexin (1st generation).
p.63
Antiviral Agents and Their Mechanisms
What is Zanamivir (Relenza) used for?
Treatment of influenza A and influenza B.
p.24
Sources and Classification of Antibiotics
How are cephalosporins classified?
Into generations based on their spectrum of activity and chemical structure.
p.11
Ideal Properties of Antimicrobial Agents
What are minimal side effects associated with most antimicrobial agents?
Allergic reactions and development of resistant mutant pathogens.
p.39
Synergism vs. Antagonism in Antimicrobial Therapy
Why are aminoglycosides often used in combination with other antibiotics?
To enhance their antibacterial effect and reduce the risk of resistance.
p.40
Complications of Antibiotic Therapy
What is a significant side effect of aminoglycosides?
Ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity.
p.46
Selection and Administration of Antimicrobial Agents
What is a potential complication of IV administration of macrolides?
Increased thrombophlebitis.
p.69
Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance
What does alteration of the target molecule mean?
Bacteria change the structure of the molecule that antibiotics target, making the drug ineffective.
p.51
Mechanisms of Action: Bactericidal vs. Bacteriostatic
How do sulfonamides affect bacteria?
They compete with PABA due to similar structure, leading to no folic acid production.
p.20
Selection and Administration of Antimicrobial Agents
What should be assessed before administering penicillin?
Previous drug reactions to penicillin.
p.67
Complications of Antibiotic Therapy
What gastrointestinal disturbance can occur due to antibiotic therapy?
Diarrhea, often caused by Clostridium difficile infection.
p.9
Antibiotic Spectrum of Activity: Broad vs. Narrow
What is the importance of understanding the spectrum of activity of antibiotics?
It helps in selecting the appropriate antibiotic for treating specific infections.
p.47
Ideal Properties of Antimicrobial Agents
Why are quinolones not recommended for children?
Due to potential adverse effects on developing joints.
p.71
Selection and Administration of Antimicrobial Agents
What is the significance of initiating antibiotic therapy?
To effectively control bacterial infections and manage resistance.
p.74
Mechanisms of Action: Bactericidal vs. Bacteriostatic
What are the mechanisms of antibiotics?
Antibiotics work by targeting specific bacterial functions, such as cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis, nucleic acid synthesis, and metabolic pathways.
p.14
Mechanisms of Action: Bactericidal vs. Bacteriostatic
What is the mechanism of action of antibiotics?
They target specific bacterial functions or structures to disrupt growth or kill bacteria.
p.57
Antiviral Agents and Their Mechanisms
What are antiviral agents?
Medications used to treat viral infections.
p.68
Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance
How do bacteria block the entry of antibiotics?
By altering porin proteins that form channels in the cell membrane.
p.11
Ideal Properties of Antimicrobial Agents
What should an ideal antimicrobial agent target?
A metabolic process or structure possessed by pathogens.
p.39
Mechanisms of Action: Bactericidal vs. Bacteriostatic
How do aminoglycosides work?
They inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit.
p.25
Mechanisms of Action: Bactericidal vs. Bacteriostatic
What is the primary mechanism of action of cephalosporins?
Inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis.
p.52
Sources and Classification of Antibiotics
What are sulfonamides?
A class of antibacterial agents.
p.57
Antiviral Agents and Their Mechanisms
Can antiviral agents cure viral infections?
They can manage symptoms and reduce viral load but often do not cure the infection.
p.65
Synergism vs. Antagonism in Antimicrobial Therapy
What is the truncation effect in the context of antagonism?
It affects the zone of inhibition of drug D1, to which bacteria have sensitivity.
p.57
Antiviral Agents and Their Mechanisms
What types of viruses are commonly targeted by antiviral agents?
Influenza, HIV, herpes viruses, and hepatitis viruses.
p.63
Antiviral Agents and Their Mechanisms
What is Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) primarily used to treat?
Avian influenza (bird flu), specifically H5N1.
p.32
Mechanisms of Action: Bactericidal vs. Bacteriostatic
What does chloramphenicol do in protein synthesis?
It binds to the 50S portion and inhibits the formation of peptide bonds.
p.7
Mechanisms of Action: Bactericidal vs. Bacteriostatic
What is a bacteriostatic agent?
A drug that inhibits the metabolism and reproduction of bacteria without killing them.
p.69
Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance
What is the efflux mechanism in bacterial resistance?
Bacteria pump out the antibiotic before it can exert its effect.
p.64
Definitions of Chemotherapy and Antimicrobial Agents
What is the primary focus of PDN1306?
Applied Pharmacology and Microbiology.
p.43
Sources and Classification of Antibiotics
What are macrolides?
A class of antibacterial agents.
p.23
Mechanisms of Action: Bactericidal vs. Bacteriostatic
What type of antibiotics are cephalosporins?
Cephalosporins are β-lactams.
p.67
Complications of Antibiotic Therapy
What is a potential allergic reaction to antibiotics?
Rashes, hives, or anaphylaxis.
p.11
Ideal Properties of Antimicrobial Agents
What is a key characteristic of an ideal antimicrobial agent regarding storage?
It should be stable when stored in solid or liquid form.
p.29
Mechanisms of Action: Bactericidal vs. Bacteriostatic
How do cephalosporins work?
They inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis, leading to cell lysis and death.
p.13
Mechanisms of Action: Bactericidal vs. Bacteriostatic
What is time-dependent killing?
Killing that depends on the percentage of time that blood concentrations remain above the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), as seen with β-lactams.
p.47
Complications of Antibiotic Therapy
In which patients should quinolones not be used?
In patients with arrhythmias.
p.29
Sources and Classification of Antibiotics
What are the generations of cephalosporins?
Cephalosporins are classified into generations based on their spectrum of activity and resistance to beta-lactamases.
p.62
Antiviral Agents and Their Mechanisms
How is HIV primarily transmitted?
Through unprotected sexual contact, sharing needles, or from mother to child during childbirth.
p.29
Complications of Antibiotic Therapy
What are some common side effects of cephalosporins?
Allergic reactions, gastrointestinal disturbances, and potential for superinfection.
p.47
Selection and Administration of Antimicrobial Agents
What substances can interfere with the absorption of quinolones?
Antacids containing aluminum or magnesium, dietary substances containing iron or zinc, and calcium, milk, or yogurt.
p.69
Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance
How can bacteria inactivate antibiotics?
Through enzymatic action that breaks down the antibiotic.
p.55
Selection and Administration of Antimicrobial Agents
What type of antimicrobial agents are often used in empiric therapy?
Broad spectrum antimicrobial agents, sometimes in combination.
p.15
Mechanisms of Action: Bactericidal vs. Bacteriostatic
What is the primary mechanism of action of antibiotics?
Antibiotics can work by disrupting bacterial cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis, nucleic acid synthesis, or metabolic pathways.
p.37
Complications of Antibiotic Therapy
What are some common side effects of Tetracycline?
Nausea, diarrhea, and sensitivity to sunlight.
p.32
Definitions of Chemotherapy and Antimicrobial Agents
What is the role of mRNA in protein synthesis?
It serves as a template for the sequence of amino acids in a protein.
p.24
Complications of Antibiotic Therapy
What are the common side effects of cephalosporins?
Allergic reactions, gastrointestinal disturbances, and potential for superinfection.
p.69
Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance
Why is knowledge of bacterial resistance mechanisms important?
It helps in understanding the limitations of antibiotic use.
p.22
Sources and Classification of Antibiotics
How are cephalosporins classified?
As 1st to 5th generation based on spectrum of antimicrobial activity.
p.69
Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance
What is one alteration that bacteria can make to resist antibiotics?
Alteration of metabolic pathways of the host.
p.50
Complications of Antibiotic Therapy
What precaution should be advised to patients taking fluoroquinolones?
Avoid driving or performing hazardous tasks during drug therapy.
p.5
Ideal Properties of Antimicrobial Agents
What is the purpose of modifying antibiotics chemically?
To increase spectrum or reduce side effects.
p.60
Antiviral Agents and Their Mechanisms
What is a common method of administering antiviral agents?
In combinations known as 'cocktails'.
p.16
Mechanisms of Action: Bactericidal vs. Bacteriostatic
What is the primary mechanism of action for antibiotics targeting bacteria?
Inhibition of cell wall synthesis.
p.23
Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance
What can degrade cephalosporins?
β-lactamase secreting bacteria.
p.39
Sources and Classification of Antibiotics
What are aminoglycosides?
A class of antibacterial agents used to treat infections caused by certain bacteria.
p.33
Ideal Properties of Antimicrobial Agents
Do tetracyclines penetrate intact mammalian cells effectively?
No, they do not penetrate very well, but small amounts can enter host cells.
p.39
Antibiotic Spectrum of Activity: Broad vs. Narrow
What type of bacteria are aminoglycosides effective against?
They are primarily effective against aerobic gram-negative bacteria.
p.14
Mechanisms of Action: Bactericidal vs. Bacteriostatic
What are the two main types of antibiotic mechanisms?
Bactericidal (kill bacteria) and bacteriostatic (inhibit growth).
p.47
Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance
What is a significant concern regarding the therapeutic utility of quinolones?
Limited therapeutic utility and rapid development of resistance.
p.28
Antibiotic Spectrum of Activity: Broad vs. Narrow
What types of bacteria are cephalosporins effective against?
Both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, depending on the generation.
p.55
Selection and Administration of Antimicrobial Agents
What type of therapy is chosen when microbiological results are not available?
Empiric initial therapy guided by clinical presentation.
p.52
Sources and Classification of Antibiotics
What is the primary use of sulfonamides?
To treat bacterial infections.
p.15
Definitions of Chemotherapy and Antimicrobial Agents
What are antibiotics?
Antibiotics are substances that inhibit the growth of or kill bacteria.
p.36
Selection and Administration of Antimicrobial Agents
What is the absorption characteristic of tetracycline?
Adequately but incompletely absorbed orally.
p.38
Mechanisms of Action: Bactericidal vs. Bacteriostatic
What do aminoglycosides inhibit?
Bacterial protein synthesis.
p.35
Definitions of Chemotherapy and Antimicrobial Agents
What are Tetracyclines?
A class of antibacterial agents.
p.6
Antibiotic Spectrum of Activity: Broad vs. Narrow
What is unique about the antibiotic that is destructive to both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria?
It has a broad spectrum of action.
p.28
Selection and Administration of Antimicrobial Agents
What is a common use for cephalosporins?
Treatment of respiratory tract infections, skin infections, and urinary tract infections.
p.76
Sources and Classification of Antibiotics
How are antimicrobials classified?
Based on their spectrum of activity and mechanism of action.
p.26
Antibiotic Spectrum of Activity: Broad vs. Narrow
What is the spectrum of activity for cephalosporins?
They have a broad spectrum of activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
p.15
Mechanisms of Action: Bactericidal vs. Bacteriostatic
What role do antibiotics play in protein synthesis?
Certain antibiotics bind to bacterial ribosomes, preventing protein synthesis necessary for bacterial growth.
p.24
Selection and Administration of Antimicrobial Agents
Can cephalosporins be used in patients with penicillin allergies?
Caution is advised, as there may be cross-reactivity.
p.56
Selection and Administration of Antimicrobial Agents
What is the purpose of reassessing antibiotic therapy after 3 days?
To evaluate the effectiveness and make necessary adjustments.
p.43
Sources and Classification of Antibiotics
What is the primary use of macrolides?
To treat bacterial infections.
p.33
Definitions of Chemotherapy and Antimicrobial Agents
What type of antibacterial agents are tetracyclines?
Broad-spectrum drugs that are bacteriostatic.
p.62
Antiviral Agents and Their Mechanisms
What does HIV stand for?
Human Immunodeficiency Virus.
p.28
Sources and Classification of Antibiotics
What are cephalosporins?
A class of antibiotics used to treat a variety of bacterial infections.
p.66
Complications of Antibiotic Therapy
What complication can arise from the use of broad spectrum antimicrobials?
Super infections due to alteration of normal bacteria.
p.30
Selection and Administration of Antimicrobial Agents
What factors influence the fate of cephalosporins in the body?
Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
p.11
Ideal Properties of Antimicrobial Agents
How long should an ideal antimicrobial agent remain in specific tissues?
Long enough to be effective.
p.66
Complications of Antibiotic Therapy
When can multidrug therapy be used?
When multiple organisms cause infection, for treatment of tuberculosis, or for treatment of HIV.
p.24
Sources and Classification of Antibiotics
What are cephalosporins?
A class of antibiotics used to treat a variety of bacterial infections.
p.33
Antibiotic Spectrum of Activity: Broad vs. Narrow
What types of bacteria are tetracyclines effective against?
Both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
p.58
Definitions of Chemotherapy and Antimicrobial Agents
What is the first characteristic of life?
Living things are composed of cells.
p.16
Mechanisms of Action: Bactericidal vs. Bacteriostatic
What is a specific pathway that some antibiotics interfere with?
Specific metabolic pathways.
p.46
Selection and Administration of Antimicrobial Agents
How does food affect the absorption of macrolides?
Food interferes with absorption.
p.25
Complications of Antibiotic Therapy
What is a common side effect of cephalosporins?
Allergic reactions, including rash and anaphylaxis.
p.26
Sources and Classification of Antibiotics
What are cephalosporins?
A class of antibiotics used to treat a variety of bacterial infections.
p.68
Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance
Which antibiotics can be removed by efflux pumps?
Tetracyclines, macrolides, and quinolones.
p.38
Complications of Antibiotic Therapy
Why are aminoglycosides considered relatively toxic?
They can cause permanent damage to the auditory nerve and kidneys.
p.26
Sources and Classification of Antibiotics
What are the generations of cephalosporins?
Cephalosporins are classified into generations, with each generation having different activity against bacteria.
p.44
Complications of Antibiotic Therapy
What is a common side effect of macrolides?
Gastrointestinal disturbances, such as nausea and diarrhea.
p.35
Selection and Administration of Antimicrobial Agents
Name an intermediate-acting Tetracycline.
Demeclocycline or Methacycline.
p.29
Antibiotic Spectrum of Activity: Broad vs. Narrow
What is the spectrum of activity of cephalosporins?
They have a broad spectrum of activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
p.25
Sources and Classification of Antibiotics
How are cephalosporins classified?
Into generations based on their spectrum of activity and chemical structure.
p.23
Antibiotic Spectrum of Activity: Broad vs. Narrow
What is the relationship between generation and spectrum of activity in cephalosporins?
The higher the generation, the broader the spectrum.
p.19
Mechanisms of Action: Bactericidal vs. Bacteriostatic
What is the mechanism of action of Penicillin?
Inactivates cell wall proteins.
p.58
Definitions of Chemotherapy and Antimicrobial Agents
What are viruses often debated about regarding their status as living entities?
Whether they are alive or not.
p.65
Synergism vs. Antagonism in Antimicrobial Therapy
What indicates antagonism between two antimicrobials?
D-effect and growth of bacteria resistant to drug D.
p.45
Therapeutic Applications of Macrolides
What is a common side effect of macrolides?
Gastrointestinal disturbances.
p.22
Sources and Classification of Antibiotics
What are cephalosporins classified as?
Semi-synthetic antibiotics.
p.44
Definitions of Chemotherapy and Antimicrobial Agents
What are macrolides?
A class of antibiotics that inhibit bacterial protein synthesis.
p.28
Complications of Antibiotic Therapy
What are some common side effects of cephalosporins?
Allergic reactions, gastrointestinal disturbances, and potential for superinfection.
p.19
Antibiotic Spectrum of Activity: Broad vs. Narrow
On which type of bacteria does Penicillin have maximum effect?
Bacteria that are actively dividing.
p.52
Mechanisms of Action: Bactericidal vs. Bacteriostatic
How do sulfonamides work?
They inhibit bacterial growth by interfering with folic acid synthesis.
p.57
Antiviral Agents and Their Mechanisms
What is the importance of antiviral agents in public health?
They help control outbreaks and reduce the severity of viral infections.
p.61
Antiviral Agents and Their Mechanisms
What is the role of antiviral drugs in viral replication?
They inhibit viral enzymes necessary for replication, such as polymerases.
p.26
Mechanisms of Action: Bactericidal vs. Bacteriostatic
How do cephalosporins work?
They inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis, leading to cell lysis and death.
p.15
Mechanisms of Action: Bactericidal vs. Bacteriostatic
What is the difference between bactericidal and bacteriostatic antibiotics?
Bactericidal antibiotics kill bacteria, while bacteriostatic antibiotics inhibit their growth.
p.73
Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance
What is an example of a drug-resistant bacteria mentioned?
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).
p.61
Antiviral Agents and Their Mechanisms
What is the mechanism of action for antiviral drugs during viral release?
They can inhibit the enzymes that facilitate the release of new virions from infected cells.
p.15
Mechanisms of Action: Bactericidal vs. Bacteriostatic
Can antibiotics affect nucleic acid synthesis?
Yes, some antibiotics inhibit enzymes involved in DNA replication and transcription.
p.23
Sources and Classification of Antibiotics
How are cephalosporins classified?
By generation, based on general features pertaining to activity.
p.19
Definitions of Chemotherapy and Antimicrobial Agents
What is the structure of Penicillin?
A four-sided ring structure.
p.40
Sources and Classification of Antibiotics
What are aminoglycosides?
A class of antibiotics used to treat bacterial infections.
p.33
Selection and Administration of Antimicrobial Agents
Which intracellular pathogens are sensitive to tetracyclines?
Rickettsia and Chlamydia.
p.7
Mechanisms of Action: Bactericidal vs. Bacteriostatic
What do fungicidal agents do?
They kill fungi, including fungal spores.
p.30
Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance
What can affect the effectiveness of cephalosporins?
Bacterial resistance and the presence of other medications.
p.14
Mechanisms of Action: Bactericidal vs. Bacteriostatic
How do bactericidal antibiotics work?
By causing lethal damage to bacterial cells.
p.39
Complications of Antibiotic Therapy
What is a common side effect of aminoglycosides?
Ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity.
p.61
Antiviral Agents and Their Mechanisms
What are the major sites of antiviral drug action?
Antiviral drugs act at various stages of the viral life cycle, including entry, replication, assembly, and release.
p.42
Mechanisms of Action: Bactericidal vs. Bacteriostatic
What is the primary mechanism of action of macrolides?
They inhibit protein synthesis.
p.38
Sources and Classification of Antibiotics
What type of antibiotics are linked by glycoside bonds?
Bactericidal broad-spectrum antibiotics.
p.51
Mechanisms of Action: Bactericidal vs. Bacteriostatic
What is the role of p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) in folic acid synthesis?
It is required by bacteria to synthesize folic acid.
p.44
Mechanisms of Action: Bactericidal vs. Bacteriostatic
What is the primary mechanism of action of macrolides?
They bind to the 50S ribosomal subunit, preventing peptide chain elongation.
p.19
Antibiotic Spectrum of Activity: Broad vs. Narrow
Which types of bacteria are susceptible to Penicillin?
Gram (+) cocci, bacilli, Gram (-) cocci, some anaerobic bacteria, and some spirochetes.
p.32
Definitions of Chemotherapy and Antimicrobial Agents
What is the direction of ribosome movement during translation?
The ribosome moves in the 5' to 3' direction along the mRNA.
p.12
Selection and Administration of Antimicrobial Agents
What factors influence the selection of an antimicrobial agent?
Organism's susceptibility to the antibiotic and patient factors such as immune system and renal/hepatic function.
p.51
Mechanisms of Action: Bactericidal vs. Bacteriostatic
Why are human and animal cells unaffected by sulfa drugs?
Because they do not synthesize folic acid from PABA.
p.27
Mechanisms of Action: Bactericidal vs. Bacteriostatic
What is the primary mechanism of action of cephalosporins?
Inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis.
p.42
Antibiotic Spectrum of Activity: Broad vs. Narrow
What types of bacteria are macrolides effective against?
Chlamydias, mycoplasmas, T. pallidum, and Legionella spp.
p.36
Selection and Administration of Antimicrobial Agents
In which clients should caution be used when prescribing tetracycline?
Clients with impaired kidney or liver function.
p.37
Definitions of Chemotherapy and Antimicrobial Agents
What is Tetracycline?
An antibiotic used to treat a variety of infections.
p.57
Antiviral Agents and Their Mechanisms
How do antiviral agents work?
They inhibit the development and replication of viruses.
p.37
Definitions of Chemotherapy and Antimicrobial Agents
What types of infections can Tetracycline treat?
Bacterial infections, including acne and respiratory tract infections.
p.48
Antibiotic Spectrum of Activity: Broad vs. Narrow
Which bacteria are fluoroquinolones effective against?
Members of the family Enterobacteriaceae (e.g., Escherichia coli) and P. aeruginosa.
p.69
Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance
What is one way bacteria can block antibiotic entry?
By altering the cell membrane to prevent drug entry.
p.37
Antibiotic Spectrum of Activity: Broad vs. Narrow
What is a key characteristic of Tetracycline?
It is effective against a broad spectrum of bacteria.
p.32
Mechanisms of Action: Bactericidal vs. Bacteriostatic
What is the mechanism of action of tetracyclines?
They interfere with the attachment of tRNA to the mRNA-ribosome complex.
p.58
Definitions of Chemotherapy and Antimicrobial Agents
What is the second characteristic of life?
Living things have different levels of cellular organization.
p.24
Mechanisms of Action: Bactericidal vs. Bacteriostatic
What is the primary mechanism of action of cephalosporins?
Inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis.
p.48
Ideal Properties of Antimicrobial Agents
Are fluoroquinolones considered toxic?
They are relatively nontoxic.
p.76
Definitions of Chemotherapy and Antimicrobial Agents
What are antibiotics?
Substances that kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria.
p.40
Selection and Administration of Antimicrobial Agents
How are aminoglycosides typically administered?
Intravenously or intramuscularly.
p.27
Sources and Classification of Antibiotics
What are cephalosporins?
A class of antibiotics used to treat a variety of bacterial infections.
p.25
Selection and Administration of Antimicrobial Agents
Can cephalosporins be used in patients with penicillin allergies?
Caution is advised, as there may be cross-reactivity.
p.35
Selection and Administration of Antimicrobial Agents
Name a short-acting Tetracycline.
Tetracycline or Chlortetracycline.
p.73
Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance
What is a solution to counteract β-lactamase activity?
Add clavulanic acid, a β-lactamase inhibitor.
p.15
Mechanisms of Action: Bactericidal vs. Bacteriostatic
What is an example of a metabolic pathway that antibiotics can target?
Some antibiotics inhibit folic acid synthesis, which is crucial for bacterial growth.
p.38
Antibiotic Spectrum of Activity: Broad vs. Narrow
Are aminoglycosides effective against anaerobes?
No, they are ineffective against anaerobes.
p.6
Mechanisms of Action: Bactericidal vs. Bacteriostatic
What is the difference between bacteriostatic and bactericidal antibiotics?
Bacteriostatic antibiotics stop microbes from multiplying, while bactericidal antibiotics kill the microbes.
p.28
Mechanisms of Action: Bactericidal vs. Bacteriostatic
What is the primary mechanism of action of cephalosporins?
Inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis.
p.63
Antiviral Agents and Their Mechanisms
What is the function of neuraminidase in the influenza virus?
It is an enzyme that facilitates the release of new viral particles from infected cells.
p.40
Mechanisms of Action: Bactericidal vs. Bacteriostatic
What is a common mechanism of action for aminoglycosides?
They inhibit protein synthesis in bacteria.
p.32
Mechanisms of Action: Bactericidal vs. Bacteriostatic
How does streptomycin affect protein synthesis?
It changes the shape of the 30S portion, causing the mRNA code to be read incorrectly.
p.25
Antibiotic Spectrum of Activity: Broad vs. Narrow
What types of bacteria are cephalosporins effective against?
Both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, depending on the generation.
p.14
Mechanisms of Action: Bactericidal vs. Bacteriostatic
How do bacteriostatic antibiotics function?
By inhibiting bacterial growth and reproduction.
p.7
Mechanisms of Action: Bactericidal vs. Bacteriostatic
What does 'static' mean in the context of antimicrobial agents?
It refers to stopping growth.
p.41
Selection and Administration of Antimicrobial Agents
What should be increased to promote excretion of aminoglycosides?
Fluid intake, unless contraindicated.
p.49
Mechanisms of Action: Bactericidal vs. Bacteriostatic
What is a common mechanism of action for fluoroquinolones?
They inhibit bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV.
p.22
Mechanisms of Action: Bactericidal vs. Bacteriostatic
What is the mode of action of cephalosporins?
Inhibit the synthesis of the cell wall.
p.55
Antibiotic Spectrum of Activity: Broad vs. Narrow
What do broad spectrum antimicrobial agents cover?
Multiple possible pathogens, including community and hospital-acquired infections.
p.12
Selection and Administration of Antimicrobial Agents
What is empiric therapy?
Treatment given prior to the identification of the organism, often used for critically ill patients.
p.55
Definitions of Chemotherapy and Antimicrobial Agents
Which pathogens are commonly associated with bacterial meningitis?
S. pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitidis.
p.46
Complications of Antibiotic Therapy
Which macrolides interfere with the metabolism of other drugs?
Erythromycin and telithromycin.
p.56
Selection and Administration of Antimicrobial Agents
What is the significance of the AUC24/MIC ratio?
It helps determine the effectiveness of antibiotic therapy, with a target of > 125%.
p.46
Selection and Administration of Antimicrobial Agents
What should be assessed before administering macrolides?
The presence of respiratory infection.
p.58
Definitions of Chemotherapy and Antimicrobial Agents
What is the seventh characteristic of life?
Living things adapt to their environment.
p.12
Selection and Administration of Antimicrobial Agents
Why is cost an important factor in the selection of antimicrobial therapy?
Cost can affect accessibility and adherence to the treatment regimen.
p.76
Antiviral Agents and Their Mechanisms
What are antiviral agents?
Medications that treat viral infections.
p.8
Mechanisms of Action: Bactericidal vs. Bacteriostatic
What are examples of cell membrane inhibitors?
Isoniazid and Amphotericin B.
p.21
Selection and Administration of Antimicrobial Agents
What is the distribution of penicillin to bone and CSF?
Distribution to bone and CSF is insufficient.
p.52
Mechanisms of Action: Bactericidal vs. Bacteriostatic
Are sulfonamides bactericidal or bacteriostatic?
They are generally considered bacteriostatic.
p.58
Definitions of Chemotherapy and Antimicrobial Agents
What is the fourth characteristic of life?
Living things respond to their environment.
p.44
Sources and Classification of Antibiotics
What are some common examples of macrolides?
Erythromycin, azithromycin, and clarithromycin.
p.15
Mechanisms of Action: Bactericidal vs. Bacteriostatic
How do antibiotics affect bacterial cell walls?
Some antibiotics inhibit the synthesis of peptidoglycan, which is essential for bacterial cell wall integrity.
p.44
Ideal Properties of Antimicrobial Agents
What are the ideal properties of macrolides?
Good tissue penetration, oral bioavailability, and a favorable safety profile.
p.12
Selection and Administration of Antimicrobial Agents
How does the site of infection affect antimicrobial therapy?
It can impact the ability of the antibiotic to reach the infection site, such as the blood-brain barrier.
p.26
Complications of Antibiotic Therapy
What are some common side effects of cephalosporins?
Allergic reactions, gastrointestinal disturbances, and potential for superinfection.
p.8
Antibiotic Spectrum of Activity: Broad vs. Narrow
What is the spectrum of activity of narrow-spectrum antibiotics?
Effective against one or very few types of microorganisms.
p.56
Selection and Administration of Antimicrobial Agents
What does 'prophylactic therapy' refer to?
Preventive antibiotic treatment to avoid infections.
p.68
Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance
What is the role of efflux pumps in antibiotic resistance?
They actively transport antibiotics out of the bacterial cell.
p.58
Definitions of Chemotherapy and Antimicrobial Agents
What is the third characteristic of life?
Living things use energy.
p.25
Sources and Classification of Antibiotics
What is the significance of the different generations of cephalosporins?
Each generation has varying effectiveness against different types of bacteria.
p.44
Antibiotic Spectrum of Activity: Broad vs. Narrow
What types of bacteria are macrolides effective against?
They are primarily effective against Gram-positive bacteria and some Gram-negative bacteria.
p.38
Antibiotic Spectrum of Activity: Broad vs. Narrow
Against which type of bacteria are aminoglycosides effective?
Aerobic Gram-negative bacteria.
p.56
Selection and Administration of Antimicrobial Agents
What does 'definitive antibiotic treatment' involve?
Treatment based on specific microbiological results, including antibiogram and MIC.
p.27
Sources and Classification of Antibiotics
How are cephalosporins classified?
Into generations based on their spectrum of activity and chemical structure.
p.24
Antibiotic Spectrum of Activity: Broad vs. Narrow
What is a notable feature of the later generations of cephalosporins?
Increased effectiveness against Gram-negative bacteria.
p.76
Mechanisms of Action: Bactericidal vs. Bacteriostatic
What is another mechanism of action of antibiotics?
Inhibition of DNA/RNA synthesis.
p.46
Selection and Administration of Antimicrobial Agents
What client history should be examined before macrolide administration?
History of cardiac disorders.
p.26
Selection and Administration of Antimicrobial Agents
What is a key consideration when administering cephalosporins?
Assessing for allergies, especially to penicillin, due to potential cross-reactivity.
p.24
Antibiotic Spectrum of Activity: Broad vs. Narrow
What types of bacteria are cephalosporins effective against?
Both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, depending on the generation.
p.46
Selection and Administration of Antimicrobial Agents
Where are macrolides distributed in the body?
High in all body fluids and prostatic fluids, except CSF.
p.73
Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance
How does β-lactamase affect beta-lactam antibiotics?
It destroys the beta-lactam ring, rendering the antibiotics ineffective.
p.51
Mechanisms of Action: Bactericidal vs. Bacteriostatic
What type of action do sulfonamides have?
Bacteriostatic; they inhibit the growth of bacteria.
p.42
Antibiotic Spectrum of Activity: Broad vs. Narrow
Which macrolides have a broader antimicrobial spectrum?
Clarithromycin and azithromycin.
p.51
Selection and Administration of Antimicrobial Agents
Are sulfonamides often prescribed on their own?
No, they are seldom prescribed on their own.
p.12
Selection and Administration of Antimicrobial Agents
What safety considerations are important when selecting an antimicrobial agent?
The safety of the agent must be evaluated to avoid adverse effects.
p.27
Complications of Antibiotic Therapy
What are some common side effects of cephalosporins?
Allergic reactions, gastrointestinal disturbances, and potential for superinfection.
p.46
Complications of Antibiotic Therapy
What is a significant concern when using macrolides?
Multiple drug-drug interactions.
p.8
Mechanisms of Action: Bactericidal vs. Bacteriostatic
What are examples of protein synthesis inhibitors?
Tetracyclines, Aminoglycosides, Macrolides, Clindamycin, Chloramphenicol.
p.22
Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance
How do cephalosporins compare to penicillins in terms of resistance to β-lactamases?
They are more resistant than penicillins to certain β-lactamases.
p.55
Selection and Administration of Antimicrobial Agents
What is the recommended treatment for bacterial meningitis?
3rd generation cephalosporin + vancomycin.
p.8
Antibiotic Spectrum of Activity: Broad vs. Narrow
What is the spectrum of activity of broad-spectrum antibiotics?
Effective against several types of microorganisms.
p.61
Antiviral Agents and Their Mechanisms
How do antiviral drugs interfere with viral assembly?
They can disrupt the processes that lead to the assembly of viral components into new virions.
p.76
Mechanisms of Action: Bactericidal vs. Bacteriostatic
What is one mechanism of action of antibiotics?
Inhibition of cell wall synthesis.
p.8
Mechanisms of Action: Bactericidal vs. Bacteriostatic
What is the mode of action of bacteriostatic antibiotics?
They stop the bacteria from multiplying.
p.27
Antibiotic Spectrum of Activity: Broad vs. Narrow
What types of bacteria are cephalosporins effective against?
Both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, depending on the generation.
p.38
Selection and Administration of Antimicrobial Agents
What is the recommendation regarding the use of aminoglycosides?
Use should be reduced due to toxicity.
p.38
Synergism vs. Antagonism in Antimicrobial Therapy
What can be combined with aminoglycosides for enhanced effect?
β-lactam antibacterial agents.
p.56
Selection and Administration of Antimicrobial Agents
What are the characteristics of optimal antibiotic therapy in the ICU?
High dose, high peak concentration, and polychemotherapy.
p.76
Mechanisms of Action: Bactericidal vs. Bacteriostatic
What is a third mechanism of action of antibiotics?
Inhibition of protein synthesis.
p.27
Sources and Classification of Antibiotics
What is a notable feature of later-generation cephalosporins?
Increased effectiveness against Gram-negative bacteria.
p.8
Mechanisms of Action: Bactericidal vs. Bacteriostatic
Which antibiotics inhibit nucleic acid synthesis?
Fluoroquinolones and Rifampin.
p.56
Selection and Administration of Antimicrobial Agents
What is the role of microbiological monitoring in antibiotic therapy?
To guide the choice and adjustment of antibiotic treatment based on infection type.
