p.15
Classification of Covering or Lining Epithelium
What is the main focus of the presentation on September 7, 2024?
Types of covering epithelia.
p.18
Classification of Multicellular Exocrine Glands
What defines a simple gland?
A simple gland has a duct that does not branch.
p.38
Connective Tissue Characteristics
What are the characteristics of Loose (areolar) Connective Tissues?
Delicate, flexible, and contains all constituents of connective tissue.
p.2
Classification of Covering or Lining Epithelium
What is the classification of epithelium based on the number of layers?
It can be classified as Simple (one layer of cells) or Stratified (more than one layer of cells).
p.2
Classification of Covering or Lining Epithelium
What defines Simple epithelium?
It consists of one layer of cells.
p.27
General Characteristics of Epithelium
What are the general features of fibroblasts?
Elongated cells with long tapering processes, basophilic cytoplasm, and a large oval central nucleus.
p.9
General Characteristics of Epithelium
What is a key characteristic of pseudostratified epithelium?
All cells rest on the basement membrane, but not all reach the apical surface.
p.36
Connective Tissue Characteristics
What does mesenchymal connective tissue give rise to?
All types of connective tissues.
p.11
Stratified Epithelium Types
What is a key characteristic of nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium?
Surface cells are nucleated.
p.14
Transitional Epithelium
What type of epithelium lines the renal calyces, ureters, bladder, and proximal segment of the urethra?
Transitional epithelium (urothelium).
What is the structure of a goblet cell?
It has a narrow base and an oval apical portion expanded with mucin-secreting granules.
p.2
Classification of Covering or Lining Epithelium
What defines Stratified epithelium?
It consists of more than one layer of cells.
p.22
Classification of Multicellular Exocrine Glands
Which glands are classified as merocrine?
Pancreas, salivary, and sweat glands.
p.5
Types of Simple Epithelium
What is the structure of simple cuboidal epithelium?
It consists of one layer of cuboidal cells.
p.4
Types of Simple Epithelium
Where are the nuclei located in simple squamous epithelium?
Flattened or ovoid nuclei, located close to the center of the cells.
p.25
Connective Tissue Characteristics
What role does connective tissue play in defense mechanisms?
It has a role in the defense mechanism of the body.
p.23
General Characteristics of Epithelium
What is the date of the presentation?
Saturday, September 7, 2024.
p.37
Connective Tissue Characteristics
What type of tissue is mucous (mucoid) tissue?
A gel-like connective tissue.
p.19
Classification of Multicellular Exocrine Glands
What are the two types of secretory portions in multicellular exocrine glands?
Tubular and alveolar (or acinar).
p.10
Stratified Epithelium Types
What do the top layers of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium consist of?
Keratinized cells that are flattened, nonnucleated, and dead.
p.36
Connective Tissue Characteristics
What are the main components of mesenchymal connective tissue?
Mesenchymal cells in a gel-like amorphous ground substance.
p.35
Classification of Connective Tissue
What are the two categories of connective tissue proper?
Loose (Areolar) and Dense (Irregular and Regular).
p.35
Classification of Connective Tissue
What are the types of specialized connective tissue?
Adipose (unilocular & multilocular), Reticular, Elastic, Cartilage, Bone, and Blood.
p.35
Classification of Connective Tissue
What is the difference between unilocular and multilocular adipose tissue?
Unilocular has one large fat droplet, while multilocular has multiple smaller fat droplets.
p.25
Connective Tissue Characteristics
How does connective tissue contribute to nutrient transport?
It plays a role in the transport of nutrients to other tissues.
p.27
General Characteristics of Epithelium
What substances do fibroblasts synthesize and secrete that comprise the ground substance?
Glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins.
p.30
General Characteristics of Epithelium
What role does histamine play in mast cell activity?
It promotes increased vascular permeability and smooth muscle contraction.
p.13
Stratified Epithelium Types
What type of epithelium is found in the duct of sweat glands?
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium.
p.36
Connective Tissue Characteristics
What is mesenchymal connective tissue?
A type of connective tissue present in the embryo.
p.37
Connective Tissue Characteristics
Where is mucous tissue most abundantly found?
Around blood vessels in the umbilical cord.
How do glands develop in the fetus?
From covering epithelia through cell proliferation and growth into the underlying connective tissue, followed by further differentiation.
p.3
Classification of Covering or Lining Epithelium
What distinguishes columnar cells from other cell shapes?
They are taller than they are wide, resembling columns.
p.11
Stratified Epithelium Types
Where is nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium commonly found?
Lining the oral cavity, esophagus, and vagina.
p.14
Transitional Epithelium
What is a characteristic feature of transitional epithelium?
A superficial layer of large, dome-like cells called umbrella cells.
p.26
Types of Connective Tissue Cells
What are free connective tissue cells?
Cells that originate from hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow, circulate in the blood, and then move into connective tissue.
p.1
General Characteristics of Epithelium
What are the general characteristics of epithelium?
Covers exterior surfaces and lines internal cavities and body tubes.
p.26
Types of Connective Tissue Cells
What are examples of free connective tissue cells?
Macrophages, plasma cells, mast cells, and leucocytes.
p.31
General Characteristics of Epithelium
What is the primary function of plasma cells?
Synthesis of immunoglobulin antibodies.
p.24
Connective Tissue Characteristics
What is the primary function of connective tissue?
To support, bind, and protect other tissues and organs.
p.21
Classification of Multicellular Exocrine Glands
What are mixed (seromucous) glands?
Glands that produce both serous and mucous secretions.
p.29
Types of Connective Tissue Cells
What are dust cells?
Resident macrophages in the lung.
p.42
Types of Connective Tissue Cells
Where is elastic connective tissue primarily found?
In the walls of arteries closest to the heart, such as the aorta.
p.3
Classification of Covering or Lining Epithelium
What is the shape of squamous cells?
They are flat and 'scale' like.
p.38
Connective Tissue Characteristics
Where is Loose (areolar) Connective Tissue commonly found?
Beneath the epithelial lining of many organs and filling spaces between fibers of muscle and nerve.
p.34
Fibers of Connective Tissue
How do reticular fibers appear under staining?
They are stained black with silver.
p.26
Types of Connective Tissue Cells
What are fixed connective tissue cells?
Cells that originate locally from mesenchymal cells and are permanent residents of connective tissue, e.g., fibroblasts and adipocytes.
p.25
Connective Tissue Characteristics
What are the main components of connective tissue?
Cells and extracellular matrix.
p.22
Classification of Multicellular Exocrine Glands
What is the mode of secretion for merocrine glands?
Secretory granules leave the cell by exocytosis with no loss of other cellular material.
p.28
Types of Connective Tissue Cells
What are unilocular adipocytes?
Adipocytes that contain one large central fat droplet with a flat and eccentric nucleus.
p.27
General Characteristics of Epithelium
What is one of the primary functions of fibroblasts?
To produce and maintain most of the tissue's extracellular components.
p.22
Classification of Multicellular Exocrine Glands
What characterizes apocrine glands?
The secretory product is discharged together with parts of apical cytoplasm.
p.30
General Characteristics of Epithelium
What is the function of heparin released by mast cells?
It acts as an anticoagulant.
p.28
Types of Connective Tissue Cells
How do multilocular adipocytes differ from unilocular adipocytes?
They contain numerous lipid droplets, are polygonal, smaller, and have a spherical central nucleus.
p.29
Types of Connective Tissue Cells
How do macrophages participate in immune responses?
By presenting antigens to lymphocytes.
p.4
Types of Simple Epithelium
What is another location where simple squamous epithelium can be found?
Thin segments of the loop of Henle.
p.40
Types of Connective Tissue Cells
What is another name for brown adipose tissue?
Multilocular adipose tissue.
p.34
Fibers of Connective Tissue
What is the structure of reticular fibers?
They are very fine, branch, and reunite to form a network.
What distinguishes endocrine glands from exocrine glands?
Endocrine glands lose their connection to the original epithelium and lack ducts.
p.39
Types of Connective Tissue Cells
What characterizes dense regular connective tissue?
Collagen bundles arranged in a regular pattern with fibroblasts in rows.
p.4
Types of Simple Epithelium
What is simple squamous epithelium composed of?
A single layer of flattened cells.
p.1
General Characteristics of Epithelium
What do all epithelia rest on?
A basal lamina that separates them from underlying connective tissues.
p.7
Types of Simple Epithelium
What is the function of microvilli in simple columnar epithelium?
To increase the apical surface area of the cell to aid in absorption.
p.5
Types of Simple Epithelium
In which part of the kidney is simple cuboidal epithelium found?
In the tubules of the kidney.
p.24
Connective Tissue Characteristics
What are the two main components of connective tissue?
Cells and extracellular matrix.
p.32
Fibers of Connective Tissue
What is a key characteristic of collagen fibers?
They are unbranched and highly resistant to stretch.
p.8
General Characteristics of Epithelium
What is the primary function of cilia in simple columnar ciliated epithelium?
Cilia aid in the transport of material across the surface of the epithelium.
p.18
Classification of Multicellular Exocrine Glands
What characterizes a compound gland?
A compound gland has a duct that branches.
p.41
Connective Tissue Characteristics
What structures does reticular tissue help to form the architectural framework for?
Liver, bone marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen.
p.40
Types of Connective Tissue Cells
What is another name for white adipose tissue?
Unilocular adipose tissue.
p.6
Types of Simple Epithelium
What is the structure of simple columnar epithelium?
It consists of one layer of columnar cells.
p.19
Classification of Multicellular Exocrine Glands
Can secretory units be branched in multicellular exocrine glands?
Yes, either type of secretory unit may be branched.
p.25
Connective Tissue Characteristics
What does the extracellular matrix consist of?
Protein fibers and areas of ground substance rich in glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and water.
p.19
Classification of Multicellular Exocrine Glands
Does the branching of secretory units depend on the duct?
No, a secretory unit may be branched even if the duct is not branched.
p.14
Transitional Epithelium
What is the function of umbrella cells in transitional epithelium?
To protect underlying tissues from the hypertonic and potentially cytotoxic effects of urine.
p.29
Types of Connective Tissue Cells
What do macrophages look like under a transmission electron microscope (TEM)?
They have a characteristic irregular surface with protrusions and indentations.
p.1
General Characteristics of Epithelium
How are epithelial cells arranged?
They are formed of closely arranged cells with very small amounts of intercellular substance.
p.29
Types of Connective Tissue Cells
What are Kupffer cells?
Resident macrophages in the liver.
p.30
General Characteristics of Epithelium
What do serine proteases activate?
Various mediators of inflammation.
p.21
Classification of Multicellular Exocrine Glands
Which glands are examples of mixed (seromucous) glands?
Submandibular and sublingual glands.
p.32
Fibers of Connective Tissue
How are collagen fibers arranged?
In a parallel array forming collagen bundles.
p.42
Connective Tissue Characteristics
What is the primary function of elastic connective tissue?
Provides distensible support and accommodates pressure changes.
p.12
Stratified Epithelium Types
What is the composition of stratified columnar epithelium?
It is composed of two or three layers of cells.
p.34
Fibers of Connective Tissue
What are reticular fibers primarily composed of?
A special type of collagen (type III) protein.
p.19
Classification of Multicellular Exocrine Glands
What is the shape of tubular secretory portions?
They can be either short or long and coiled.
p.9
General Characteristics of Epithelium
Give two examples of where pseudostratified epithelium can be found.
In the trachea and epididymis.
What characterizes exocrine glands?
They remain connected with the surface epithelium via tubular ducts.
p.26
Types of Connective Tissue Cells
What are examples of fixed connective tissue cells?
Fibroblasts and adipocytes.
p.11
Stratified Epithelium Types
How does nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium compare to keratinized squamous epithelium?
It is similar except that surface cells are nucleated.
p.29
Types of Connective Tissue Cells
What are the characteristics of macrophages?
Large, irregular cells with oval or kidney-shaped nucleus.
p.25
Connective Tissue Characteristics
What is the role of connective tissue in the body?
It supports and physically connects other tissues and cells to form the organs of the body.
p.14
Transitional Epithelium
How does the thickness of transitional epithelium change when the bladder is stretched?
The thickness is much reduced, and surface cells are extremely flattened.
p.5
Types of Simple Epithelium
Where are the nuclei located in simple cuboidal epithelium?
The nuclei are centrally placed and spherical in shape.
p.21
Classification of Multicellular Exocrine Glands
Which glands are examples of mucous glands?
Brunner’s glands in the duodenum and pyloric glands in the stomach.
p.30
General Characteristics of Epithelium
What do eosinophil and neutrophil chemotactic factors do?
They attract eosinophils and neutrophils.
p.5
Types of Simple Epithelium
Where else can simple cuboidal epithelium be found?
On the surface of the ovaries.
p.33
Fibers of Connective Tissue
Where are elastic fibers commonly found?
In large arteries, such as the aorta.
p.32
Fibers of Connective Tissue
Where is collagen type I found?
In the dermis, bone, tendon, and ligaments.
p.40
Types of Connective Tissue Cells
What are the two types of adipose connective tissue?
Unilocular (white) adipose tissue and multilocular (brown) adipose tissue.
p.3
Classification of Covering or Lining Epithelium
How would you describe cuboidal cells?
They are as wide as they are tall, resembling cubes.
p.19
Classification of Multicellular Exocrine Glands
What characterizes alveolar or acinar secretory portions?
They are rounded and saclike.
p.6
Types of Simple Epithelium
How does the height of simple columnar epithelial cells compare to their width?
The height is greater than the width.
p.30
General Characteristics of Epithelium
What is the shape of mast cells?
Oval or irregularly shaped with a rounded central nucleus.
Where are goblet cells commonly found?
In the lining of the small intestine, colon, and respiratory airways.
p.30
General Characteristics of Epithelium
What fills the cytoplasm of mast cells?
Granules for the release of various substances.
p.17
Classification of Multicellular Exocrine Glands
How are multicellular glands classified?
According to morphology of duct, shape of secretory unit, nature of secretion, and mode of secretion.
p.29
Types of Connective Tissue Cells
What organelles are well-developed in macrophages?
Golgi complexes and lysosomes.
p.39
Types of Connective Tissue Cells
What characterizes dense irregular connective tissue?
Collagen bundles are arranged in different directions.
p.7
Types of Simple Epithelium
Where can simple columnar epithelium with microvilli be found?
In the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and proximal convoluted tubule of the kidney.
p.33
Fibers of Connective Tissue
What are elastic fibers composed of?
The proteins elastin and fibrillin.
p.32
Fibers of Connective Tissue
What gives collagen fibers their great tensile strength?
The protein called collagen.
p.6
Types of Simple Epithelium
Where is the nucleus typically located in simple columnar epithelial cells?
In the basal region of the cell.
How do endocrine glands transport their secreted products?
Capillaries adjacent to endocrine cells absorb their secreted hormone products for transport in blood to target cells.
p.31
General Characteristics of Epithelium
Describe the nucleus of a plasma cell.
Eccentric with a large nucleolus and a clock face appearance due to special chromatin arrangement.
p.21
Classification of Multicellular Exocrine Glands
Which glands are examples of serous glands?
Parotid gland and exocrine pancreas.
p.4
Types of Simple Epithelium
What does mesothelium line?
Serous cavities (peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities).
p.1
Classification of Covering or Lining Epithelium
Into how many main groups are epithelia divided?
Two main groups: covering and glandular epithelia.
p.4
Types of Simple Epithelium
Which part of the kidney contains simple squamous epithelium?
The parietal layer of Bowman’s capsule.
p.33
Fibers of Connective Tissue
What is a key characteristic of elastic fibers?
They are soft, flexible, and can recoil when the force is removed.
p.32
Fibers of Connective Tissue
How many types of collagen exist in vertebrates?
A family of 28 collagens.
p.22
Classification of Multicellular Exocrine Glands
What is the mode of secretion for holocrine glands?
The product of secretion is shed with the whole cell.
p.29
Types of Connective Tissue Cells
What is one function of macrophages?
Phagocytosis of foreign objects.
p.24
Types of Connective Tissue Cells
What are the main types of connective tissue?
Loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue, adipose tissue, cartilage, bone, and blood.
p.7
Types of Simple Epithelium
What is the primary role of the apical surface area increased by microvilli?
To aid in the absorption of fluid and other materials from a lumen.
p.33
Fibers of Connective Tissue
How do elastic fibers appear structurally?
They are fine, present singly, and can branch.
p.39
Types of Connective Tissue Cells
Where is dense irregular connective tissue commonly found?
In the dermis of the skin.
p.24
Fibers of Connective Tissue
What is the role of fibers in connective tissue?
To provide strength, elasticity, and support.
p.32
Fibers of Connective Tissue
Where can collagen type III be found?
In lymphoid organs and the liver.
