p.4
Anatomy and Course of the Facial Nerve
Where does the facial nerve emerge from?
From the brain stem between the pons and the medulla oblongata (ponto-medullar junction).
p.22
Collateral Branches of the Facial Nerve
What is the intracranial course of the facial nerve regarding collateral branches?
There are no collateral branches.
p.29
Facial Paralysis Types and Implications
What is central facial paralysis?
Partial paralysis of the contralateral inferior half of the face.
p.5
Anatomy and Course of the Facial Nerve
Where does the structure move towards after the cerebello-pontine trigone?
The internal acoustic meatus (petrous part of the temporal bone).
p.8
Facial Nerve Pathways and Connections
Why is the superior view important for understanding the facial canal?
It helps visualize the relationship between the brain stem and the facial nerve's pathway.
p.26
Collateral Branches of the Facial Nerve
What are the types of collateral branches of the facial nerve?
Intrapetrosal branches and extracranial branches.
p.20
Innervation Territories of the Facial Nerve
What muscles are innervated by the mandibular marginal branch?
Depressor of the lower lip and depressor of the oral angle.
p.16
Anatomy and Course of the Facial Nerve
What happens to the facial nerve after it runs forward on a short course?
It gives off its terminal branches.
p.21
Collateral Branches of the Facial Nerve
How does the greater petrosal nerve exit the petrosal part of the temporal bone?
By the major petrosal hiatus.
p.11
Anatomy and Course of the Facial Nerve
In which space is the facial nerve located after exiting the facial canal?
In the retrostyloid space.
p.14
Anatomy and Course of the Facial Nerve
What forms the posterior-medial wall in the extracranial course?
The anterior face of the transverse processes of the first three vertebrae, strengthened by the longissimus capitis muscle and deep cervical fascia.
p.27
Branches of the Facial Nerve
Which nerve is associated with the pterygoid canal?
The greater petrosal nerve.
p.21
Collateral Branches of the Facial Nerve
What ganglion does the greater petrosal nerve reach?
The pterygopalatine ganglion.
p.25
Collateral Branches of the Facial Nerve
What does the posterior auricular branch of the facial nerve innervate?
The occipital belly of the occipito-frontalis muscle and the posterior and superior auricular muscles.
p.7
Anatomy and Course of the Facial Nerve
How is the tympanic segment oriented?
Posterio-laterally, parallel to the axis of the petrous part.
p.7
Anatomy and Course of the Facial Nerve
How does the mastoid segment of the facial canal extend?
Downwards, perpendicular to the axis of the petrous part, ending at the stylomastoid foramen.
p.11
Anatomy and Course of the Facial Nerve
Where does the facial nerve exit the facial canal?
By the stylomastoid foramen.
p.29
Facial Paralysis Types and Implications
What characterizes peripheral facial paralysis?
Total homolateral paralysis of upper and lower halves of the face.
p.20
Innervation Territories of the Facial Nerve
What do the inferior buccal branches innervate?
The inferior half of the orbicularis oris, inferior half of the buccinator, inferior incisal muscle, and risorius muscle.
p.21
Collateral Branches of the Facial Nerve
Where does the greater petrosal nerve (GPN) appear?
At the level of the geniculate ganglion.
p.1
Overview of the Facial Nerve
What type of nerve is the facial nerve?
A mixed nerve with both sensory and motor components.
p.23
Collateral Branches of the Facial Nerve
Where does the chorda tympani go after exiting the tympanic cavity?
It reaches the infratemporal fossa and then courses downwards to the posterior face of the lingual nerve (V3).
p.27
Branches of the Facial Nerve
Which branches of the maxillary nerve (V2) are involved in innervation?
The greater palatine nerve, orbito-zygomatic nerve, and spheno-palatine nerve.
p.15
Anatomy and Course of the Facial Nerve
What is the extracranial course of the facial nerve?
It passes through the space between the posterior belly of the digastric muscle and the stylohyoid muscle.
p.6
Anatomy and Course of the Facial Nerve
What is the initial course of the facial nerve?
It has an endocranial course in the cerebello-pontine trigone.
p.3
Overview of the Facial Nerve
What is the function of the geniculate ganglion?
It is an aggregate of cell bodies of sensory neurons.
p.3
Facial Nerve Pathways and Connections
Where is the nervous message deciphered for general somatic sensitivity?
In the trigeminal tract (spinal nucleus).
p.18
Branches of the Facial Nerve
What are the two terminal trunks of the facial nerve?
Superior (temporo-facial trunk) and Inferior (cervico-facial trunk).
p.10
Anatomy and Course of the Facial Nerve
What is formed by the facial nerve, vestibulo-cochlear nerve, and labyrinthine artery?
The acoustico-facial package.
p.18
Branches of the Facial Nerve
What is the course of the inferior buccal branches?
They also run parallel to the parotid duct.
p.1
Functions of the Facial Nerve
What is the primary function of the facial nerve?
To control the muscles of facial expression.
p.25
Clinical Significance of the Facial Nerve
What is the clinical significance of the geniculate ganglion?
It is affected by viral infections, such as the varicella-zoster virus.
p.7
Anatomy and Course of the Facial Nerve
What direction does the labyrinthine segment of the facial canal take?
Anterio-laterally, perpendicular to the axis of the petrous part of the temporal bone.
p.8
Anatomy and Course of the Facial Nerve
What is the facial canal?
A bony passage within the temporal bone that houses the facial nerve.
p.10
Anatomy and Course of the Facial Nerve
Where is the facial nerve located in the tympanic segment?
In the medial wall of the tympanic cavity.
p.16
Anatomy and Course of the Facial Nerve
What is located deeper than the facial nerve in the parotid region?
The external carotid artery.
p.25
Collateral Branches of the Facial Nerve
What is the intracranial course of the facial nerve regarding collateral branches?
There are no collateral branches.
p.21
Collateral Branches of the Facial Nerve
With which nerves does the greater petrosal nerve associate in the pterygoid canal?
The deep petrosal nerve and the auricular branch of the vagus nerve.
p.13
Anatomy and Course of the Facial Nerve
Which muscles contribute to the anterior lateral wall of the retrostyloid space?
Stylohoid muscle, styloglossus muscle, and stylopharyngeal muscle.
p.5
Anatomy and Course of the Facial Nerve
What is the initial course of the structure in the cerebello-pontine trigone?
It moves onwards and laterally towards the internal acoustic meatus.
p.26
Collateral Branches of the Facial Nerve
What is the stylodigastric nerve?
A collateral branch that detaches from the facial nerve between the posterior belly of the digastric muscle and the stylohyoid muscle.
p.17
Branches of the Facial Nerve
What happens to the facial nerve in the parotid region?
It divides into its terminal branches.
p.13
Anatomy and Course of the Facial Nerve
What ligaments are found in the anterior lateral wall of the retrostyloid space?
Stylohoid ligament and stylomandibular ligament.
p.8
Overview of the Facial Nerve
What is the superior view of the brain stem?
It refers to the perspective from above that shows the structures of the brain stem.
p.26
Collateral Branches of the Facial Nerve
What is the characteristic of the intracranial course of the facial nerve?
It has no collateral branches.
p.10
Anatomy and Course of the Facial Nerve
What nerves accompany the facial nerve in the labyrinthine segment?
The vestibulo-cochlear nerve (VIII) and the labyrinthine artery.
p.14
Anatomy and Course of the Facial Nerve
Which muscle forms the lateral wall in the extracranial course?
The sterno-cleido-mastoid muscle.
p.10
Anatomy and Course of the Facial Nerve
What artery accompanies the facial nerve in the mastoid segment?
The stylomastoid artery, a branch of the posterior auricular artery.
p.18
Branches of the Facial Nerve
Where is the mandibular marginal branch located?
It runs parallel to the basilar edge of the mandible.
p.27
Anatomy and Course of the Facial Nerve
What is the real origin of the visceral motor efferent system?
The palatal, lacrimal, and nasal nucleus.
p.13
Anatomy and Course of the Facial Nerve
Which muscle is part of the anterior lateral wall of the retrostyloid space?
Posterior belly of the digastric muscle.
p.25
Collateral Branches of the Facial Nerve
What is the function of the cutaneous branch of the facial nerve?
It provides general somatic afferent innervation for the Ramsay-Hunt region.
p.13
Anatomy and Course of the Facial Nerve
What strengthens the retrostyloid space?
Alar fascia (lateral pharyngeal fascia).
p.6
Anatomy and Course of the Facial Nerve
Which nerve accompanies the facial nerve in the cerebello-pontine trigone?
The vestibulo-cochlear nerve (VIII).
p.4
Anatomy and Course of the Facial Nerve
Which nerves are located medially and laterally to the facial nerve at its origin?
The abducens nerve medially and the vestibulo-cochlear nerve laterally.
p.14
Anatomy and Course of the Facial Nerve
What constitutes the medial wall in the extracranial course?
The sagittal partition (fascia) of the pharynx.
p.19
Innervation Territories of the Facial Nerve
What does the temporo-frontal branch innervate?
The frontal belly of the occipito-frontal muscle, the anterior auricular muscle, the eyebrow corrugator muscle, and the procerus muscle.
p.16
Anatomy and Course of the Facial Nerve
What is located medial to the facial nerve in the parotid region?
The external jugular vein.
p.28
Facial Nerve and Taste Sensation
Which nerve is associated with the anterior two-thirds of the tongue?
Lingual nerve – chorda tympani.
p.17
Branches of the Facial Nerve
What are the two anatomical variations of the facial nerve's division?
1. It runs forward before dividing into two terminal trunks; 2. It divides into several terminal branches forming the facial plexus.
p.27
Branches of the Facial Nerve
What ganglion is associated with the pterygoid canal?
Pterygopalatine ganglion.
p.21
Collateral Branches of the Facial Nerve
What type of component does the greater petrosal nerve have?
A parasympathetic visceral motor component.
p.27
Functions of the Facial Nerve
Which nucleus is responsible for the superior salivatory function?
Superior salivatory nucleus.
p.2
Functions of the Facial Nerve
What is the role of the superior salivatory nucleus?
It is involved in parasympathetic (visceral motricity) functions.
p.22
Collateral Branches of the Facial Nerve
What type of component does the Stapedius nerve have?
A somatic motor component.
p.18
Branches of the Facial Nerve
What does the orbito-zygomatic branch innervate?
It mainly innervates the area around the lateral corner of the eye.
p.21
Collateral Branches of the Facial Nerve
What is the intracranial course of the facial nerve regarding collateral branches?
There are no collateral branches.
p.28
Anatomy and Course of the Facial Nerve
What type of nerve is the intermediate nerve?
It carries sensory and parasympathetic fibers.
p.22
Collateral Branches of the Facial Nerve
What is the function of the Stapedius nerve?
It innervates the stapedius muscle and is involved in sound regulation and protecting the inner ear from loud vibrations.
p.19
Innervation Territories of the Facial Nerve
Which muscles are innervated by the orbito-zygomatic branch?
The orbicularis oculi, minor zygomatic muscle, major zygomatic muscle, and nasolabialis elevator.
p.19
Innervation Territories of the Facial Nerve
What do the superior buccal branches innervate?
The upper half of the orbicularis oris, upper half of the buccinator, superior incisal muscle, elevator of the upper lip, and elevator of the oral angle.
p.23
Collateral Branches of the Facial Nerve
Where does the chorda tympani start?
Within the mastoid segment of the facial nerve.
p.25
Collateral Branches of the Facial Nerve
Where do the auricular branches of the facial nerve start?
In the final portion of the mastoid segment.
p.23
Collateral Branches of the Facial Nerve
What are the two components of the chorda tympani associated with the lingual nerve?
Parasympathetic visceral motor for the submandibular and sublingual glands, and special sensory afferent for taste sensation of the anterior 2/3 of the tongue.
p.27
Innervation Territories of the Facial Nerve
What glands are innervated by the facial nerve?
Palatine accessory salivary glands, lacrimal gland, and submandibular and sublingual glands.
p.18
Branches of the Facial Nerve
What is the course of the temporo-frontal branch?
It courses onwards and upwards, applied against the lateral face of the zygomatic arch.
p.18
Branches of the Facial Nerve
Where do the superior buccal branches run?
They run parallel to the parotid duct.
p.12
Anatomy and Course of the Facial Nerve
What is the retro-pharyngeal space?
One of the spaces related to the extracranial course.
p.1
Innervation Territories of the Facial Nerve
Which glands are innervated by the facial nerve?
Lacrimal, accessory salivary glands of the palate, nasal mucosa, sublingual, and submandibular glands.
p.7
Anatomy and Course of the Facial Nerve
What are the two ends of the facial canal?
The internal acoustic meatus and the stylomastoid foramen.
p.3
Facial Nerve and Taste Sensation
What is the role of the nucleus of tractus solitarius?
It is responsible for special sensitivity (gustation).
p.2
Functions of the Facial Nerve
What type of nucleus is the palatal-lacrimal-nasal nucleus?
A parasympathetic nucleus (visceral motricity).
p.16
Anatomy and Course of the Facial Nerve
Where is the facial nerve located within the parotid gland?
In an extra-capsular location, making it the most superficial element of the parotid region.
p.1
Anatomy and Course of the Facial Nerve
With which bronchial arch is the facial nerve associated?
The second bronchial arch.
p.18
Branches of the Facial Nerve
What is unique about the cervical branch of the facial nerve?
It courses behind the mandibular ramus and does not cross the face.
p.23
Collateral Branches of the Facial Nerve
What path does the chorda tympani take after reaching the tympanic membrane?
It describes an inferior curve and exits the tympanic cavity through the petrotympanic squamous fissure.
p.28
Facial Nerve Pathways and Connections
Which tract is involved in the sensory pathway of the facial nerve?
Trigeminal tract (spinal nucleus).
p.25
Collateral Branches of the Facial Nerve
What areas does the cutaneous branch of the facial nerve innervate?
External auditory meatus, concha, and tragus.
p.1
Anatomy and Course of the Facial Nerve
What are the two roots of the facial nerve?
The somatic motor root (facial nerve proper) and the sensory/parasympathetic root (intermediate nerve).
p.22
Collateral Branches of the Facial Nerve
Where does the Stapedius nerve start?
Within the tympanic segment of the facial nerve.
p.23
Collateral Branches of the Facial Nerve
What is the intracranial course of the facial nerve regarding collateral branches?
There are no collateral branches.
p.27
Anatomy and Course of the Facial Nerve
What type of neurons are involved in the visceral motor efferent system?
Preganglionic and postganglionic neurons.
p.28
Facial Nerve Pathways and Connections
What is the integration center for sensory information from the facial nerve?
Nucleus of tractus solitarius.
p.17
Branches of the Facial Nerve
What are the names of the two terminal trunks formed by the facial nerve?
Superior: temporo-facial trunk; Inferior: cervico-facial trunk.
p.1
Innervation Territories of the Facial Nerve
What part of the tongue does the facial nerve innervate?
The anterior 2/3 of the tongue.
p.4
Anatomy and Course of the Facial Nerve
What are the two roots of the facial nerve?
A large motor root (medial) and a thin sensory and parasympathetic root (lateral).
p.16
Anatomy and Course of the Facial Nerve
How does the facial nerve affect the parotid gland?
It divides the parotid gland into a superficial large lobe and a deep small lobe.
p.28
Anatomy and Course of the Facial Nerve
What is the role of the geniculate ganglion?
It serves as the sensory ganglion for the facial nerve.
p.23
Collateral Branches of the Facial Nerve
What are the intrapetrosal branches of the facial nerve?
The chorda tympani is one of the three intrapetrosal branches.
p.28
Innervation Territories of the Facial Nerve
What is the function of the cutaneous branch (auricular nerve)?
It provides sensory innervation to the auricle and external auditory canal.
p.7
Anatomy and Course of the Facial Nerve
What is located at the junction of the labyrinthine and tympanic segments?
The genu of the facial canal, which hosts the geniculate ganglion.
p.1
Innervation Territories of the Facial Nerve
What muscles are innervated by the facial nerve?
Muscles of facial expression, stylohyoid muscle, posterior belly of the digastric, and stapedius.
p.17
Branches of the Facial Nerve
At what level does the division of the facial nerve take place?
At the level of the labial commissure line.
p.1
Innervation Territories of the Facial Nerve
What is the Ramsey-Hunt territory?
The skin around the external ear.
