p.14
Classification of Organisms
What type of root system do dicots possess?
A tap root system with lateral roots.
p.16
Features of Invertebrates and Vertebrates
What is the function of the coelom in Annelids?
It provides independent movement for the gut wall irrespective of body movements.
p.1
Origin of Life on Earth
How long ago is it believed that life originated on Earth?
About 3.6 billion years ago.
p.7
Kingdoms of Life: Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
How are algae classified in the kingdom Protista?
According to their color.
p.9
Characteristics of Domains: Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
What type of organisms are bacteria?
Microscopic, unicellular, and prokaryotic organisms.
p.9
Kingdoms of Life: Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
What are the main characteristics of Protista?
Most are unicellular eukaryotes; some are multicellular without tissue differentiation.
p.2
Classification of Organisms
Who introduced the first scientific classification of organisms?
Aristotle in the 4th B.C.
p.11
Classification of Organisms
What type of plants are Cycas and Pinus?
Seeded plants that are not covered.
p.19
Features of Invertebrates and Vertebrates
What type of body covering do Echinodermates possess?
A sharp spiny body covering.
p.5
Characteristics of Domains: Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
Why are viruses not classified as living organisms?
They possess both living and non-living features and can only multiply within a host cell.
p.2
Artificial vs Natural Classification
What is a major weakness of artificial classification?
It does not depict evolutionary relationships among organisms.
p.17
Features of Invertebrates and Vertebrates
What are the main body parts of a mollusc?
Head, muscular foot, and visceral mass.
p.24
Binomial Nomenclature and Scientific Naming
What are the two parts of a scientific name in binomial nomenclature?
The generic name and the specific epithet.
p.22
Features of Invertebrates and Vertebrates
What type of skin do reptiles have?
Dry skin without glands, covered in scales.
p.14
Classification of Organisms
What is a characteristic of flower structure in dicots?
Tetra or pentamerous flowers.
p.12
Features of Invertebrates and Vertebrates
What type of nutrition do non-flowering seedless plants primarily exhibit?
All are autotrophic photosynthetic.
p.16
Features of Invertebrates and Vertebrates
What is the defining feature of organisms in the phylum Annelida?
They possess a body cavity called coelom.
p.11
Classification of Organisms
What are dicots?
Plants with 2 cotyledons, such as Mango and Orange.
p.15
Features of Invertebrates
Name the five main phyla of invertebrates.
Cnidaria, Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata.
p.10
Kingdoms of Life: Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
Where are organisms from the kingdom Plantae primarily found?
In air, water, soil, and inside the bodies of organisms.
p.13
Characteristics of Domains: Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
How do non-flowering seed plants obtain nutrition?
They are autotrophic and photosynthetic.
p.22
Features of Invertebrates and Vertebrates
How do reptiles respire?
They respire using lungs.
p.14
Classification of Organisms
How are animals in the kingdom Animalia classified?
Into invertebrates and vertebrates based on the presence or absence of a vertebral column.
p.8
Significance of Classification
What is one role of fungi in the ecosystem?
Decomposition of dead bodies and structures.
p.18
Features of Invertebrates and Vertebrates
What is the function of the chitinous cuticle in Arthropods?
It acts as an exoskeleton.
p.1
Classification of Organisms
What activity is suggested to group organisms?
Activity 13.1 involves identifying and grouping species of organisms.
p.4
Characteristics of Domains: Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
What type of organisms belong to Domain Archaea?
Prokaryotes without an organized nucleus.
p.5
Characteristics of Domains: Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
What are some diseases caused by bacteria?
Tuberculosis, Pneumonia, Diarrhoea, Tetanus, Leprosy.
p.18
Features of Invertebrates and Vertebrates
What does the term 'Arthropod' mean?
It means jointed legs (Arthro = jointed, pods = legs).
p.5
Characteristics of Domains: Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
What role do bacteria play in agriculture?
They fix atmospheric nitrogen to increase soil nitrate levels.
p.11
Classification of Organisms
What is an example of a flowering plant?
Any plant that produces flowers, such as Mango or Orange.
p.2
Artificial vs Natural Classification
What does natural classification depict?
The evolutionary relationships among living organisms.
p.17
Features of Invertebrates and Vertebrates
How is the body of molluscs divided?
The body is not divided into segments.
p.17
Features of Invertebrates and Vertebrates
What type of habitats do molluscs live in?
Terrestrial, freshwater, and marine habitats.
p.19
Features of Invertebrates and Vertebrates
What are the characteristics of Pisces?
Fish adapted to live in water, with cartilaginous or bony skeletons.
p.12
Features of Invertebrates and Vertebrates
What is a unique structural feature of some non-flowering seedless plants?
Some lack tissue differentiation and are known as thallus.
p.12
Features of Invertebrates and Vertebrates
Where do non-flowering seedless plants typically grow?
In terrestrial environments with low sunlight, shady, and wet places.
p.18
Features of Invertebrates and Vertebrates
What type of body structure do Arthropods have?
Segmented body with functional segments called Tagma (Head, Thorax, Abdomen).
p.2
Artificial vs Natural Classification
What does artificial classification consider?
Features like presence or absence of locomotive appendages and habitats.
p.24
Binomial Nomenclature and Scientific Naming
What is the purpose of nomenclature in biology?
To provide a common name for organisms to avoid confusion caused by different names in various languages and regions.
p.14
Classification of Organisms
How does the stem structure differ between monocots and dicots?
Monocots have unbranched stems, while dicots have branched stems.
p.12
Kingdoms of Life: Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
What distinguishes non-flowering seed plants from flowering plants?
Their seeds are not covered by a fruit and are known as Gymnosperms.
p.7
Kingdoms of Life: Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
How many species are estimated to belong to the kingdom Fungi?
About 1.5 to 5 million species.
p.6
Kingdoms of Life: Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
What types of organisms are found in Kingdom Protista?
Unicellular or multicellular organisms without specialized tissues.
p.8
Significance of Classification
What is the first step in observing fungi on bread?
Add a few drops of water onto a slice of bread.
p.5
Characteristics of Domains: Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
What is the function of bacteria in decomposition?
They decompose dead bodies and structures.
p.2
Artificial vs Natural Classification
What are the two methods of classification?
Artificial classification and natural classification.
p.16
Features of Invertebrates and Vertebrates
How do Annelids reproduce?
Some reproduce asexually and some by sexual reproduction.
p.1
Classification of Organisms
How many species are estimated to be living on Earth today?
About 8.7 million species.
p.7
Kingdoms of Life: Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
What is a key characteristic of organisms in the kingdom Fungi?
They have chitinous cell walls.
p.7
Kingdoms of Life: Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
Are fungi unicellular, multicellular, or both?
Both unicellular and multicellular species exist.
p.15
Features of Invertebrates
What are invertebrates?
Organisms without a vertebral column.
p.11
Classification of Organisms
What are monocots?
Plants with 1 cotyledon, such as Paddy and Coconut.
p.14
Classification of Organisms
What is a key feature of monocots regarding cotyledons?
A single cotyledon in the seed.
p.9
Kingdoms of Life: Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
How do fungi obtain their nutrition?
Mostly saprophytic, obtaining nutrition from decaying organic matter.
p.2
Artificial vs Natural Classification
What features are considered in natural classification?
Morphological, physiological, cytological, and molecular biological features.
How are organisms grouped in natural classification?
Into taxonomic levels in a hierarchy of categories.
p.1
Significance of Classification
What is the benefit of grouping organisms?
It makes it easier to study them and use them for different purposes.
p.4
Three Domain System of Classification
What are the three domains of classification?
Domain Bacteria, Domain Archaea, Domain Eukarya.
p.11
Classification of Organisms
What are seedless plants?
Plants that do not produce seeds, such as Selaginella and Salvinia.
p.4
Characteristics of Domains: Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
Are organisms in Domain Archaea sensitive to antibiotics?
No, they are not sensitive to most antibiotics.
p.4
Characteristics of Domains: Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
What type of organisms belong to Domain Bacteria?
Prokaryotes without an organized nucleus.
p.11
Classification of Organisms
What are some examples of non-flowering seedless plants?
Drynaria, Pogonatum, Nephrolepis, Salvinia, Acrosticum, Marchantia.
p.13
Characteristics of Domains: Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
What type of reproduction do non-flowering seed plants undergo?
Sexual reproduction by seeds and asexual reproduction by spores.
p.9
Kingdoms of Life: Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
What is a common reproductive method for fungi?
Reproduce mostly by asexual spores.
p.23
Features of Invertebrates and Vertebrates
How do mammals regulate their body temperature?
They are warm-blooded (homoiothermic).
p.12
Features of Invertebrates and Vertebrates
What are the size characteristics of non-flowering seedless plants?
They range from small to large sized plants.
p.12
Features of Invertebrates and Vertebrates
How do non-flowering seedless plants reproduce?
They reproduce asexually by spores and fragmentation, and also perform sexual reproduction.
p.4
Characteristics of Domains: Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
In what types of environments can organisms from Domain Archaea live?
Extreme environments like volcanoes, deserts, hot springs, ocean beds, high saline environments, and polar ice caps.
p.7
Kingdoms of Life: Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
What role do fungi play in the environment?
They decompose organic matter.
p.17
Features of Invertebrates and Vertebrates
What type of organisms belong to the phylum Mollusca?
Soft-bodied triploblastic organisms.
p.23
Features of Invertebrates and Vertebrates
What type of glands do mammals possess?
Mammary glands, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands.
p.13
Kingdoms of Life: Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
What defines flowering plants?
Plants that produce flowers and have seeds covered by fruit.
p.11
Classification of Organisms
What are non-flowering plants?
Plants that do not produce flowers.
p.18
Features of Invertebrates and Vertebrates
What are the main habitats where Arthropods can be found?
Marine, freshwater, and terrestrial habitats.
p.5
Characteristics of Domains: Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
What is one useful effect of bacteria in food production?
They are used to produce curd, yoghurt, and cheese.
p.13
Characteristics of Domains: Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
What type of tissue differentiation is present in non-flowering seed plants?
True tissue differentiation.
p.6
Kingdoms of Life: Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
Where do organisms in Kingdom Protista typically live?
In environments associated with water.
p.9
Characteristics of Domains: Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
How do bacteria obtain nutrition?
Mostly heterotrophic, but Cyanobacteria are autotrophic.
p.15
Features of Invertebrates
What is the body structure of Cnidarians?
Multicellular body made up of two germinal layers, known as diploblastic.
p.17
Features of Invertebrates and Vertebrates
Name some species that belong to the phylum Mollusca.
Snail, Bivalve, Chiton, Slug, Squid, and Octopus.
p.24
Binomial Nomenclature and Scientific Naming
Who introduced binomial nomenclature and in what year?
Carolus Linnaeus introduced binomial nomenclature in 1753.
p.8
Significance of Classification
What is one beneficial use of fungi in food production?
Fermentation for bread and alcohol, e.g., yeast.
p.7
Kingdoms of Life: Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
What type of cellular organization do fungi have?
Eukaryotic cellular organization.
p.16
Features of Invertebrates and Vertebrates
What are some examples of Annelids?
Earthworm, leech, and Nereis.
p.16
Features of Invertebrates and Vertebrates
Where do Annelids typically live?
In damp soil, marine, and freshwater habitats.
p.15
Features of Invertebrates
What type of organisms belong to the phylum Cnidaria?
Diploblastic organisms like Hydra, Sea anemone, and Jellyfish.
p.9
Characteristics of Domains: Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
What is the primary mode of reproduction in bacteria?
Mostly perform asexual reproduction, primarily through binary fission.
p.14
Classification of Organisms
What is a key feature of dicots regarding cotyledons?
Two cotyledons in the seed.
p.10
Kingdoms of Life: Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
What is a key characteristic of plant cells?
They possess cell walls made of cellulose.
p.13
Characteristics of Domains: Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
Where are non-flowering seed plants typically distributed?
In terrestrial environments.
p.15
Features of Invertebrates
How do Cnidarians capture their prey?
Using Nematocyst/Cnidocyst to paralyze small organisms.
p.6
Characteristics of Domains: Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
What is the Domain Eukarya known for?
It contains the most prominent organisms with a eukaryotic cellular organization.
p.2
Significance of Classification
What is classification in biology?
Grouping of organisms into different levels based on their common characteristics.
p.2
Significance of Classification
What are some uses of classification of organisms?
Easy study of organisms, identification of characteristics, understanding the biosphere, revealing relationships, and identifying economically useful organisms.
p.9
Characteristics of Domains: Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
What shapes can bacteria take?
Spherical (coccus), rod-shaped (bacillus), spiral (spirillum), and coma-shaped (vibrio).
p.4
Characteristics of Domains: Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
What are examples of organisms in Domain Bacteria?
Bacteria and Cyanobacteria.
p.9
Kingdoms of Life: Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
What type of organisms are fungi?
Eukaryotic organisms that can be unicellular or multicellular, existing as multicellular mycelium.
p.18
Features of Invertebrates and Vertebrates
Name some species that belong to the phylum Echinodermata.
Starfish, Brittle star, Sea urchin, Sea cucumber, Sea lily.
p.24
Binomial Nomenclature and Scientific Naming
How should the first letter of the generic epithet be formatted?
It should be capitalized, while the other letters are lowercase.
p.10
Kingdoms of Life: Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
Can you name an example of a non-flowering seedless plant?
Marchantia, Pogonatum, Selaginella, Nephrolepis, Salvinia, Acrosticum, or Drynaria.
p.3
Three Domain System of Classification
What are the three domains in the modern classification system?
Domain Archaea, Domain Bacteria, Domain Eukarya.
How many kingdoms belong to the Domain Eukarya?
Four kingdoms: Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.
p.6
Characteristics of Domains: Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
What type of cellular organization do organisms in Kingdom Protista possess?
Eukaryotic cellular organization.
p.16
Features of Invertebrates and Vertebrates
What type of body structure do Annelids have?
A multicellular body made up of three germinal layers, known as triploblastic.
p.4
Characteristics of Domains: Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
Are organisms in Domain Bacteria sensitive to antibiotics?
Yes, they are sensitive to antibiotics.
p.13
Characteristics of Domains: Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
What is a common size characteristic of non-flowering seed plants?
They are large in size, mostly trees.
p.18
Features of Invertebrates and Vertebrates
What is sexual dimorphism in Arthropods?
The presence of separate male and female organisms with distinct differences.
p.6
Significance of Classification
What are some harmful effects of protozoans?
Some protozoans cause diseases such as Amoebiosis, Malaria, and Sleeping sickness.
p.10
Kingdoms of Life: Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
Why do plants appear green?
Because they possess chlorophyll pigments.
p.19
Features of Invertebrates and Vertebrates
What are the five groups of vertebrates based on structural features?
Pisces, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, Mammalia.
p.10
Kingdoms of Life: Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
How do plants in the kingdom Plantae reproduce?
Both sexually and asexually.
p.10
Kingdoms of Life: Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
What are the two main categories of plants in the kingdom Plantae?
Non-flowering plants and flowering plants.
p.14
Classification of Organisms
What is the primary nutritional mode of animals in the kingdom Animalia?
Heterotrophic (unable to produce their own food).
p.20
Classification of Organisms
How are gills covered in Osteichthyes?
Gills are covered by a pair of opercula.
p.6
Significance of Classification
What are some useful effects of protists to humans?
Algae act as primary producers, form mutualistic associations with fungi (lichens), and are used to extract agar and alginic acid.
p.5
Characteristics of Domains: Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
What are some harmful effects of bacteria?
They cause diseases and food spoilage.
p.5
Characteristics of Domains: Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
What structures are typically found in a bacterial cell?
Envelope, Flagella, Cell wall, Pilli, Ribosome, Cytoplasm, Nucleic material (DNA), Plasmid, Cell membrane.
p.23
Features of Invertebrates and Vertebrates
What is a unique feature of mammalian hearts?
They have a four-chambered heart with 2 atria and 2 ventricles.
p.10
Kingdoms of Life: Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
What are non-flowering seedless plants?
Plants that do not produce flowers and seeds.
p.17
Features of Invertebrates and Vertebrates
Name some organisms that belong to the phylum Arthropoda.
Insects (Bee, Butterfly, Cricket, Mosquito), Spider, Scorpion, Millipede, Centipede, Prawn, Crab, Barnacle.
p.3
Three Domain System of Classification
What classification system was introduced by Robert Whittaker in 1969?
Five kingdom classification system.
p.23
Features of Invertebrates and Vertebrates
What type of blood cells do mammals have?
Biconcave red blood cells lacking a nucleus.
p.21
Features of Invertebrates and Vertebrates
What is a key characteristic of amphibians regarding their skin?
They possess a thin mucous skin with glands and no scales.
p.21
Features of Invertebrates and Vertebrates
How do amphibians respire?
Through lungs, moist skin, and buccal cavity.
p.21
Features of Invertebrates and Vertebrates
What type of blood temperature regulation do amphibians exhibit?
They are cold-blooded animals (poikilothermic).
p.20
Classification of Organisms
How are gills covered in Chondrichthyes?
Gill slits are not covered by an operculum.
p.22
Features of Invertebrates and Vertebrates
What is the structure of the heart in reptiles?
Heart with two atria and an incompletely divided ventricle.
p.22
Features of Invertebrates and Vertebrates
What type of skeleton do birds possess?
A light bony endoskeleton.
p.22
Features of Invertebrates and Vertebrates
What type of heart do birds have?
A four-chambered heart with two atria and two ventricles.
p.20
Classification of Organisms
What are the two classes of fish based on their endoskeleton?
Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes.
p.13
Kingdoms of Life: Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
What are the two groups of flowering plants based on cotyledons?
Monocotyledonae and Dicotyledonae.
p.22
Features of Invertebrates and Vertebrates
What type of limbs do reptiles possess?
Pentadactyle limbs for locomotion.
p.21
Features of Invertebrates and Vertebrates
Why do amphibians need water?
To complete their life cycle, as an aquatic stage is present.
p.22
Features of Invertebrates and Vertebrates
What type of blood temperature regulation do reptiles exhibit?
They are cold-blooded animals (poikilothermic).
p.20
Features of Invertebrates and Vertebrates
What type of skeleton do fish possess?
A bony or cartilage endoskeleton.
p.15
Features of Invertebrates
What type of reproduction do Cnidarians perform?
Asexual reproduction by budding and sexual reproduction.
p.19
Features of Invertebrates and Vertebrates
What is a defining feature of vertebrates?
Presence of a vertebral column.
p.21
Features of Invertebrates and Vertebrates
What adaptations do reptiles have for life on land?
They are well adapted to terrestrial, freshwater, and marine ecosystems.
p.20
Features of Invertebrates and Vertebrates
What type of blood temperature regulation do fish have?
Cold-blooded; body temperature changes with the environment.
p.20
Classification of Organisms
What type of skeleton do Chondrichthyes have?
Skeleton made up of cartilage.
p.24
Binomial Nomenclature and Scientific Naming
How should scientific names be formatted when handwritten and printed?
Handwritten names should be underlined, and printed names should be italicized.
p.23
Features of Invertebrates and Vertebrates
What reproductive structures do mammals possess?
A placenta and embryonic membranes.
p.20
Classification of Organisms
What type of skeleton do Osteichthyes have?
Skeleton made up of bones.
p.17
Features of Invertebrates and Vertebrates
What type of reproduction do most molluscs exhibit?
Sexual reproduction, mostly unisexual.
p.21
Features of Invertebrates and Vertebrates
What type of heart do amphibians have?
A three-chambered heart with two atria and a single ventricle.
p.21
Features of Invertebrates and Vertebrates
What is a defining feature of amphibians' limbs?
They have pentadactyle limbs used for locomotion.
p.20
Features of Invertebrates and Vertebrates
How many chambers does a fish heart have?
Two chambers: a single atrium and a ventricle.
p.22
Features of Invertebrates and Vertebrates
What type of blood temperature regulation do birds exhibit?
They are warm-blooded animals (homoiothermic).
p.22
Features of Invertebrates and Vertebrates
What are some examples of birds?
Ostrich, Hummingbird, Jungle fowl, Blue magpie, Kiwi, Duck, Swan, Owl, parrot, and penguin.
p.22
Features of Invertebrates and Vertebrates
What covers the skin of birds?
Feathers, with scales restricted to the legs.
p.21
Features of Invertebrates and Vertebrates
Can you name some animals that belong to the class Reptilia?
Tortoise, Turtle, Snakes, Lizard, Monitor, Iguana, and Crocodile.
p.20
Features of Invertebrates and Vertebrates
What shape is the body of fish typically?
Streamline shaped to swim in water.
p.20
Classification of Organisms
Where do Osteichthyes typically live?
In both sea and freshwater.
p.20
Features of Invertebrates and Vertebrates
What is unique about fish eyes?
They are without eyelids.
