p.24
Viruses, Viroids, and Prions
What are prions?
Proteins without any nucleic acid.
p.8
Applications of Microbiology
What is one application of microbiology in food production?
Production of alcohol, dairy, and bakery products.
p.10
Cell Types: Eukaryotes vs Prokaryotes
What is a key feature of prokaryotic cells?
They have no distinct nucleus.
p.22
Importance of Microorganisms
In what type of environments do Archaea typically grow?
Extreme environments (e.g., hot springs).
p.8
Applications of Microbiology
What is biosynthesis in microbiology?
Production of antibiotics, amino acids, and other compounds.
p.23
Cell Types: Eukaryotes vs Prokaryotes
What are membrane-bound organelles?
Organelles such as mitochondria found in eukaryotic cells.
p.10
Cell Types: Eukaryotes vs Prokaryotes
Do prokaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles?
No, they lack membrane-bound organelles.
p.23
Cell Types: Eukaryotes vs Prokaryotes
What distinguishes eukaryotes from prokaryotes?
Eukaryotes contain membrane-bound organelles.
p.14
Cell Types: Eukaryotes vs Prokaryotes
What is the classification of organisms in the Myceteae Kingdom?
Eukaryotes, which can be unicellular or multicellular fungi.
p.23
Cell Types: Eukaryotes vs Prokaryotes
What type of organisms does Eucarya include?
Single or multicellular eukaryotes.
p.12
Cell Types: Eukaryotes vs Prokaryotes
What is the main difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus, while prokaryotic cells do not.
p.12
Cell Types: Eukaryotes vs Prokaryotes
Can you name a type of organism that has eukaryotic cells?
Plants, animals, fungi, and protists are all eukaryotic organisms.
p.12
Cell Types: Eukaryotes vs Prokaryotes
What are some examples of membrane-bound organelles found in eukaryotic cells?
Examples include the mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus.
p.12
Cell Types: Eukaryotes vs Prokaryotes
What is the function of the nucleus in a eukaryotic cell?
The nucleus houses the cell's genetic material (DNA) and controls cellular activities.
p.11
Cell Types: Eukaryotes vs Prokaryotes
Do prokaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton?
They have a simpler cytoskeleton compared to eukaryotic cells.
p.17
Binomial System of Nomenclature
Provide an example of a name in the Binomial System.
Escherichia coli or E. coli.
p.15
Viruses, Viroids, and Prions
What is a viroid?
A small infectious agent composed of a short strand of circular RNA without a protein coat.
p.9
Cell Types: Eukaryotes vs Prokaryotes
What is the defining feature of eukaryotic cells?
They have a true nucleus.
p.24
Viruses, Viroids, and Prions
Give an example of a disease caused by prions.
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (mad cow disease).
p.2
Importance of Microorganisms
What effect does the high salinity have on swimmers?
It increases density, allowing swimmers to float.
p.13
Taxonomic Hierarchies
On what basis is the Five-Kingdom System established?
Based on morphological similarities and sexual reproduction of various organisms.
p.5
Theory of Spontaneous Generation
What happened when the swan-neck flask was tipped?
Microorganisms trapped in the neck reached the sterile liquid and grew.
p.6
Importance of Microorganisms
Why are microorganisms vital for the survival of other organisms?
They play essential roles in ecosystems, including humans.
p.11
Cell Types: Eukaryotes vs Prokaryotes
What is the genetic material in prokaryotic cells?
Typically a single circular DNA molecule.
p.11
Cell Types: Eukaryotes vs Prokaryotes
What structures are commonly found in prokaryotic cells?
Ribosomes, cell membrane, and cell wall.
p.18
Types of Microorganisms
What does the domain Eucarya include?
All other kingdoms in non-extreme environments.
p.21
Cell Types: Eukaryotes vs Prokaryotes
What type of cells are bacteria?
Single celled prokaryotes.
p.10
Cell Types: Eukaryotes vs Prokaryotes
What distinguishes eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells?
Eukaryotic cells have a distinct membrane-bound nucleus.
p.25
Types of Microorganisms
What are the main types of microorganisms?
Bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and algae.
p.10
Cell Types: Eukaryotes vs Prokaryotes
What type of organelles are present in eukaryotic cells?
Membrane-bound organelles such as chloroplasts and mitochondria.
p.10
Cell Types: Eukaryotes vs Prokaryotes
What is the main structural difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells have both.
p.11
Cell Types: Eukaryotes vs Prokaryotes
What is the size range of prokaryotic cells?
Typically 0.1 to 5.0 micrometers in diameter.
p.24
Viruses, Viroids, and Prions
What diseases do prions cause?
Neurodegenerative diseases in humans and animals.
p.12
Cell Types: Eukaryotes vs Prokaryotes
What defines a eukaryotic cell?
A eukaryotic cell has a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
p.11
Cell Types: Eukaryotes vs Prokaryotes
What is a prokaryotic cell?
A type of cell that lacks a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
p.25
Importance of Microorganisms
How do microorganisms impact human life?
They play roles in health, disease, and environmental processes.
p.15
Viruses, Viroids, and Prions
How do viruses replicate?
By infecting a host cell and using the cell's machinery to produce new virus particles.
p.6
Importance of Microorganisms
What role do microorganisms play in waste management?
They degrade organic waste materials, such as cellulose.
p.14
Cell Types: Eukaryotes vs Prokaryotes
What type of organisms are found in the Monera Kingdom?
Prokaryotes, including bacteria and cyanobacteria.
p.9
Cell Types: Eukaryotes vs Prokaryotes
What types of life forms are eukaryotes?
All other life forms except viruses.
p.5
Theory of Spontaneous Generation
What theory suggests that microorganisms arose spontaneously from non-living material?
Theory of Spontaneous Generation.
p.25
Microorganisms in Microbiology
What is the primary focus of microbiology?
The study of microorganisms.
p.14
Cell Types: Eukaryotes vs Prokaryotes
What type of organisms does the Animalia Kingdom include?
Eukaryotes, specifically multicellular animals.
p.14
Cell Types: Eukaryotes vs Prokaryotes
What organisms are classified under the Plantae Kingdom?
Eukaryotes, including multicellular green plants and higher algae.
p.25
Importance of Microorganisms
What is the significance of studying microbial genetics?
It helps in understanding evolution and the development of antibiotic resistance.
p.15
Viruses, Viroids, and Prions
Can viruses reproduce on their own?
No, they require a host cell to replicate.
p.24
Viruses, Viroids, and Prions
What are viruses?
Nucleic acids surrounded by a protein coat.
p.5
Theory of Spontaneous Generation
What was the main finding of Pasteur's experiment in 1861 regarding microbial growth?
No microbial growth occurred if the swan-neck flask remained upright.
p.23
Taxonomic Hierarchies
What are the four kingdoms included in Eucarya?
Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, and Protista.
p.18
Taxonomic Hierarchies
What are the three domains in the Three-Domain System?
Bacteria, Archaea, and Eucarya.
p.3
Types of Microorganisms
What are the five main types of organisms studied in Microbiology?
Bacteria, Protozoa, Algae, Parasites, Fungi (yeasts and molds), and Viruses.
p.15
Viruses, Viroids, and Prions
What is the size range of viruses?
Typically between 20 to 300 nanometers.
p.9
Cell Types: Eukaryotes vs Prokaryotes
What are the two main types of cell types in organisms?
Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes.
p.9
Cell Types: Eukaryotes vs Prokaryotes
What does the term 'prokaryotic' mean?
It means 'before nucleus'.
p.13
Taxonomic Hierarchies
What is taxonomy?
The systematic organization, classification, and naming of organisms.
p.22
Cell Types: Eukaryotes vs Prokaryotes
What type of organisms are Archaea?
Single-celled prokaryotes.
p.18
Taxonomic Hierarchies
What is the Three-Domain System?
A level of taxonomic classification above the kingdom levels.
p.17
Binomial System of Nomenclature
What is the Binomial System of Nomenclature?
A system to name all organisms.
p.17
Binomial System of Nomenclature
How is the first letter of the genus name formatted?
It is always capitalized.
p.14
Cell Types: Eukaryotes vs Prokaryotes
What does the Protista Kingdom consist of?
Eukaryotes, including unicellular algae and protozoa.
p.24
Viruses, Viroids, and Prions
What do viroids cause?
A number of diseases in plants.
p.8
Applications of Microbiology
What does bioremediation involve?
Degradation of environmental pollutants such as PCBs, DDT, and oil spills.
p.18
Taxonomic Hierarchies
What is the basis for the Three-Domain System?
Different ribosomal RNA sequences.
p.5
Theory of Spontaneous Generation
Why did bacteria grow in the flask only after it was tipped?
Because microorganisms from the neck of the flask were allowed to enter the sterile liquid.
p.15
Viruses, Viroids, and Prions
What is a virus?
A microscopic infectious agent that can only replicate inside the living cells of an organism.
p.6
Importance of Microorganisms
How do microorganisms contribute to the replenishment of oxygen on Earth?
They are involved in photosynthesis and other processes that produce oxygen.
p.17
Binomial System of Nomenclature
How are the genus and species names formatted?
Both names are always either italicized or underlined.
p.11
Cell Types: Eukaryotes vs Prokaryotes
How do prokaryotic cells reproduce?
Asexually through binary fission.
p.15
Viruses, Viroids, and Prions
What is a prion?
An infectious agent composed of protein that can cause neurodegenerative diseases.
p.24
Viruses, Viroids, and Prions
Can viruses infect members of all three domains of life?
Yes, they can infect members of all three domains.
p.25
Applications of Microbiology
What is one application of microbiology in industry?
Biotechnology, including the production of antibiotics and vaccines.
p.15
Viruses, Viroids, and Prions
What are the two main components of a virus?
Genetic material (DNA or RNA) and a protein coat (capsid).
p.24
Viruses, Viroids, and Prions
Are viruses considered living or non-living?
Non-living members of the microbial world.
