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The ___ is the main central region of the stomach.
corpus
In the stomach, slow waves occur at a frequency of ___ per minute.
3
1/503
p.68
Components of the Gastrointestinal Tract

The ___ is the main central region of the stomach.

corpus

p.67
Esophageal Motility and Peristalsis

In the stomach, slow waves occur at a frequency of ___ per minute.

3

p.80
Gastric Secretions and Their Regulation

___ is a hormone that inhibits acid secretion.

Somatostatin

p.56
Esophageal Motility and Peristalsis

The striated muscle portion of the esophagus is involved in ___.

peristalsis

p.53
Esophageal Motility and Peristalsis

Peristalsis in the striated muscle portion of the esophagus is controlled by the ___.

Nucleus Ambiguus

p.13
Nervous System Control of GI Functions

The Myenteric Plexus provides ___ and ___ innervation to the ___ and ___ muscle.

EXCITATORY, INHIBITORY, LONGITUDINAL, CIRCULAR

p.72
Gastric Motility and Emptying

Local neural circuits responding to ___ influence gastric motility.

distension

p.32
Nervous System Control of GI Functions

In some cases, the sensory homunculus acts as a ___ mechanism.

defense

p.54
Esophageal Motility and Peristalsis

The striated muscle portion of the esophagus is involved in ___.

Peristalsis

p.41
Salivary Secretion and Its Components

Mumps, also known as ___, involves inflammation of one or both ___ glands.

Infectious Parotitis, parotid

p.56
Esophageal Motility and Peristalsis

Peristalsis in the striated muscle portion of the esophagus is controlled by the ___.

Nucleus Ambiguus

p.61
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

A 58-year-old man comes to your clinic complaining of a mild chronic cough and ___ .

heartburn

p.72
Hormonal Regulation in the GI Tract

___ are hormones that influence gastric motility by slowing down the stomach.

Enterogastrones

p.31
Esophageal Motility and Peristalsis

The ___ sphincter relaxes to allow food to enter the esophagus during swallowing.

upper esophageal

p.59
Esophageal Motility and Peristalsis

The neurotransmitters VIP or ___ are involved in the latency gradient in esophageal circular smooth muscle.

NO

p.82
Gastric Secretions and Their Regulation

The Gastric phase of secretion is primarily due to ___ of the stomach and accounts for about 50% of secretions.

distention (irritation)

p.41
Salivary Secretion and Its Components

Mumps usually runs its course in ___ to ___ days.

7, 14

p.88
Gastric Motility and Emptying

The pressure-volume relationship in the stomach can be abolished by an inhibitor of ___ ___.

nitric oxide synthase

p.13
Nervous System Control of GI Functions

The Myenteric Plexus contains ___ and ___ neurons.

EXCITATORY, INHIBITORY

p.40
Salivary Secretion and Its Components

Xerostomia affects ___% of the population and ___% of patients on medication.

2, 20

p.72
Nervous System Control of GI Functions

___ and emotion are factors that can influence gastric motility.

Pain

p.72
Nervous System Control of GI Functions

Extrinsic nerve pathways are part of the ___ nervous system.

CNS

p.51
Nervous System Control of GI Functions

Ganglia play no role in the ___ of the esophagus.

motility

p.80
Gastric Secretions and Their Regulation

___ is a hormone produced by G-cells in the antrum and duodenum that regulates acid secretion.

Gastrin

p.21
Hormonal Regulation in the GI Tract

During luminal perfusion of the small intestine with a solution of pH 3, the concentration of ___ would increase in the portal vein plasma.

Secretin

p.67
Esophageal Motility and Peristalsis

The duration of contraction in GI smooth muscle is related to the number of ___.

spike potentials

p.32
Nervous System Control of GI Functions

The sensory homunculus represents the body as seen by the ___.

brain

p.78
Gastric Secretions and Their Regulation

In gastric acid secretion, the ___ ion is involved in anion exchange.

chloride

p.57
Esophageal Motility and Peristalsis

The ___ is not required for peristalsis in the smooth muscle portion of the esophagus.

CNS

p.57
Esophageal Motility and Peristalsis

The ___ plays no role in the motility of smooth muscle in the esophagus.

DMN

p.55
Esophageal Motility and Peristalsis

Peristalsis in the striated muscle portion of the esophagus is controlled by the ___.

Nucleus Ambiguus

p.67
Esophageal Motility and Peristalsis

Contraction of GI smooth muscle occurs when ___ are generated.

action potentials

p.83
Hormonal Regulation in the GI Tract

A genetic loss of CCK-B receptors would lead to an increased circulating level of ___ in the patient.

gastrin

p.53
Esophageal Motility and Peristalsis

The striated muscle portion of the esophagus is involved in ___.

Peristalsis

p.31
Esophageal Motility and Peristalsis

The swallowing reflex is initiated when food or liquid stimulates sensory receptors in the ___.

pharynx

p.59
Esophageal Motility and Peristalsis

The propagation of the peristaltic wave in the esophagus is related to the ___ gradient.

latency

p.40
Salivary Secretion and Its Components

Treatments for xerostomia include ___ and parasympathetic agonists.

artificial saliva

p.31
Esophageal Motility and Peristalsis

The coordinated contraction of muscles in the esophagus that moves food toward the stomach is called ___.

peristalsis

p.74
Components of the Gastrointestinal Tract

The physician decides to do a ___ and clearly sees the quarter in the child’s stomach.

fluoroscopy

p.60
Esophageal Motility and Peristalsis

Opening of the LES is due to neural activity involving ___.

NO (nitric oxide)

p.42
Immune Function in the GI Tract

Sjogren’s Syndrome is an ___ disorder.

autoimmune

p.80
Gastric Secretions and Their Regulation

Histamine potentiates acid secretion and acts on ___ receptors, which can be blocked by ___ (famotidine) or ___ (cimetidine).

H2, Pepcid, Tagamet

p.62
Esophageal Motility and Peristalsis

During an endoscopic exam, stretching the upper third of the esophagus in a 25-year-old male patient will most likely produce ___ .

peristalsis

p.23
Nervous System Control of GI Functions

The occurrence of ___ is associated with muscular contraction.

action potentials

p.32
Nervous System Control of GI Functions

The sensory homunculus maps areas of ___ information.

sensory

p.78
Gastric Secretions and Their Regulation

The ___ ion is actively pumped into the lumen of the canaliculus in exchange for potassium.

hydrogen

p.59
Esophageal Motility and Peristalsis

In the esophageal circular smooth muscle, a ___ latency is associated with less NO.

short

p.74
Gastric Motility and Emptying

The response required to permit the exit of the quarter from the stomach would be the ___ and ___ movements in the stomach.

mixing, grinding

p.68
Components of the Gastrointestinal Tract

The ___ sphincter is located at the junction between the stomach and the duodenum.

pyloric

p.87
Gastric Motility and Emptying

An antrectomy is a treatment for gastric bleeding, tears, blockage, and/or ___ of the antral portion of the stomach.

cancer

p.44
Salivary Secretion and Its Components

The condition associated with the lowest rates of salivary secretion was ___.

sleep

p.23
Nervous System Control of GI Functions

In the context of electrical activity and mechanical action, the ___ of action potentials is more important than their amplitude.

number

p.40
Salivary Secretion and Its Components

Medications such as ___ and treatments like ___ therapy can cause xerostomia.

anti-depressants, radiation

p.40
Salivary Secretion and Its Components

Less salivary secretion in xerostomia causes a decrease in ___, leading to tooth decay and difficulty swallowing.

pH

p.60
Esophageal Motility and Peristalsis

The LES is an area of ___ contraction of the esophagus.

tonic

p.82
Gastric Secretions and Their Regulation

The Cephalic phase of gastric secretion is triggered by ___, ___, or ___ and accounts for about 30% of secretions.

thought, smell, taste

p.45
Nervous System Control of GI Functions

In excitation-contraction coupling of skeletal muscle, the L-type calcium channel is ___ dependent.

voltage

p.67
Esophageal Motility and Peristalsis

___ entry is crucial for the contraction of GI smooth muscle.

Calcium

p.40
Salivary Secretion and Its Components

Xerostomia, or ___, can make food taste tasteless and lead to chronic infections of the buccal mucosa.

dry mouth

p.31
Esophageal Motility and Peristalsis

During the swallowing reflex, the ___ closes to prevent food from entering the nasal cavity.

soft palate

p.78
Gastric Secretions and Their Regulation

The enzyme responsible for exchanging hydrogen ions for potassium ions in gastric acid secretion is called ___ (H-K ATPase).

Proton Pump

p.82
Gastric Motility and Emptying

The Cephalic phase may also produce a small increase in gastric ___.

motility

p.82
Gastric Secretions and Their Regulation

During the Intestinal phase, food in the duodenum triggers secretion of ___, but this is overwhelmed by inhibitory pathways such as CCK, GIP, and Secretin.

gastrin

p.46
Functions of the GI Tract

In smooth muscle, the interaction between actin and myosin is controlled by ___ and ___.

calcium, calmodulin (Ca/CM)

p.17
Hormonal Regulation in the GI Tract

___ signaling involves a cell targeting a nearby cell.

Paracrine

p.38
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

Endoscopic examination reveals erosions and scarring of the distal esophagus just above (orad) to the ___.

lower esophageal sphincter

p.17
Hormonal Regulation in the GI Tract

___ signaling involves hormones being released into the bloodstream to reach distant target cells.

Endocrine

p.88
Gastric Motility and Emptying

In an experiment where a balloon was inflated in the stomach, despite an increase in gastric volume, gastric pressure remains relatively ___.

constant

p.83
Hormonal Regulation in the GI Tract

A patient with a genetic loss of ___ receptors would be expected to display an increased circulating level of gastrin.

CCK-B

p.7
Nervous System Control of GI Functions

The autonomic innervation of the GI tract includes both ___ and ___ components.

parasympathetic, sympathetic

p.74
Components of the Gastrointestinal Tract

A frantic father brings his 2-year-old child into the emergency room distressed because the child swallowed a ___ while the family was eating dinner at a restaurant.

quarter

p.59
Esophageal Motility and Peristalsis

The lower esophageal sphincter (LES) is regulated by both ___ and inhibitory neurotransmitters from the myenteric plexus.

excitatory

p.60
Esophageal Motility and Peristalsis

In achalasia, there is damage or loss of the ___, leading to a loss of NO.

myenteric plexus

p.48
Functions of the GI Tract

Mixing movements in the GI tract help to increase ___ ___.

surface area

p.48
Nervous System Control of GI Functions

Propulsive movements in the GI tract require an intact ___ ___.

Myenteric Plexus

p.44
Salivary Secretion and Its Components

A researcher conducts a study of the regulation of ___ secretion in a group of normal volunteers under various conditions.

salivary

p.64
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

A 38-year-old male with chest pain, persistent cough, and bronchospasm shows mucosal inflammation in the lower esophagus with evidence of a potential ___.

fistula

p.61
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

You find a hypotensive lower ___ sphincter (LES) pressure and mild GERD.

esophageal

p.61
Esophageal Motility and Peristalsis

Which of the following is the primary genesis of LES pressure in adults? The correct answer is ___ .

D. Myogenic properties of LES smooth muscle

p.13
Nervous System Control of GI Functions

The Myenteric Plexus controls ___ movements.

GI

p.51
Nervous System Control of GI Functions

The esophagus is innervated by the ___ nerve.

vagus

p.51
Nervous System Control of GI Functions

The ___ (DMN) is involved in the control of esophageal motility.

Dorsal Motor Nucleus

p.78
Gastric Secretions and Their Regulation

The process of anion exchange in gastric acid secretion occurs in the ___ cell.

parietal

p.7
Nervous System Control of GI Functions

In the gut, the majority of receptors are ___ (80%) and ___ (20%).

M2, M3

p.51
Nervous System Control of GI Functions

The ___ Center is responsible for coordinating the act of swallowing.

Swallowing

p.42
Immune Function in the GI Tract

Sjogren’s Syndrome causes dryness of ___ membranes.

mucus

p.55
Esophageal Motility and Peristalsis

The striated muscle portion of the esophagus is involved in ___.

peristalsis

p.64
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

The mucosal lining of the patient's lower esophagus contains stratified, squamous, non-keratinizing to glandular columnar cells, indicating a ___ change.

metaplastic

p.57
Esophageal Motility and Peristalsis

The smooth muscle portion of the esophagus can exhibit ___ movement when stimulated, even when removed and placed in a tissue chamber.

peristaltic

p.31
Esophageal Motility and Peristalsis

The ___ elevates to close off the trachea during swallowing.

epiglottis

p.78
Gastric Secretions and Their Regulation

During gastric acid secretion, water passes through the membrane via ___.

osmosis

p.72
Gastric Motility and Emptying

Receptive relaxation involves ___ nerve pathways.

intrinsic

p.59
Esophageal Motility and Peristalsis

In the esophageal circular smooth muscle, a ___ latency is associated with more NO.

long

p.60
Esophageal Motility and Peristalsis

Relaxation of the LES due to peristalsis is related to the release of ___ via nNOS.

nitric oxide

p.72
Nervous System Control of GI Functions

The ___ reflex is a dominant factor in slowing down the stomach.

vagovagal

p.41
Salivary Secretion and Its Components

Mumps is caused by a ___ infection.

viral

p.50
Esophageal Motility and Peristalsis

The lower third of the esophagus is composed of ___ muscle.

smooth

p.68
Components of the Gastrointestinal Tract

The ___ is the upper part of the stomach, which is closest to the esophagus.

fundus

p.45
Nervous System Control of GI Functions

When calcium binds to troponin-C, ___ no longer inhibits actin/myosin interaction.

tropomyosin

p.50
Esophageal Motility and Peristalsis

The ___ esophageal sphincter is located at the top of the esophagus.

upper

p.80
Gastric Secretions and Their Regulation

Gastrin secretion is shut off when the pH of the stomach is less than ___ and the pH of the duodenum is between ___.

1.5, 3-4

p.7
Nervous System Control of GI Functions

The voluntary nervous system is also known as the ___ nervous system.

somatic

p.54
Esophageal Motility and Peristalsis

Peristalsis in the striated muscle portion of the esophagus is controlled by the nucleus ___.

Ambiguus

p.57
Esophageal Motility and Peristalsis

Esophageal peristalsis in smooth muscle is mostly a ___ muscle event.

circular

p.72
Gastric Motility and Emptying

Lipid, H+, hypertonic chyme, and duodenal distension can trigger the ___ reflex.

entero-gastric

p.60
Esophageal Motility and Peristalsis

Closing of the LES is related to intrinsic activity of ___.

smooth muscle

p.50
Esophageal Motility and Peristalsis

The upper third of the esophagus is composed of ___ muscle.

striated

p.50
Esophageal Motility and Peristalsis

The middle third of the esophagus is composed of ___ muscle.

mixed striated/smooth

p.25
Immune Function in the GI Tract

The intestine contains a mucosal immune system known as ___, which acts as a barrier between the host and potentially harmful/toxic agents.

GALT (Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue)

p.65
Gastric Secretions and Their Regulation

William Beaumont observed gastric juices through a ___ in Alexis St. Martin's stomach.

gastric fistula

p.48
Esophageal Motility and Peristalsis

Mechanical distention in the GI tract involves excitation of motor neurons (acetylcholine/substance P) to contract ___ ___ muscle.

circular smooth

p.42
Immune Function in the GI Tract

Sjogren’s Syndrome involves ___ infiltration.

lymphocyte

p.52
Esophageal Motility and Peristalsis

The contraction of the esophagus requires input from the ___.

CNS

p.58
Esophageal Motility and Peristalsis

The ___ response in esophageal smooth muscle peristalsis is due to acetylcholine (Ach).

duration

p.36
Salivary Secretion and Its Components

___ is pumped out of the acinar cell by the Na/K ATPase.

Na

p.52
Esophageal Motility and Peristalsis

The ___ is involved in the stimulation of peristalsis in the striated muscle portion of the esophagus.

Nucleus Ambiguus

p.75
Gastric Secretions and Their Regulation

___ cells in the gastric glands are responsible for replacing existing cells.

Stem

p.49
Esophageal Motility and Peristalsis

The upper third of the esophagus is composed of ___ muscle.

skeletal

p.8
Nervous System Control of GI Functions

The sympathetic division of the GI tract's extrinsic innervation spans from ___ to ___.

T1, L3

p.49
Esophageal Motility and Peristalsis

The middle third of the esophagus is composed of ___ muscle.

mixed

p.71
Hormonal Regulation in the GI Tract

Nausea during pregnancy is related to ___ and/or ___ produced by the placenta/fetus.

HCG, GDF15

p.49
Esophageal Motility and Peristalsis

The lower third of the esophagus is composed of ___ muscle.

smooth

p.5
Esophageal Motility and Peristalsis

A common symptom of achalasia is difficulty in swallowing, also known as ___.

dysphagia

p.63
Esophageal Motility and Peristalsis

Achalasia is characterized by the failure of ___ to relax.

LES (Lower Esophageal Sphincter)

p.1
Functions of the GI Tract

The three nervous systems that control GI functions are the Sympathetic Nervous System, Parasympathetic Nervous System, and ___.

Enteric Nervous System

p.16
Nervous System Control of GI Functions

The enterogastric reflex inhibits gastric motility and secretions and is probably related to the presence of ___ in the duodenum.

HCl

p.76
Gastric Secretions and Their Regulation

___ cells in the oxyntic glands secrete pepsinogen.

Peptic (chief)

p.19
Hormonal Regulation in the GI Tract

Histamine stimulates acid secretion by ___ cells.

parietal

p.66
Components of the Gastrointestinal Tract

The ___ of the stomach is involved in large intense contractions and emptying, and secretes gastrin, somatostatin, and mucus.

Antrum

p.57
Esophageal Motility and Peristalsis

The ___ plexus is key to the control of esophageal peristalsis in smooth muscle.

myenteric

p.82
Gastric Secretions and Their Regulation

During the Basal or Interdigestive Period, a small amount of gastric secretion occurs over a long period of time, accounting for ___% of secretions.

15

p.60
Esophageal Motility and Peristalsis

Relaxation of the LES can be inhibited by ___.

TTX

p.82
Gastric Secretions and Their Regulation

The Intestinal phase accounts for less than ___% of gastric secretions.

5

p.50
Esophageal Motility and Peristalsis

The upper esophageal sphincter requires ___ input for peristalsis.

CNS

p.87
Gastric Secretions and Their Regulation

An antrectomy results in the loss of ___ cells and the loss of ___ release.

G, gastrin

p.68
Components of the Gastrointestinal Tract

The ___ is the lower part of the stomach, which plays a significant role in grinding food and regulating emptying.

antrum

p.68
Gastric Motility and Emptying

The membrane potential of the fundus is approximately ___ mV.

-48

p.80
Gastric Secretions and Their Regulation

___ has mild effects on turning off acid secretion.

Secretin

p.46
Functions of the GI Tract

___, ___, and ___ can all lead to the depolarization of smooth muscle.

Hormones, Neurotransmitters, Ca/CM

p.75
Gastric Secretions and Their Regulation

D cells are located in the antrum of the stomach and secrete ___, which inhibits the secretion of ___.

somatostatin, gastrin

p.28
Nervous System Control of GI Functions

During mastication, the jaw opens and excites ___ receptors, leading to the stretch reflex.

stretch

p.85
Gastric Motility and Emptying

Delayed gastric emptying can be caused by damage to gastric smooth muscle or its innervation, such as the ___ nerve.

vagus

p.85
Gastric Motility and Emptying

Delayed gastric emptying can be treated with ___ drugs, which stimulate muscle through cholinergic activity.

prokinetic

p.71
Functions of the GI Tract

___ is the sensation that vomiting will occur and is often accompanied by intense salivation.

Nausea

p.84
Gastric Secretions and Their Regulation

The concentration of bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) in the stomach lumen is ___ mM.

0

p.22
Gastric Motility and Emptying

The basal electrical rhythm (BER) in the stomach occurs at a frequency of ___ per minute.

3

p.71
Functions of the GI Tract

During ___, the contents of the stomach are moved into the esophagus but do not reach the pharynx.

retching

p.1
Functions of the GI Tract

The functions of the GI tract are controlled by nerves and ___.

hormones

p.85
Gastric Motility and Emptying

Neostigmine, eserine, and edrophonium work by inhibiting ___, which increases cholinergic activity.

cholinesterase

p.6
Nervous System Control of GI Functions

The ___ nerve is a major component of the parasympathetic nervous system that innervates the GI tract.

vagus

p.22
Gastric Motility and Emptying

Spike potentials in GI smooth muscle are true action potentials that involve ___ channels.

calcium

p.87
Gastric Motility and Emptying

An antrectomy involves the removal of the ___ part of the stomach.

antral

p.17
Hormonal Regulation in the GI Tract

___ signaling involves a cell targeting itself.

Autocrine

p.47
Components of the Gastrointestinal Tract

Smooth muscle cells are the ___ cell size of muscle types and have a single ___.

smallest, nucleus

p.47
Components of the Gastrointestinal Tract

Unlike other muscle types, smooth muscle cells are not ___ and do not have ___.

striated, sarcomeres

p.48
Esophageal Motility and Peristalsis

The ___ (Law of the Gut; Peristaltic Reflex; Myenteric Reflex) governs transit time in the GI tract.

peristalsis

p.80
Gastric Secretions and Their Regulation

Prostanoids, such as Cox-1 and Cox-2, suppress ___ to regulate acid secretion.

histamine

p.28
Functions of the GI Tract

The chewing reflex, also known as ___, is coordinated by reflex centers to facilitate the opening and closing of the mouth.

mastication

p.77
Gastric Secretions and Their Regulation

___ converts pepsinogen to pepsin, kills bacteria, and denatures protein.

HCL

p.45
Nervous System Control of GI Functions

The final result of excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal muscle is ___.

contraction

p.47
Components of the Gastrointestinal Tract

The functions of smooth muscle cells include ___ in the gut and maintaining ___ in blood vessels.

motility, tension

p.48
Esophageal Motility and Peristalsis

Peristalsis in the GI tract becomes a ___ - ___ event.

PUSH - pull

p.75
Gastric Secretions and Their Regulation

Chief (peptic) cells are located in the glands of the ___, ___, and ___, and they secrete ___.

cardia, fundus, corpus, pepsinogen

p.15
Nervous System Control of GI Functions

The Submucosal Plexus is influenced by the release of agents including ___ and ___ (mast cells).

5-HT, histamine

p.36
Salivary Secretion and Its Components

___ and ___ move into the lumen from the acinar cell.

HCO3-, K+

p.27
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

The patient has been smoking ___ cigarettes/day for the past 15 years.

a pack of

p.43
Salivary Secretion and Its Components

Allergy medications with ___ receptor antagonist properties can cause dry mouth.

H1 (antihistamines)

p.70
Gastric Motility and Emptying

Hypertonic or hypotonic solutions empty ___ than isotonic solutions due to osmoreceptors in the ___.

slower, duodenum

p.66
Components of the Gastrointestinal Tract

The ___ is where the esophagus joins to the stomach and contains cardiac glands that secrete mucus for protection.

Cardia

p.71
Functions of the GI Tract

___ is the process of vomiting.

Emesis

p.63
Esophageal Motility and Peristalsis

Achalasia involves the loss of ___ in the esophagus.

myenteric plexus

p.19
Hormonal Regulation in the GI Tract

Somatostatin inhibits the secretion of ___.

gastrin

p.4
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

A common symptom of GERD is ___, which is a burning sensation in the chest.

heartburn

p.6
Nervous System Control of GI Functions

The sympathetic nervous system generally ___ GI activity.

inhibits

p.73
Gastric Motility and Emptying

The cycles of intense contractions of the stomach and small intestine during fasting occur every ___ to ___ hours.

1.5, 3

p.37
Salivary Secretion and Its Components

Water is ___ across ductal cells.

impermeable

p.11
Nervous System Control of GI Functions

___ and kinins (substance P, 5-HT) are excitatory mediators in the Enteric Nervous System.

Ach

p.63
Esophageal Motility and Peristalsis

A complication of achalasia can be ___ pneumonia.

aspiration

p.34
Salivary Secretion and Its Components

Saliva acts as a solvent and helps in ___ and ___.

taste, digestion

p.14
Nervous System Control of GI Functions

The submucosal plexus contains ___ neurons, ___ neurons, and ___ motor neurons.

sensory, inter, secretory

p.14
Nervous System Control of GI Functions

The neurotransmitters ___ and ___ are associated with the submucosal plexus.

Ach, VIP

p.87
Gastric Motility and Emptying

An antrectomy can be associated with ___ in the stomach.

ulcers

p.42
Salivary Secretion and Its Components

Sjogren’s Syndrome leads to a decrease in ___ secretions.

salivary

p.65
Gastric Secretions and Their Regulation

The stomach secretes about ___ to ___ liters of gastric secretions per day.

1, 2

p.17
Hormonal Regulation in the GI Tract

In endocrine signaling, hormones travel through the ___.

bloodstream

p.47
Components of the Gastrointestinal Tract

In the gut, smooth muscle cell contraction is governed by ___.

slow waves

p.65
Gastric Secretions and Their Regulation

The two distinct components of gastric secretions are ___ secretion and the ___ component rich in H+ ions.

basal, stimulated

p.79
Gastric Secretions and Their Regulation

Achlorhydria is characterized by the loss of ___ cells.

parietal

p.28
Nervous System Control of GI Functions

The stretch reflex in mastication causes the jaw to ___.

close

p.8
Nervous System Control of GI Functions

The parasympathetic division of the GI tract's extrinsic innervation includes the ___ and ___ regions.

cranial, sacral

p.70
Gastric Motility and Emptying

In terms of gastric emptying, the particle size order is ___ > ___ > ___.

liquids, solids, indigestible solids

p.85
Gastric Motility and Emptying

___ is a condition characterized by delayed gastric emptying.

Gastroparesis

p.3
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

Alterations in the ___ or external factors like caffeine, chocolate, nicotine, and alcohol can modify the LES and contribute to GERD.

enteric nervous system (ENS)

p.19
Hormonal Regulation in the GI Tract

Enkephalins increase smooth muscle cell 'tone' and mediate ___ contraction.

sphincter

p.8
Nervous System Control of GI Functions

The dorsal motor nucleus is associated with the ___ nerve.

vagus

p.27
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

The patient's BMI is calculated to be ___ - ___.

25.0 - 29.9

p.19
Hormonal Regulation in the GI Tract

Somatostatin is released by ___ cells in the stomach, intestine, and pancreatic islet cells.

D

p.27
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

The patient complains that her distress mostly occurs at ___.

bedtime

p.85
Gastric Motility and Emptying

Primary dopamine blocks ___ activity, which is important for gastric motility.

cholinergic

p.63
Esophageal Motility and Peristalsis

A common symptom of achalasia is ___, which involves difficulty swallowing.

dysphagia

p.34
Salivary Secretion and Its Components

Salivary secretion ranges from ___ to ___ liters per day.

0.5, 1.5

p.49
Esophageal Motility and Peristalsis

As the bolus of food reaches the LES, it ___ to allow food into the stomach.

relaxes

p.22
Gastric Motility and Emptying

Spike potentials in GI smooth muscle can be stimulated by ___ and parasympathetic nerves releasing ___.

stretch, acetylcholine

p.12
Nervous System Control of GI Functions

___ parasympathetic fibers innervate the GI tract.

Preganglionic

p.24
Immune Function in the GI Tract

Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (GALT) includes structures such as ___'s Patch.

Peyer

p.33
Salivary Secretion and Its Components

Salivary glands secrete ___, which is essential for maintaining oral health.

extracellular fluid (ECF)

p.80
Gastric Secretions and Their Regulation

Acetylcholine, involved in acid secretion regulation, is part of the ___ reflex and can be blocked by ___.

Vagovagal, Atropine

p.38
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

A 50-year-old female patient with severe dryness of her eyes and inadequate tear production is referred to a GI specialist for evaluation of severe ___.

heartburn

p.46
Functions of the GI Tract

Smooth muscle does not contain ___, which is found in skeletal muscle.

troponin

p.26
Gastric Secretions and Their Regulation

A 52-year-old man presents with abdominal pain, nausea, loss of appetite, frequent belching, and diarrhea. The pain is worse at night and is relieved by taking antacids that contain ___.

bicarbonate

p.75
Gastric Secretions and Their Regulation

The secretory unit of the stomach is a ___ gland.

tubular

p.48
Esophageal Motility and Peristalsis

Mechanical distention in the GI tract involves excitation of inhibitory motor neurons (nitric oxide/VIP) to relax ___ ___ muscle.

longitudinal smooth

p.87
Gastric Motility and Emptying

Common symptoms after an antrectomy include ___ and ___.

nausea, vomiting

p.68
Gastric Motility and Emptying

The membrane potential of the antrum is approximately ___ mV.

-70

p.26
Hormonal Regulation in the GI Tract

Blood tests reveal an increase in the levels of ___.

gastrin

p.9
Nervous System Control of GI Functions

The sympathetic division of the nervous system originates from the spinal cord segments ___ to ___.

T1, L3

p.75
Gastric Secretions and Their Regulation

Surface mucosal cells cover the entire mucosa and secrete ___ and ___.

mucus, alkaline secretion

p.5
Esophageal Motility and Peristalsis

Achalasia is characterized by the absence of ___ in the lower esophageal sphincter (LES).

relaxation

p.79
Gastric Secretions and Their Regulation

In achlorhydria, ___ is not converted to pepsin.

pepsinogen

p.76
Components of the Gastrointestinal Tract

The ___ is the region of the stomach that connects to the duodenum.

Pylorus

p.79
Gastric Secretions and Their Regulation

The failure of RBCs to mature due to achlorhydria can result in ___ anemia.

pernicious

p.85
Gastric Motility and Emptying

Bethanechol is a ___ agonist used to treat delayed gastric emptying.

muscarinic

p.19
Hormonal Regulation in the GI Tract

Paracrines are released by endocrine cells within the ___ and diffuse through the extracellular space to their target cells.

mucosa

p.76
Gastric Secretions and Their Regulation

___ cells in the pyloric glands secrete somatostatin.

D

p.43
Salivary Secretion and Its Components

Agents that inhibit acetylcholine breakdown (___) induce salivation.

acetylcholinesterase

p.33
Salivary Secretion and Its Components

The parotid gland contributes ___% of salivary secretion and primarily produces a ___ solution.

25, serous

p.76
Components of the Gastrointestinal Tract

The ___ is the upper part of the stomach, also known as the fundic region.

Fundus

p.22
Gastric Motility and Emptying

The frequency of slow waves in the distal ileum ranges from ___ to ___ per minute.

8, 10

p.16
Nervous System Control of GI Functions

The defecation reflex involves intrinsic (rectal distention) and extrinsic (___) components.

spinal cord

p.66
Components of the Gastrointestinal Tract

The ___ is an anatomical sphincter located at the distal end of the stomach.

Pyloric Valve

p.2
Components of the Gastrointestinal Tract

The ___ is the first hollow organ in the gastrointestinal tract.

oropharynx (mouth)

p.69
Gastric Motility and Emptying

___ relaxation is mediated by Ach and NO, while ___ relaxation is due to an increase in pressure and mediated by NO.

Receptive, Adaptive

p.39
Salivary Secretion and Its Components

Parasympathetic stimulation of salivary glands involves the neurotransmitter ___ and can be blocked by ___.

acetylcholine, atropine

p.45
Nervous System Control of GI Functions

During excitation-contraction coupling, calcium binds to ___ on the thin filament.

troponin-C

p.65
Gastric Secretions and Their Regulation

William Beaumont treated Alexis St. Martin for a ___ wound in the stomach.

gunshot

p.50
Esophageal Motility and Peristalsis

Peristalsis in the lower esophagus occurs without ___ input.

CNS

p.65
Gastric Secretions and Their Regulation

Gastric acid, primarily ___, is secreted by the stomach lining to digest food.

HCL

p.26
Gastric Secretions and Their Regulation

Endoscopy reveals an ulcer in the ___.

duodenum

p.75
Gastric Secretions and Their Regulation

G cells are found in the glands of the ___ and secrete ___.

pyloric antrum, gastrin

p.77
Gastric Secretions and Their Regulation

___ is converted to pepsin to partially digest proteins.

Pepsinogen

p.58
Esophageal Motility and Peristalsis

The ___ response in esophageal smooth muscle peristalsis is related to nitric oxide (NO) release.

latency in contraction

p.26
Components of the Gastrointestinal Tract

A CT scan reveals a tumor at the head of the ___.

pancreas

p.77
Gastric Secretions and Their Regulation

___ buffers acid in the stomach.

Bicarbonate

p.86
Gastric Secretions and Their Regulation

H. pylori bacteria flourish in an ___ environment.

acid

p.77
Gastric Secretions and Their Regulation

___ is necessary for the absorption of Vitamin B12.

Intrinsic Factor

p.9
Nervous System Control of GI Functions

Excitation (stimulation) by the sympathetic division ___ motor and secretory activity in the gut.

decreases

p.86
Gastric Secretions and Their Regulation

Inhibiting acid can make H. pylori bacteria more susceptible to ___.

antibiotics

p.70
Gastric Motility and Emptying

Gastric emptying occurs in proportion to the ___ of the stomach contents.

volume

p.27
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

The patient's throat is sore and her voice is ___ upon awakening.

raspy

p.4
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

One of the primary consequences of GERD is damage to the ___ lining.

esophageal

p.76
Gastric Secretions and Their Regulation

___ cells in the pyloric glands secrete gastrin.

G

p.22
Gastric Motility and Emptying

The interstitial cells of ___ are responsible for generating slow waves in the GI tract.

Cajal

p.71
Esophageal Motility and Peristalsis

Emesis is not solely due to ___ because the pressure generated is not sufficient.

reverse peristalsis

p.37
Salivary Secretion and Its Components

Chloride is reabsorbed by the ___ exchanger, which is passive and recycled from the ___ transporter.

Cl/HCO3, CFTR

p.63
Esophageal Motility and Peristalsis

Nutcracker Esophagus is characterized by ___ peristalsis.

hypertensive

p.12
Nervous System Control of GI Functions

The ___ plexus, also known as Meissner’s plexus, is found in the submucosa of the GI tract.

submucosal

p.76
Components of the Gastrointestinal Tract

The ___ is the lower part of the stomach, also known as the pyloric region.

Antrum

p.66
Components of the Gastrointestinal Tract

There is no absorption of nutrients in the stomach except for ___ and ___.

aspirin, alcohol

p.34
Salivary Secretion and Its Components

Saliva contains bacterial enzymes like ___ and ___.

lactoferrin, lysozyme

p.35
Salivary Secretion and Its Components

The cells in the salivon are impermeable to ___ reabsorption.

water

p.35
Salivary Secretion and Its Components

The primary secretion from the acinus includes enzymes, mucus, and ___.

extracellular fluid

p.2
Components of the Gastrointestinal Tract

The ___ is a hollow organ that stores bile produced by the liver.

gallbladder

p.24
Immune Function in the GI Tract

___ cells in the lamina propria produce antibodies.

Plasma

p.69
Gastric Motility and Emptying

The fundus and upper corpus generate basal pressure of ___ to ___ mmHg through low frequency contractions.

5, 15

p.35
Salivary Secretion and Its Components

In the modification of saliva, ___ is actively secreted.

K

p.39
Salivary Secretion and Its Components

Sympathetic stimulation of salivary glands involves the neurotransmitter ___ and produces a small, short-lived increase in secretion.

norepinephrine

p.10
Nervous System Control of GI Functions

___ percent of vagal fibers are sensory (afferent) and ___ percent are efferent.

90, 10

p.41
Salivary Secretion and Its Components

In adult men, mumps can cause inflammation and pressure in the ___, potentially affecting ___.

testes, fertility

p.87
Gastric Secretions and Their Regulation

An antrectomy leads to the loss of ___ acid production in the stomach.

HCl

p.45
Nervous System Control of GI Functions

The binding of calcium to troponin-C leads to ___ formation.

cross bridge

p.47
Components of the Gastrointestinal Tract

Smooth muscle cells do not need ___ for contractions to occur; they can contract due to ___.

innervation, stretch

p.68
Gastric Motility and Emptying

The membrane potential of the corpus is approximately ___ mV.

-51

p.25
Immune Function in the GI Tract

It is important that the gut-associated lymphoid tissue system ___ when the antigen is cleared.

CEASES

p.75
Gastric Secretions and Their Regulation

Parietal (oxyntic) cells are found in the glands of the ___, ___, and ___, and they secrete ___ and intrinsic factor.

cardia, fundus, corpus, HCl

p.58
Esophageal Motility and Peristalsis

The relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) is mediated by ___.

nitric oxide

p.58
Esophageal Motility and Peristalsis

The myenteric plexus is involved in the regulation of ___ in the esophagus.

peristalsis

p.26
Components of the Gastrointestinal Tract

The patient is referred for surgery to remove the ___.

tumor

p.27
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

A 60-year-old female patient complains of ___ and chest pain.

heartburn

p.15
Nervous System Control of GI Functions

The Submucosal Plexus controls ___ and ___.

GI secretions, blood flow

p.77
Gastric Secretions and Their Regulation

___ dissolves and dilutes ingested foods in the stomach.

Water

p.19
Hormonal Regulation in the GI Tract

___ (VIP) has diverse effects, including smooth muscle cell relaxation and decreased HCL secretion.

Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide

p.86
Gastric Secretions and Their Regulation

___ (Tylenol paracetamol) does not produce the effect of increasing gastric acid production.

ACETAMINOPHEN

p.43
Salivary Secretion and Its Components

Tricyclic antidepressants, such as ___, can produce dry mouth.

imipramine

p.5
Esophageal Motility and Peristalsis

In achalasia, a bag-like protrusion forms in the ___.

esophagus

p.37
Salivary Secretion and Its Components

As saliva passes the ductal cells, sodium is reabsorbed through ___ and ___.

Na+/H+ exchange, ENaC

p.6
Nervous System Control of GI Functions

The ___ plexus primarily controls GI motility.

myenteric

p.43
Salivary Secretion and Its Components

___ is a nerve gas that affects acetylcholine breakdown.

Sarin

p.63
Esophageal Motility and Peristalsis

Nutcracker Esophagus can cause ___-like pain.

angina

p.22
Gastric Motility and Emptying

Spike potentials in GI smooth muscle can be inhibited by ___ and sympathetic nerves releasing ___.

norepinephrine, norepinephrine

p.12
Nervous System Control of GI Functions

___ sympathetic fibers innervate the GI tract.

Postganglionic

p.18
Hormonal Regulation in the GI Tract

Cholecystokinin (CCK) has a high affinity for ___ receptors and a low affinity for ___ receptors.

CCK A, CCK B

p.37
Salivary Secretion and Its Components

The CFTR stands for ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ .

Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator

p.30
Esophageal Motility and Peristalsis

In the pharyngeal stage of swallowing, the ___ elevates to close off the nasopharynx.

soft palate

p.47
Components of the Gastrointestinal Tract

Smooth muscle cells can be classified as ___ (individual motor units) or ___ (syncytium).

multiunit, unitary

p.38
Salivary Secretion and Its Components

Reduced production of which salivary component most likely contributes to the injury in the distal esophagus? A. lactoferrin. B. ___. C. IgA. D. bicarbonate. E. salivary amylase.

mucus

p.75
Gastric Secretions and Their Regulation

___ cells are located in the neck of the gland and secrete mucus.

Mucus Neck

p.28
Salivary Secretion and Its Components

One function of mastication is to lubricate food with ___ secretions.

salivary

p.28
Functions of the GI Tract

Mastication helps to increase the surface area of food by breaking down ___ membranes.

cellulose

p.84
Gastric Secretions and Their Regulation

The ___ protects the stomach lining from the acidic environment of the stomach lumen.

Gastric Mucosal Barrier

p.86
Gastric Secretions and Their Regulation

Gastric and duodenal ulcers can be caused by the loss of ___ and increased acid secretion or bacterial infection.

gastric barrier

p.79
Gastric Secretions and Their Regulation

Achlorhydria results in the loss of ___ production.

HCl

p.3
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) is often caused by the failure of the ___ to contract following movement of food into the stomach.

LES (Lower Esophageal Sphincter)

p.19
Hormonal Regulation in the GI Tract

Neurocrines are synthesized in the cell bodies of neurons and migrate to the ___ ending, then released by an action potential.

axonal

p.79
Gastric Secretions and Their Regulation

Achlorhydria leads to the loss of intrinsic factor, which is necessary for the protection of ___ .

Vitamin B12

p.86
Gastric Secretions and Their Regulation

A second group of at-risk patients for ulcers are those that take ___ on a chronic basis.

NON-STEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS (NSAIDs)

p.3
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

A common symptom of GERD is a feeling of ___.

heartburn

p.6
Nervous System Control of GI Functions

The GI tract is innervated by the ___ nervous system and the ___ nervous system.

enteric, autonomic

p.3
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

GERD was previously treated with ___ or gastric resection, but now antihistamines, proton pump inhibitors, and surgery are used.

vagotomy

p.43
Salivary Secretion and Its Components

___ (physostigmine) is used to treat glaucoma and delayed gastric emptying (gastroparesis).

Eserine

p.22
Gastric Motility and Emptying

The frequency of slow waves in the duodenum ranges from ___ to ___ per minute.

10, 20

p.33
Salivary Secretion and Its Components

The sublingual gland contributes ___% of salivary secretion and produces ___ glands.

5, mixed

p.14
Nervous System Control of GI Functions

The submucosal plexus is also known as ___'s plexus.

Meissner

p.63
Esophageal Motility and Peristalsis

Distal Esophageal Spasm can be treated with ___ channel blockers, nitroglycerin, and botox.

Ca++ (Calcium)

p.11
Nervous System Control of GI Functions

Nitric oxide (NO), NE, and VIP are ___ mediators in the Enteric Nervous System.

inhibitory

p.29
Nervous System Control of GI Functions

The swallowing center inhibits the ___ center.

respiratory

p.11
Nervous System Control of GI Functions

The Enteric Nervous System operates independently of the ___ and ___.

SNS, PNS

p.73
Hormonal Regulation in the GI Tract

The Migrating Motor Complex is controlled by the release of ___.

motilin

p.35
Salivary Secretion and Its Components

In the modification of saliva, ___ is passively absorbed.

Cl

p.24
Immune Function in the GI Tract

___ are cells that engulf and digest antigens in the GALT.

Macrophages

p.10
Nervous System Control of GI Functions

The neurotransmitter for the vagus nerve is ___.

acetylcholine

p.2
Components of the Gastrointestinal Tract

The ___ is the final hollow organ in the gastrointestinal tract.

rectum

p.30
Esophageal Motility and Peristalsis

The generation of the primary peristaltic wave occurs during the ___ stage of swallowing.

pharyngeal

p.10
Nervous System Control of GI Functions

The vagus nerve transmits information such as glucose, pH, osmolality, and mechanical stimuli from the gut to the brain in the ___ reflex.

Vagovagal

p.69
Gastric Motility and Emptying

The inhibition of gastric emptying by the duodenum is known as the ___ Reflex.

Enterogastric

p.25
Immune Function in the GI Tract

___ contains antigenic material and acts as the AFFERENT (sensory) limb of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue system.

Peyer's Patch

p.50
Esophageal Motility and Peristalsis

The ___ esophageal sphincter is located at the bottom of the esophagus.

lower

p.25
Immune Function in the GI Tract

Cells in the ___ (mast cells, macrophages) act as the EFFERENT limb of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue system.

lamina propria

p.65
Gastric Secretions and Their Regulation

Gastric secretion is ___ to plasma.

isotonic

p.58
Esophageal Motility and Peristalsis

Peristalsis in esophageal smooth muscle involves both ___ muscle and ___ muscle.

circular, longitudinal

p.36
Salivary Secretion and Its Components

In the acinar cell, ___, ___, ___, and ___ are added to the luminal solution along with enzymes.

sodium, chloride, potassium, bicarbonate

p.52
Esophageal Motility and Peristalsis

The ___ relaxes during the approaching pressure wave in the primary peristaltic wave.

LES

p.84
Gastric Secretions and Their Regulation

The pH of the neutralization zone in the stomach is approximately ___.

7.0

p.9
Nervous System Control of GI Functions

The sympathetic division innervates most areas of the ___.

gut

p.43
Salivary Secretion and Its Components

M3 receptors are stimulated by ___ and blocked by ___.

acetylcholine, atropine

p.5
Esophageal Motility and Peristalsis

Achalasia involves the failure of the ___ to relax or impaired peristalsis in the distal esophagus.

LES

p.43
Salivary Secretion and Its Components

Many medications produce dry mouth because they have ___ antagonist properties.

muscarinic

p.5
Esophageal Motility and Peristalsis

Achalasia is caused by the loss of ___ to prevent relaxation of the LES.

Vagal Inhibitory Fibers (VIF)

p.86
Gastric Secretions and Their Regulation

NSAIDs like aspirin or ibuprofen inhibit ___ production, which can increase gastric acid production.

prostaglandin

p.19
Hormonal Regulation in the GI Tract

Enkephalins delay the transit time through the gut and are used to treat ___ (opioids).

diarrhea

p.3
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

Reflux in GERD can be due to an increase in pressure (___ mmHg) in the stomach by contractions.

5 - 15

p.49
Esophageal Motility and Peristalsis

At rest, esophageal pressure is about the same as ___ pressure.

intraabdominal

p.66
Components of the Gastrointestinal Tract

The ___ of the stomach is responsible for gas storage and trapping.

Fundus

p.5
Esophageal Motility and Peristalsis

Treatment options for achalasia include pneumatic dilation, ___, medications (nitro), and surgery.

Botox

p.71
Functions of the GI Tract

In addition to reverse peristalsis, the contraction of ___ is necessary for vomiting.

abdominal muscles

p.12
Nervous System Control of GI Functions

The ___ plexus, also known as Auerbach’s plexus, is located between the longitudinal and circular muscle layers of the GI tract.

myenteric

p.34
Salivary Secretion and Its Components

Saliva contains enzymes such as ___ and ___.

salivary amylase, lingual lipase

p.33
Salivary Secretion and Its Components

Salivary glands secrete digestive enzymes such as ___ and ___.

alpha amylase, salivary lipase

p.35
Salivary Secretion and Its Components

Saliva becomes ___ to plasma after modification by ductal cells.

hypotonic

p.37
Salivary Secretion and Its Components

Aldosterone secretion is driven by ___ dependent signaling to open ___ channels.

Ca++, Cl-

p.69
Gastric Motility and Emptying

The ___ reflex allows the stomach to increase in size without increasing pressure.

Vagovagal

p.18
Hormonal Regulation in the GI Tract

Secretin is released by S cells of the duodenum in response to ___ and fats.

acid (H+)

p.73
Gastric Motility and Emptying

Phase III of the Migrating Motor Complex is the peak time of ___ contraction.

intense

p.10
Nervous System Control of GI Functions

The vagus nerve originates in the ___ of the brainstem.

Dorsal Motor Nucleus

p.73
Gastric Motility and Emptying

The growling of the stomach/intestine during times of fasting may be explained by the ___.

Migrating Motor Complex

p.2
Components of the Gastrointestinal Tract

The ___ is the final section of the small intestine.

ileum

p.69
Gastric Motility and Emptying

The rate of gastric emptying is regulated by ___ and ___ signals from the stomach and duodenum.

neural, hormonal

p.42
Immune Function in the GI Tract

Sjogren’s Syndrome may be associated with ___ and rheumatoid arthritis.

lupus

p.47
Components of the Gastrointestinal Tract

Smooth muscle cells are generally found lining organs or forming organs such as ___, ___, ___, ___, and ___.

blood vessels, eye, bladder, GI tract, uterus

p.46
Functions of the GI Tract

The formation of cross-bridges in smooth muscle is allowed by the interaction of ___ with ___.

calcium, calmodulin (Ca/CM)

p.36
Salivary Secretion and Its Components

The production of saliva in the ___ primarily consists of adding ions and enzymes to the luminal solution.

Acinus

p.48
Esophageal Motility and Peristalsis

Movements in the GI tract are mostly a ___ muscle event.

circular

p.17
Hormonal Regulation in the GI Tract

___ signaling involves neurons releasing hormones directly into the bloodstream.

Neurocrine

p.65
Gastric Secretions and Their Regulation

The stimulated component of gastric secretions is rich in ___ ions and produced by ___ cells.

H+, parietal

p.84
Gastric Secretions and Their Regulation

The pH of the stomach lumen is approximately ___.

1.5

p.86
Gastric Secretions and Their Regulation

___ is responsible for almost all ulcers that are not related to medications.

H. pylori

p.28
Nervous System Control of GI Functions

Mastication stimulates oral and ___ mechanoreceptors.

periodontal

p.84
Gastric Secretions and Their Regulation

The pH of plasma is approximately ___.

7.4

p.52
Esophageal Motility and Peristalsis

The primary peristaltic wave in the esophagus is influenced by the role of ___.

gravity

p.1
Functions of the GI Tract

The GI tract provides a continual supply of ___ and ___ to the body.

water, nutrients

p.85
Gastric Motility and Emptying

Cisapride works as a prokinetic drug by acting as a ___ receptor agonist.

5HT 4

p.1
Functions of the GI Tract

The functions of the GI tract include secretion, motility, digestion, absorption, and ___.

immunity

p.84
Gastric Secretions and Their Regulation

The ___ zone is rich in bicarbonate ions (HCO3-).

HCO3- Rich

p.76
Gastric Secretions and Their Regulation

The ___ glands contain G cells and D cells.

Pyloric

p.4
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

GERD can lead to a condition called ___, which involves the narrowing of the esophagus.

esophageal stricture

p.49
Esophageal Motility and Peristalsis

During swallowing, movement of food to the pharynx increases pressure at the UES up to ___ mmHg.

100

p.70
Gastric Motility and Emptying

The ___ reflex is triggered by chemical and mechanical stimuli and affects gastric motility.

enterogastric

p.49
Esophageal Motility and Peristalsis

A primary peristaltic wave increases intra-esophageal pressure by ___ to ___ mmHg.

30, 100

p.66
Components of the Gastrointestinal Tract

The ___ is a physiological sphincter that does not have an anatomical structure.

LES (Lower Esophageal Sphincter)

p.11
Nervous System Control of GI Functions

The Submucosal (Meissner’s) Plexus is responsible for GI ___ and ___.

secretions, blood flow

p.29
Nervous System Control of GI Functions

Efferent output from the swallowing center travels via the ___, ___, and ___ cranial nerves.

5th, 10th, 12th (hypoglossal)

p.73
Gastric Motility and Emptying

Phase II of the Migrating Motor Complex is characterized by an increase in ___ frequency and peristalsis.

action potential

p.18
Hormonal Regulation in the GI Tract

Secretin stimulates the secretion of ___ from liver and pancreatic ductal cells.

HCO3-

p.29
Nervous System Control of GI Functions

Another goal of the swallowing reflex is to ensure no food enters the ___.

trachea

p.12
Nervous System Control of GI Functions

The neurotransmitter ___ is associated with inhibitory signals in the GI tract.

NE (norepinephrine)

p.2
Components of the Gastrointestinal Tract

The ___ is the hollow organ that follows the ileum and precedes the rectum.

colon

p.39
Salivary Secretion and Its Components

The secretions from sympathetic stimulation are short-lived due to a decrease in ___.

blood flow

p.2
Components of the Gastrointestinal Tract

The ___ is a solid organ that produces bile and processes nutrients.

liver

p.39
Salivary Secretion and Its Components

___ is selectively secreted during maximal salivation, making saliva more alkaline.

Bicarbonate

p.87
Gastric Motility and Emptying

Post-antrectomy, patients may experience gastric and intestinal ___ or ___.

inflammation, infection

p.52
Esophageal Motility and Peristalsis

The motor nerves at the ___ portion of the esophagus fire first and then distal follow.

proximal

p.48
Esophageal Motility and Peristalsis

Longitudinal muscle in the GI tract shortens the distance between points but does not play a significant role in ___.

peristalsis

p.28
Functions of the GI Tract

Mastication begins the digestion of ___ and ___.

carbohydrates, fats

p.15
Nervous System Control of GI Functions

The Submucosal Plexus provides ___ innervation to the epithelium and ___ innervation to the muscularis mucosae.

excitatory/inhibitory, excitatory/inhibitory

p.36
Salivary Secretion and Its Components

___ ions move into the acinar cell and then into the lumen.

Chloride (Cl)

p.1
Functions of the GI Tract

On average, a 'normal' person will eat about ___ pounds of food per day.

4.5

p.84
Gastric Secretions and Their Regulation

The concentration of hydrogen ions ([H+]) in the stomach lumen is ___ mM.

20

p.84
Gastric Secretions and Their Regulation

The concentration of hydrogen ions ([H+]) in the neutralization zone is ___ μM.

100

p.8
Nervous System Control of GI Functions

The central nervous system component involved in the parasympathetic innervation of the GI tract is the ___.

dorsal motor nucleus

p.9
Nervous System Control of GI Functions

Afferent fibers (___%) send signals back to the spinal cord via the pre-vertebral ganglion.

50

p.84
Gastric Secretions and Their Regulation

___ cells in the stomach secrete mucus to protect the lining.

Mucus

p.70
Gastric Motility and Emptying

The order of meal composition affecting gastric emptying is ___ > ___ > ___.

glucose, protein, fats

p.85
Gastric Motility and Emptying

Metoclopramide is a prokinetic drug that acts as a ___ antagonist.

Dopamine D2

p.4
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

Chronic GERD can increase the risk of developing ___, a precancerous condition.

Barrett's esophagus

p.66
Components of the Gastrointestinal Tract

The ___, also known as the body of the stomach, is the main acid-secreting region containing parietal cells.

Corpus

p.27
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

The patient's condition is exaggerated following her nightly can of ___ and a dark chocolate milky way bar.

Pepsi

p.11
Nervous System Control of GI Functions

The Enteric Nervous System is also known as the ___ Nervous System.

Intrinsic

p.4
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

GERD can cause ___, which is the regurgitation of food or sour liquid.

acid reflux

p.37
Salivary Secretion and Its Components

Bicarbonate is secreted by the ___ exchanger.

Cl/HCO3

p.34
Salivary Secretion and Its Components

Saliva helps buffer H+ in the mouth, esophagus, and stomach using ___.

bicarbonate

p.18
Hormonal Regulation in the GI Tract

Cholecystokinin (CCK) causes contraction of the ___ and relaxation of the sphincter of Oddi.

gallbladder

p.29
Nervous System Control of GI Functions

Damage to the brain from a stroke can alter transmission because the fibers are ___ motor neurons.

upper

p.12
Components of the Gastrointestinal Tract

The ___ muscle layer is located outside the circular muscle layer in the GI tract.

longitudinal

p.34
Salivary Secretion and Its Components

Saliva lubricates the mouth and helps in ___ and ___.

chewing, swallowing

p.69
Gastric Motility and Emptying

Weak peristaltic waves in the stomach help to mix food into ___

chyme

p.29
Nervous System Control of GI Functions

The swallowing reflex also aims to ensure no food exits the ___.

mouth

p.73
Gastric Motility and Emptying

Feeding ___ the Migrating Motor Complex.

inhibits

p.10
Nervous System Control of GI Functions

In the gut, the vagus nerve is primarily a ___ nerve.

sensory (afferent)

p.39
Salivary Secretion and Its Components

During maximal salivation, the concentration of ___ remains relatively constant.

potassium

p.28
Nervous System Control of GI Functions

The muscles involved in mastication are innervated by a motor branch of the ___ cranial nerve.

5th

p.15
Nervous System Control of GI Functions

The Submucosal Plexus contains sensory afferent neurons, interneurons, and neurons that project to the ___ (motor) and the gut ___ (secretion).

muscularis mucosae, epithelium

p.68
Gastric Motility and Emptying

The membrane potential of the pyloric ring is approximately ___ mV.

-75

p.77
Gastric Secretions and Their Regulation

___ lubricates and protects by entrapping bicarbonate.

Mucus

p.8
Nervous System Control of GI Functions

The extrinsic innervation of the GI tract includes the ___ and ___ divisions.

parasympathetic, sympathetic

p.86
Gastric Secretions and Their Regulation

H. pylori bacteria contain ___, which converts urea to ammonia and CO2.

urease

p.86
Gastric Secretions and Their Regulation

Ammonia helps buffer ___ in the stomach.

acid

p.76
Components of the Gastrointestinal Tract

The region of the stomach that connects to the esophagus is called the ___.

Cardia

p.9
Nervous System Control of GI Functions

The direct effect of norepinephrine in the sympathetic division is on ___ and/or neurons of the enteric nervous system.

smooth muscle

p.85
Gastric Motility and Emptying

Erythromycin acts as a prokinetic drug by being a ___ agonist.

motilin

p.16
Nervous System Control of GI Functions

The gastrocolic reflex is mediated by the release of ___ (CCK, PGE2, serotonin, motilin).

gastrin

p.84
Gastric Secretions and Their Regulation

In the stomach, HCO3- reacts with HCl to form ___ and ___.

H2O, CO2

p.37
Salivary Secretion and Its Components

Saliva contains more ___ and ___ than sodium and chloride relative to plasma.

bicarbonate, potassium

p.16
Nervous System Control of GI Functions

The gastroileal reflex is stimulated by food in the stomach and leads to the opening of the ___ valve.

ileocecal

p.76
Gastric Secretions and Their Regulation

Oxyntic glands contain ___ cells that secrete hydrochloric acid (HCL) and intrinsic factor.

Oxyntic (parietal)

p.70
Gastric Motility and Emptying

Hormones involved in gastric motility include ___, ___, ___, and ___.

CCK, secretin, GIP, gastrin

p.16
Nervous System Control of GI Functions

The colonoileal reflex inhibits the contents at the ___ valve from emptying into the colon.

ileocecal

p.6
Nervous System Control of GI Functions

The ___ plexus primarily regulates GI blood flow and epithelial cell function.

submucosal

p.16
Nervous System Control of GI Functions

The vomiting reflex involves signals to/from the vomiting center in the ___.

brainstem

p.11
Nervous System Control of GI Functions

The Myenteric (Auerbach’s) Plexus primarily controls ___ in the GI tract.

GI movements

p.35
Salivary Secretion and Its Components

The primary secretion in the acinus is ___ to plasma.

isotonic

p.14
Nervous System Control of GI Functions

The submucosal plexus primarily regulates ___ and ___ in the GI tract.

secretions, blood flow

p.24
Immune Function in the GI Tract

___ cells are a type of white blood cell found in the GALT.

B

p.24
Immune Function in the GI Tract

Intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) are part of the ___ system in the gut.

immune

p.10
Nervous System Control of GI Functions

The parasympathetic division's cranial division involves the ___ nerve.

vagus

p.30
Esophageal Motility and Peristalsis

During the pharyngeal stage, the pharynx and ___ are elevated.

larynx

p.14
Nervous System Control of GI Functions

The submucosal plexus receives sensory information from the ___ of the gut.

lumen

p.35
Salivary Secretion and Its Components

In the modification of saliva, ___ is passively secreted.

HCO3

p.39
Salivary Secretion and Its Components

Primary secretion of saliva is ___ to plasma and occurs in the ___.

isotonic, acini

p.39
Salivary Secretion and Its Components

During maximal salivation, there is less time for ductal cells to reabsorb ___ and ___, so their concentration increases.

sodium, chloride

p.33
Salivary Secretion and Its Components

The submandibular gland accounts for ___% of salivary secretion and produces ___ glands.

70, mixed

p.37
Salivary Secretion and Its Components

Potassium is secreted by the ___ exchange, which is active.

H+/K+

p.76
Components of the Gastrointestinal Tract

The ___ is the main body of the stomach.

Corpus

p.18
Hormonal Regulation in the GI Tract

Cholecystokinin (CCK) is released by intestinal mucosal cells (I cells) in response to ___.

fats

p.33
Salivary Secretion and Its Components

Salivary glands secrete ___, which helps in lubricating food.

mucus

p.73
Gastric Motility and Emptying

Phase I of the Migrating Motor Complex is known as the ___ period.

quiescent

p.30
Esophageal Motility and Peristalsis

During the voluntary stage of swallowing, the bolus of food is voluntarily pushed to the ___ and ___ palate.

hard, soft

p.2
Components of the Gastrointestinal Tract

The ___ connects the mouth to the stomach.

esophagus

p.24
Immune Function in the GI Tract

___ cells in the mucosa release histamine and other chemicals during an immune response.

Mast

p.18
Hormonal Regulation in the GI Tract

Gastrin is released by G-cells in the ___ of the stomach.

antrum

p.10
Nervous System Control of GI Functions

Excitation of the vagus nerve causes an ___ in motility and secretions in the gut.

increase

p.12
Nervous System Control of GI Functions

___ cells act as pacemaker cells in the GI tract.

ICC (Interstitial Cells of Cajal)

p.18
Hormonal Regulation in the GI Tract

Motilin is released by M cells of the intestinal mucosa and is involved in the ___.

migrating motor complex

p.69
Gastric Motility and Emptying

Distention of the stomach and the hormone ___ increase gastric motility.

gastrin

p.2
Components of the Gastrointestinal Tract

The ___ of ___ is a muscular valve that controls the flow of digestive juices from the pancreas and gallbladder into the duodenum.

Sphincter of Oddi

p.29
Nervous System Control of GI Functions

The swallowing center is located in the ___ and ___.

pons, medulla

p.29
Nervous System Control of GI Functions

Afferent input to the swallowing center comes from the ___, ___, and ___ cranial nerves.

5th (trigeminal), 9th (glossopharyngeal), 10th (vagus)

p.73
Gastric Motility and Emptying

The Migrating Motor Complex moves debris from the stomach/small intestine through the ___ valve and into the colon.

ileocecal

p.69
Gastric Motility and Emptying

The stomach can store ___ to ___ liters of content.

1, 1.5

p.35
Salivary Secretion and Its Components

___ cells modify saliva by absorbing Na and Cl, and secreting K and HCO3.

Ductal

p.14
Nervous System Control of GI Functions

The submucosal plexus is located in the ___ layer of the GI tract.

submucosal

p.12
Components of the Gastrointestinal Tract

The ___ muscle layer is located inside the longitudinal muscle layer in the GI tract.

circular

p.35
Salivary Secretion and Its Components

In the modification of saliva, ___ is actively absorbed.

Na

p.39
Salivary Secretion and Its Components

Taste, tactile stimuli, smell (cephalic), and ___ are stimulatory for salivary secretion.

nausea

p.69
Gastric Motility and Emptying

The ___ pump is involved in the emptying of the stomach.

Pyloric

p.73
Gastric Motility and Emptying

Prokinetic drugs like erythromycin can disrupt small intestine motility and cause ___.

nausea

p.39
Salivary Secretion and Its Components

As salivary secretion increases, its tonicity increases but remains ___ to plasma.

hypotonic

p.11
Nervous System Control of GI Functions

A single neuron in the Enteric Nervous System can release more than one ___.

mediator

p.29
Nervous System Control of GI Functions

One of the goals of the swallowing reflex is to ensure no food enters the ___.

nose

p.12
Nervous System Control of GI Functions

The neurotransmitter ___ is associated with excitatory signals in the GI tract.

Ach (acetylcholine)

p.2
Components of the Gastrointestinal Tract

The ___ and ___ are parts of the small intestine following the stomach.

duodenum, jejunum

p.39
Salivary Secretion and Its Components

Dehydration, fear, and ___ are inhibitory for salivary secretion.

sleep

p.24
Immune Function in the GI Tract

The ___ limb of the immune response involves the activation and mobilization of immune cells.

afferent

p.2
Components of the Gastrointestinal Tract

The ___ are solid organs that produce saliva.

salivary glands

p.69
Gastric Motility and Emptying

Distention of the duodenum and the presence of acid (___), fat (___), and carbohydrates (___) inhibit gastric emptying.

secretin, CCK, GIP

p.10
Nervous System Control of GI Functions

The pelvic nerves originate in the ___, ___, and ___ sacral segments of the spinal cord.

2nd, 3rd, 4th

p.34
Salivary Secretion and Its Components

Saliva contains inorganic ions such as ___, ___, ___, ___, and ___.

sodium, chloride, bicarbonate, calcium, potassium

p.14
Nervous System Control of GI Functions

The submucosal plexus interacts with ___ cells and ___ cells in the GI tract.

absorptive, crypt

p.18
Hormonal Regulation in the GI Tract

Gastrin stimulates the parietal cells in the body of the stomach to secrete ___.

HCL

p.24
Immune Function in the GI Tract

___ cells are specialized for transporting antigens to immune cells in the GALT.

M

p.30
Esophageal Motility and Peristalsis

Primary and secondary peristaltic waves occur during the ___ stage of swallowing.

esophageal

p.2
Components of the Gastrointestinal Tract

The ___ is a solid organ that produces digestive enzymes and hormones.

pancreas

p.39
Salivary Secretion and Its Components

Damage to the parasympathetic nerves causes ___ of the salivary gland.

atrophy

p.34
Salivary Secretion and Its Components

Organic components of saliva include ___, ___, ___, ___, and ___.

mucin, amylase, lipase, EGF, blood group antigens

p.14
Nervous System Control of GI Functions

The submucosal plexus is in a constant state of ___ due to mechanoreceptors.

agitation

p.30
Esophageal Motility and Peristalsis

Secondary peristaltic waves are inherent to ___ muscle.

smooth

p.30
Esophageal Motility and Peristalsis

Contraction of pharyngeal muscles forces the bolus through the pharynx and enlarges the ___.

esophagus

p.30
Esophageal Motility and Peristalsis

The vestibular and vocal folds expand to close the ___, acting as a sphincter to the trachea.

larynx

p.30
Esophageal Motility and Peristalsis

The ___ closes off the trachea during the pharyngeal stage of swallowing.

epiglottis

p.10
Nervous System Control of GI Functions

The sacral division of the parasympathetic system involves the ___ nerves.

pelvic (pudendal)

p.30
Esophageal Motility and Peristalsis

Peristaltic waves are primarily a ___ event, not gravity.

muscular

p.10
Nervous System Control of GI Functions

The pelvic nerves function in the ___ reflex.

defecation

p.24
Immune Function in the GI Tract

The ___ limb of the immune response involves the action of immune cells to eliminate antigens.

efferent

p.10
Nervous System Control of GI Functions

The pelvic nerves innervate the descending colon, ___ colon, rectum, and anal regions.

sigmoid

p.30
Esophageal Motility and Peristalsis

As the peristaltic wave moves towards the stomach, there is a reflex opening of the ___.

LES (Lower Esophageal Sphincter)

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