Encoding.
Interference, decay, and retrieval failure.
Encoding, Storage, and Retrieval.
It describes how the order of encoding affects retrieval, showing better recall for information at the start and end of a list.
How information is maintained in memory.
Unlimited capacity; information lasts indefinitely.
Different memory types have distinct functions, durations, and capacities.
The case of Clive Wearing.
A U-shaped retrieval curve.
Shallow (structural), Intermediate (phonemic), and Deep (semantic).
Retrieval failure, interference, and decay.
Retrieval.
Benzodiazepines and anaesthetics.
Encephalitis.
Encoding.
A type of memory that preserves auditory, tactile, or visual information momentarily.
20 - 30 seconds.
It is how information is recovered from memory.
Alzheimer's disease, amnesia, and dementia.
Unrelated events.
The sound of the information.
Procedural memory.
Half a grade in exams.
Connectedness increases recall by relating new information to existing knowledge.
STM is viewed as 'Working Memory', which is more than just a rehearsal buffer.
To understand how memory processes work.
It is the most influential theory of memory storage, consisting of three separate stores: Sensory Memory, Short-Term Memory (STM), and Long-Term Memory (LTM).
Rehearsal, such as verbal repetition, extends the duration.
Information retrieved is not an exact replica.
Brain injury.
It impedes memory formation.
Meaningfulness increases recall.
Situational factors such as stress and distraction.
Retrieval is often best when the context is similar to the encoding context.
Approximately 50%.
Encoding, storage, and retrieval.
Information may not be properly encoded into memory.
Encoding.
Attention.
It aids in encoding information into memory.
When new information interferes with the recall of old information.
When new information impairs the retention of old information.
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT).
By the duration of anterograde amnesia (mild, moderate, or severe).
Recent memories are more likely to be lost.
Recognition involves selecting from an array of options.
The effort saved the second time indicates the extent of learning the first time.
By relating new information to what patients already know, enhancing recall.
It includes processes for manipulating and managing information, not just holding it.
New information or interference.
Because it is stored in Long-Term Memory (LTM).
Because it is still in Working Memory (WM).
Partial or total memory loss.
It is intact at first but shows increased sensitivity to distraction.
The fading of memory over time due to decay in physiological mechanisms.
Ebbinghaus (1885).
When old information interferes with the retention of new information.
The Irish study on false memories for fake news.
Lack of stimulation.
Deficits in consolidation from short-term to long-term memory.
Reminiscence therapy.
Milliseconds or seconds, depending on stimulus type.
No, Clive Wearing had significant impairments in his working memory.
Information may decay or become inaccessible over time.
Sensory Memory, Short-Term Memory (STM), and Long-Term Memory (LTM).
No, they are not anatomical structures.
The computer is used as a metaphor for understanding memory storage.
Most forgetting occurs immediately after memorization.
The gradual loss of memory over time.
By encouraging deeper encoding strategies for better retention.
The inability to access information, often exemplified by the 'tip-of-the-tongue' phenomenon.
Loftus & Palmer.
Whether certain memories are permanent.
Because it ensures that patients remember important information regarding their treatment.
About 20 seconds.
7 ± 2 units of information.
It led to the development of information processing models.
Just enough time to recognize and direct attention.
An 'echo' rather than a store, such as a visual 'after-image'.
It is lost.
Difficulty in accessing stored information can lead to forgetting.
No, he was unable to form sensory memories due to his condition.
When old information interferes with the recall of new information.
A reason for forgetting where information cannot be accessed.
Inability to remember events that happened prior to onset; often due to retrieval failure.
Forgetting names.
When misleading information affects memory recall.
The meaning of the information.
Through misleading question wording.
It can lead to inaccurate recollections.
A combination of retrograde and anterograde amnesia, where the period of retrograde shrinks and the period of anterograde determines the classification of head injury.
Korsakoff's Syndrome.
Episodic memory.
Clive Wearing had both retrograde and anterograde amnesia.
Recall, which involves no cues.
Unlimited capacity and indefinite duration.
Alzheimer's disease.
Explain rationales, give specific examples, and use visual aids.
Combining stored information with other available information.
No, it is not normal aging.
It is not always age-related; other factors can contribute.
Deeper levels of encoding result in longer lasting memory codes and better recall.
It focuses on the physical appearance of information.
Through the storage process.
Declarative memory.
Several years before diagnosis.
The importance of encoding depth in memory retention.
The tendency to remember the first and last items presented in a sequence.
They help trigger memory retrieval, such as diagrams or written instructions.
Information not encoded properly due to lack of attention, leading to pseudo-forgetting.
When new information disrupts the recall of old information.
Inability to take in new factual information or remember day-to-day events; often due to consolidation failure.
Difficulty with language and recall of conceptual information, such as a clock.
By using deeper encoding methods to enhance memory recall.
Hints or reinstating context cues that aid in recall.
The process where people bury unpleasant, painful, or embarrassing memories deep in the unconscious mind, known as repression.
The impact of memory system organization and affected memory stores.
Knowing the capital of France.
Forgetfulness, such as missed appointments.
Riding a bicycle.
By repeating key information to promote rehearsal and making it meaningful.
Decay, interference, and retrieval failure.
Avoid presenting too much information at once; chunk it into explicit categories.
Severe emotional trauma.
Psychotic symptoms.
