p.1
Primary Health Care (PHC) Definition and Concepts
What is the definition of Primary Health Care (PHC)?
A) Specialized medical treatment
B) Emergency medical services
C) Essential health care based on practical, scientifically sound, and socially acceptable methods
D) Cosmetic surgery
E) Alternative medicine
C) Essential health care based on practical, scientifically sound, and socially acceptable methods
Explanation: Primary Health Care (PHC) is defined as essential health care that is based on practical, scientifically sound, and socially acceptable methods, making it accessible and affordable for all individuals.
p.4
Primary Health Care (PHC) Definition and Concepts
What is the primary source for the definition and concepts of Primary Health Care (PHC) in this lecture?
A) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
B) World Health Organization (WHO)
C) United Nations (UN)
D) Red Cross
E) National Institutes of Health (NIH)
B) World Health Organization (WHO)
Explanation: The lecture's definition and concepts of Primary Health Care (PHC) are based on the publications of the World Health Organization (WHO).
p.23
Equitable Distribution of Health Services
What percentage of the population is spending more than 10% of their household budget on health spending?
A) 5%
B) 10%
C) 13.5%
D) 20%
E) 25%
C) 13.5%
Explanation: According to the provided content, 13.5% of the population is spending more than 10% of their household budget on health spending, highlighting the financial burden of health services.
p.23
Equitable Distribution of Health Services
What is the trend in health service spending?
A) Decreasing
B) Stable
C) Increasing
D) Fluctuating
E) Unchanged
C) Increasing
Explanation: The content mentions that people are spending more and more on health services, indicating an increasing trend in health service spending.
p.9
Development of Primary Health Concepts
Which conference endorsed a new declaration emphasizing the critical role of primary health care in 2018?
A) The Global Conference on Climate Change
B) The Global Conference on Economic Development
C) The Global Conference on Primary Health Care in Astana
D) The Global Conference on Technology
E) The Global Conference on Education
C) The Global Conference on Primary Health Care in Astana
Explanation: The Global Conference on Primary Health Care held in Astana, Kazakhstan in October 2018 endorsed a new declaration emphasizing the critical role of primary health care globally.
p.22
Equitable Distribution of Health Services
What does equitable distribution in health care mean?
A) Health services are only available to those who can pay
B) Health services are shared equally by all people irrespective of their ability to pay
C) Health services are only available in urban areas
D) Health services are provided based on social status
E) Health services are only available to government employees
B) Health services are shared equally by all people irrespective of their ability to pay
Explanation: Equitable distribution in health care ensures that health services are shared equally by all people, regardless of their ability to pay, aiming to prevent social injustice.
p.24
Universal Health Coverage (UHC)
What is a potential issue with health financing that needs to be addressed?
A) The quality of medical education
B) Financial risks associated with health spending
C) The number of medical schools
D) The type of health insurance provided
E) The availability of alternative medicine
B) Financial risks associated with health spending
Explanation: One of the critical issues in health financing is managing and mitigating financial risks to ensure sustainable and effective health service delivery.
p.11
Primary Health Care (PHC) Definition and Concepts
What are the key messages from the Alma-Ata Conference regarding Primary Health Care (PHC)?
A) It should be based on the economic, sociocultural, and political characteristics of the country and its communities
B) It should ignore the sociocultural aspects of the community
C) It should only focus on curative services
D) It should exclude public health experience
E) It should not consider biomedical research
A) It should be based on the economic, sociocultural, and political characteristics of the country and its communities
Explanation: The Alma-Ata Conference emphasized that PHC should be tailored to the economic, sociocultural, and political characteristics of the country and its communities to be effective.
p.3
Levels of Health Care System
Which level of health care system deals with more complex health conditions?
A) Primary
B) Secondary
C) Tertiary
D) Quaternary
E) Basic
B) Secondary
Explanation: The secondary level of health care system deals with more complex health conditions and often involves curative treatments provided in regional hospitals.
p.2
Primary Health Care (PHC) Definition and Concepts
Which aspect is NOT mentioned as part of the course's aim?
A) Primary health care
B) Social health models
C) Community development
D) Emergency medical procedures
E) Occupational therapy
D) Emergency medical procedures
Explanation: The course aims to cover primary health care, social health models, community development, and occupational therapy, but does not mention emergency medical procedures.
p.13
Principles of Primary Health Care
What should primary health care be sustained by?
A) Isolated health systems
B) Integrated, functional, and mutually supportive referral systems
C) Only local health centers
D) Private hospitals
E) International health organizations
B) Integrated, functional, and mutually supportive referral systems
Explanation: Primary health care should be sustained by integrated, functional, and mutually supportive referral systems to progressively improve comprehensive health care for all, prioritizing those most in need.
p.27
Community Participation in Health Care
Is Hong Kong moving towards increased community participation in health care?
A) Yes
B) No
C) Uncertain
D) Only in certain areas
E) Not mentioned
E) Not mentioned
Explanation: The text does not provide specific information about whether Hong Kong is moving towards increased community participation in health care.
p.30
Primary Health Care (PHC) Definition and Concepts
What will be discussed in later lectures and tutorials according to the text?
A) Economic growth in Hong Kong
B) The effectiveness of Hong Kong's Primary Health Care system
C) The history of Hong Kong's education system
D) Environmental issues in Hong Kong
E) Technological advancements in Hong Kong
B) The effectiveness of Hong Kong's Primary Health Care system
Explanation: The text explicitly states that the effectiveness and quality of the Primary Health Care system in Hong Kong will be the subject of future discussions.
p.28
Person-Centered Services in Health Care
Which of the following is NOT a type of service provision mentioned?
A) Health promotion
B) Prevention
C) Diagnosis
D) Treatment
E) Rehabilitation
C) Diagnosis
Explanation: The text lists health promotion, prevention, treatment, rehabilitation, and palliative care as types of service provision, but does not mention diagnosis.
p.28
Person-Centered Services in Health Care
Which health condition category includes diseases that can be spread from person to person?
A) Non-communicable diseases
B) Chronic diseases
C) Communicable diseases
D) Genetic disorders
E) Mental health conditions
C) Communicable diseases
Explanation: Communicable diseases are those that can be transmitted from one person to another, distinguishing them from non-communicable diseases, which are not infectious.
p.2
Primary Health Care (PHC) Definition and Concepts
What is the primary aim of the course described?
A) To teach advanced surgical techniques
B) To describe and design occupational therapy practices embedding primary health care
C) To focus on pharmaceutical drug development
D) To study the history of medicine
E) To train in emergency medical procedures
B) To describe and design occupational therapy practices embedding primary health care
Explanation: The course aims to enable students to describe and design occupational therapy practices that incorporate primary health care, social health models, and principles of community development.
p.3
Levels of Health Care System
What type of health care facilities are typically associated with the tertiary level?
A) Community health centers
B) General clinics
C) Teaching hospitals
D) Regional clinics
E) Outpatient clinics
C) Teaching hospitals
Explanation: The tertiary level of health care is associated with highly specialized health workers and services, typically provided in teaching hospitals or specialized hospital services.
p.21
Principles of Primary Health Care
How does the use of technology contribute to the principles of PHC?
A) By replacing human health care providers
B) By making health care more expensive
C) By improving access to and quality of health services
D) By focusing only on urban areas
E) By reducing the need for community participation
C) By improving access to and quality of health services
Explanation: The use of technology in PHC contributes by enhancing access to and the quality of health services, making care more efficient and effective.
p.13
Person-Centered Services in Health Care
Who are included in the health team at local and referral levels in primary health care?
A) Only physicians
B) Only nurses
C) Health workers including physicians, nurses, midwives, auxiliaries, community workers, and traditional practitioners
D) Only midwives
E) Only traditional practitioners
C) Health workers including physicians, nurses, midwives, auxiliaries, community workers, and traditional practitioners
Explanation: The health team at local and referral levels in primary health care includes a variety of health workers such as physicians, nurses, midwives, auxiliaries, community workers, and traditional practitioners, all suitably trained to respond to the community's health needs.
p.24
Universal Health Coverage (UHC)
What is a key concern regarding government spending on health services?
A) The amount of money spent
B) The number of hospitals built
C) Whether it is responding to health needs
D) The salaries of health workers
E) The type of medical equipment purchased
C) Whether it is responding to health needs
Explanation: A primary concern is whether the government spending on health services is effectively addressing the actual health needs of the population.
p.8
Primary Health Care (PHC) Definition and Concepts
What is one of the main benefits of Primary Health Care (PHC)?
A) It is the most expensive approach
B) It focuses only on physical health
C) It enhances people's physical and mental health, as well as social well-being
D) It is exclusive and inequitable
E) It ignores mental health
C) It enhances people's physical and mental health, as well as social well-being
Explanation: PHC is described as the most inclusive, equitable, cost-effective, and efficient approach to enhancing people's physical and mental health, as well as social well-being.
p.28
Person-Centered Services in Health Care
Which age group is NOT specifically mentioned as part of the comprehensive services throughout the lifespan?
A) Infants
B) Adolescents
C) Middle-aged adults
D) Elderly
E) Children
C) Middle-aged adults
Explanation: The text specifically mentions infants, children, adolescents, adult men and women, and the elderly, but does not explicitly mention middle-aged adults as a separate category.
p.7
Universal Health Coverage (UHC)
What is the risk for over 1 billion people worldwide due to out-of-pocket health spending?
A) Improved health outcomes
B) Falling into poverty
C) Increased savings
D) Higher employment rates
E) Better education opportunities
B) Falling into poverty
Explanation: Over 1 billion people worldwide are at risk of falling into poverty due to out-of-pocket health spending of 10% or more of their household budget.
p.21
Principles of Primary Health Care
Which principle of Primary Health Care (PHC) focuses on ensuring that health services are accessible to all individuals regardless of their socioeconomic status?
A) Person-centered services
B) Community participation
C) Equitable distribution
D) Use of technology
E) Comprehensive services
C) Equitable distribution
Explanation: Equitable distribution in PHC aims to ensure that health services are accessible to all individuals, regardless of their socioeconomic status, thereby reducing health disparities.
p.7
Universal Health Coverage (UHC)
What percentage of household budget spent on health care puts people at risk of falling into poverty?
A) 5%
B) 7%
C) 10%
D) 15%
E) 20%
C) 10%
Explanation: Spending 10% or more of their household budget on health care puts people at risk of falling into poverty.
p.21
Community Participation in Health Care
Which principle of PHC involves the active involvement of the community in planning and implementing health services?
A) Equitable distribution
B) Person-centered services
C) Community participation
D) Use of technology
E) Comprehensive services
C) Community participation
Explanation: Community participation in PHC involves the active involvement of community members in planning, decision-making, and implementing health services, ensuring that the services meet the community's needs.
p.4
Primary Health Care (PHC) Definition and Concepts
Which organization provides the foundational publications for the concepts of Primary Health Care (PHC) discussed in this lecture?
A) World Bank
B) World Health Organization (WHO)
C) International Monetary Fund (IMF)
D) United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
E) Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
B) World Health Organization (WHO)
Explanation: The World Health Organization (WHO) is the organization that provides the foundational publications for the concepts of Primary Health Care (PHC) discussed in this lecture.
p.5
Primary Health Care (PHC) Definition and Concepts
What approach does primary health care (PHC) use to organize and strengthen national health systems?
A) A technology-focused approach
B) A whole-of-society approach
C) A government-only approach
D) A private sector approach
E) An individual-focused approach
B) A whole-of-society approach
Explanation: Primary health care (PHC) uses a whole-of-society approach to effectively organize and strengthen national health systems, bringing services for health and wellbeing closer to communities.
p.1
Importance of Primary Health Care Globally
Why is Primary Health Care important globally?
A) It focuses on luxury health services
B) It only benefits developed countries
C) It addresses the majority of a person's health needs throughout their lifetime
D) It is only concerned with infectious diseases
E) It is primarily for cosmetic purposes
C) It addresses the majority of a person's health needs throughout their lifetime
Explanation: Primary Health Care is important globally because it addresses the majority of a person's health needs throughout their lifetime, including physical, mental, and social well-being.
p.21
Person-Centered Services in Health Care
What does the principle of person-centered services in PHC emphasize?
A) Providing the same treatment to everyone
B) Focusing on the needs and preferences of individuals
C) Using the latest technology in health care
D) Ensuring community participation in health care decisions
E) Offering comprehensive services throughout life
B) Focusing on the needs and preferences of individuals
Explanation: Person-centered services in PHC emphasize tailoring health care to the specific needs and preferences of individuals, ensuring that care is respectful and responsive to each person.
p.2
Principles of Primary Health Care
What principles are students expected to embed in occupational therapy practices according to the course?
A) Pharmaceutical principles
B) Community development principles
C) Financial management principles
D) Legal principles
E) Marketing principles
B) Community development principles
Explanation: Students are expected to embed community development principles in occupational therapy practices, along with primary health care and social health models.
p.13
Community Participation in Health Care
What is required to promote maximum community and individual self-reliance in primary health care?
A) Government funding
B) External aid
C) Appropriate education
D) Advanced technology
E) Private sector involvement
C) Appropriate education
Explanation: Appropriate education is essential to develop the ability of communities to participate in and promote maximum community and individual self-reliance in primary health care.
p.22
Equitable Distribution of Health Services
Who should have access to health services according to the principle of equitable distribution?
A) Only those who can afford to pay
B) Only people living in urban areas
C) Only government employees
D) All people, irrespective of their ability to pay
E) Only those with private insurance
D) All people, irrespective of their ability to pay
Explanation: According to the principle of equitable distribution, all people should have access to health services, irrespective of their ability to pay, ensuring fairness and equality in health care.
p.15
Universal Health Coverage (UHC)
What is essential for the effective implementation of Universal Health Coverage (UHC) at all levels of the health system?
A) Advanced medical technology
B) Health and care workers with an optimal skills mix
C) High patient fees
D) Limited healthcare facilities
E) Private health insurance
B) Health and care workers with an optimal skills mix
Explanation: For effective implementation of UHC, it is essential to have health and care workers with an optimal skills mix at all levels of the health system to provide comprehensive and quality care.
p.23
Equitable Distribution of Health Services
Which group is most vulnerable to high health spending?
A) The elderly
B) The wealthy
C) The poor
D) Children
E) Teenagers
C) The poor
Explanation: The content specifies that the poor are the most vulnerable to high health spending, indicating that they are disproportionately affected by the costs of health services.
p.11
Principles of Primary Health Care
What is the significance of addressing the main health problems in the community in PHC?
A) It ensures the community remains dependent on external aid
B) It provides a holistic approach to health care
C) It focuses only on individual health
D) It ignores preventive measures
E) It focuses only on urban areas
B) It provides a holistic approach to health care
Explanation: Addressing the main health problems in the community ensures that PHC provides a holistic approach, encompassing promotive, preventive, curative, and rehabilitative services.
p.7
Importance of Primary Health Care Globally
By how many years could average life expectancy increase by 2030 with scaled-up PHC interventions in low and middle-income countries?
A) 1.5 years
B) 2.3 years
C) 3.7 years
D) 4.5 years
E) 5.2 years
C) 3.7 years
Explanation: Scaling up primary health care (PHC) interventions could increase average life expectancy by 3.7 years by 2030.
p.28
Person-Centered Services in Health Care
Which of the following is NOT a stage of the lifespan mentioned in the text?
A) Infants
B) Adolescents
C) Young adults
D) Elderly
E) Children
C) Young adults
Explanation: The text mentions infants, children, adolescents, adult men and women, and the elderly, but does not specifically mention young adults as a separate stage.
p.2
Primary Health Care (PHC) Definition and Concepts
Which of the following is NOT a focus of the course?
A) Primary health care
B) Social health models
C) Community development principles
D) Advanced surgical techniques
E) Occupational therapy practices
D) Advanced surgical techniques
Explanation: The course focuses on primary health care, social health models, community development principles, and occupational therapy practices, but not on advanced surgical techniques.
p.21
Principles of Primary Health Care
What is the goal of providing comprehensive services in PHC?
A) To focus on a single health issue
B) To meet different health needs throughout an individual's life
C) To use only traditional methods of treatment
D) To limit services to emergency care
E) To reduce the use of technology in health care
B) To meet different health needs throughout an individual's life
Explanation: Comprehensive services in PHC aim to address a wide range of health needs throughout an individual's life, ensuring continuity and comprehensiveness of care.
p.2
Primary Health Care (PHC) Definition and Concepts
What type of models are integrated into occupational therapy practices in the course?
A) Economic models
B) Social health models
C) Environmental models
D) Political models
E) Technological models
B) Social health models
Explanation: The course integrates social health models into occupational therapy practices, alongside primary health care and community development principles.
p.15
Universal Health Coverage (UHC)
What is an important indicator for measuring Universal Health Coverage (UHC)?
A) Number of hospitals
B) Coverage of essential health services
C) Number of doctors
D) Number of medical schools
E) Number of health campaigns
B) Coverage of essential health services
Explanation: Coverage of essential health services is a key indicator for measuring UHC, reflecting the extent to which people receive the health services they need.
p.26
Person-Centered Services in Health Care
What does a holistic approach in person-centered services NOT focus on?
A) Individual experiences
B) Environmental issues
C) Only medical diagnosis
D) Social factors
E) Physical health needs
C) Only medical diagnosis
Explanation: A holistic approach in person-centered services does not focus solely on the medical diagnosis but also considers individual experiences, environmental issues, social factors, and physical health needs.
p.16
Universal Health Coverage (UHC)
What does the Universal Health Coverage (UHC) index measure?
A) Economic growth
B) Political stability
C) Average coverage of essential health services
D) Education levels
E) Technological advancements
C) Average coverage of essential health services
Explanation: The Universal Health Coverage (UHC) index measures the average coverage of essential health services, which includes categories such as RMNCH, infectious diseases, NCDs, and service capacity and access.
p.19
Primary Health Care (PHC) Definition and Concepts
How does primary health care empower individuals, families, and communities?
A) By providing only curative services
B) By focusing solely on economic factors
C) By optimizing health, promoting and protecting health and well-being
D) By ignoring social determinants of health
E) By providing only palliative care
C) By optimizing health, promoting and protecting health and well-being
Explanation: Primary health care empowers individuals, families, and communities to optimize their health, promote and protect health and well-being.
p.30
Primary Health Care (PHC) Definition and Concepts
What is the primary focus of the lecture and tutorials mentioned in the text?
A) The history of Hong Kong
B) The quality of the Primary Health Care system in Hong Kong
C) Economic policies in Hong Kong
D) Tourism in Hong Kong
E) Education system in Hong Kong
B) The quality of the Primary Health Care system in Hong Kong
Explanation: The text indicates that the discussion will focus on whether Hong Kong has a good Primary Health Care system, which will be explored further in lectures and tutorials.
p.5
Primary Health Care (PHC) Definition and Concepts
What is the fundamental premise of primary health care (PHC) according to the World Health Organization (WHO)?
A) Only certain people have the right to health
B) Health services should be expensive
C) All people, everywhere, have the right to achieve the highest attainable level of health
D) Health care should be limited to urban areas
E) Only advanced medical treatments are important
C) All people, everywhere, have the right to achieve the highest attainable level of health
Explanation: According to the WHO, the fundamental premise of primary health care (PHC) is that all people, everywhere, have the right to achieve the highest attainable level of health.
p.8
Principles of Primary Health Care
Why is PHC critical in situations of crisis?
A) It is not useful in crises
B) It makes health systems less resilient
C) It makes health systems more resilient, proactive in detecting early signs of epidemics, and prepared to respond to surges in demand
D) It only focuses on routine health care
E) It delays response to health crises
C) It makes health systems more resilient, proactive in detecting early signs of epidemics, and prepared to respond to surges in demand
Explanation: PHC is critical for making health systems more resilient to crises, proactive in detecting early signs of epidemics, and prepared to act early in response to surges in demand for services.
p.7
Importance of Primary Health Care Globally
How many lives could be saved by scaling up primary health care (PHC) interventions across low and middle-income countries?
A) 10 million
B) 20 million
C) 40 million
D) 60 million
E) 80 million
D) 60 million
Explanation: Scaling up primary health care (PHC) interventions across low and middle-income countries could save 60 million lives by 2030.
p.1
Principles of Primary Health Care
Which of the following is NOT a principle of Primary Health Care?
A) Equitable distribution of health services
B) Community participation
C) Person-centered services
D) Focus on specialized medical treatments
E) Intersectoral coordination
D) Focus on specialized medical treatments
Explanation: Primary Health Care principles include equitable distribution of health services, community participation, person-centered services, and intersectoral coordination, but not a focus on specialized medical treatments.
p.13
Principles of Primary Health Care
What does the coordinated effort in primary health care involve?
A) Only the health sector
B) Only the education sector
C) All related sectors
D) Only the government sector
E) Only the private sector
C) All related sectors
Explanation: Primary health care involves the coordinated efforts of all related sectors, not just the health sector, to ensure comprehensive and effective health care.
p.15
Universal Health Coverage (UHC)
What range of services does Universal Health Coverage (UHC) include?
A) Only emergency services
B) Only preventive services
C) The full continuum of essential health services, from health promotion to palliative care
D) Only treatment services
E) Only rehabilitation services
C) The full continuum of essential health services, from health promotion to palliative care
Explanation: UHC covers the full continuum of essential health services, including health promotion, prevention, treatment, rehabilitation, and palliative care across the life course.
p.27
Community Participation in Health Care
How can community members contribute to health policies and interventions?
A) By ignoring health issues
B) By advocating for health policies and interventions
C) By avoiding involvement in health care
D) By relying solely on government decisions
E) By focusing only on personal health
B) By advocating for health policies and interventions
Explanation: Community members can contribute by advocating for health policies and interventions, which helps in shaping effective and inclusive health care systems.
p.26
Person-Centered Services in Health Care
Why is it important to respect individual preferences in person-centered services?
A) It ensures quicker medical treatment
B) It aligns with a holistic approach to care
C) It simplifies the healthcare process
D) It reduces the cost of healthcare
E) It standardizes treatment protocols
B) It aligns with a holistic approach to care
Explanation: Respecting individual preferences is crucial in person-centered services because it aligns with a holistic approach, which considers all aspects of a person's life, including their preferences and experiences.
p.6
Importance of Primary Health Care Globally
How does primary health care support community health?
A) By isolating health services from the community
B) By focusing solely on individual treatments
C) By involving community participation and addressing local health needs
D) By ignoring community-specific health issues
E) By providing services only in hospitals
C) By involving community participation and addressing local health needs
Explanation: Primary health care supports community health by involving community participation and addressing local health needs, ensuring that health services are relevant and effective for the community.
p.14
Universal Health Coverage (UHC)
How does Universal Health Coverage (UHC) contribute to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)?
A) By focusing solely on economic growth
B) By ensuring equitable access to healthcare services
C) By reducing the number of healthcare workers
D) By limiting healthcare services to urban areas
E) By increasing healthcare costs
B) By ensuring equitable access to healthcare services
Explanation: Universal Health Coverage (UHC) contributes to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by ensuring equitable access to healthcare services, which supports the overall health and well-being of populations and helps achieve multiple SDGs.
p.24
Universal Health Coverage (UHC)
What is an important aspect of evaluating health funding?
A) The number of patients treated
B) The efficiency and equity of the funding
C) The type of diseases treated
D) The number of doctors employed
E) The cost of medical supplies
B) The efficiency and equity of the funding
Explanation: It is crucial to assess whether health funding is being used efficiently and equitably to ensure that all segments of the population benefit from health services.
p.8
Importance of Primary Health Care Globally
How do investments in PHC impact health systems?
A) They decrease accountability
B) They reduce health care performance
C) They improve equity and access, health care performance, and accountability
D) They make health outcomes worse
E) They have no impact on health systems
C) They improve equity and access, health care performance, and accountability
Explanation: Investments in PHC improve equity and access, health care performance, accountability of health systems, and health outcomes.
p.11
Development of Primary Health Concepts
What should Primary Health Care (PHC) be based on according to the Alma-Ata Conference?
A) Only traditional medicine
B) Only modern technology
C) The application of relevant results of social, biomedical, and health services research and public health experience
D) Only economic factors
E) Only political decisions
C) The application of relevant results of social, biomedical, and health services research and public health experience
Explanation: The Alma-Ata Conference stressed that PHC should be based on the application of relevant results from social, biomedical, and health services research, as well as public health experience.
p.9
Development of Primary Health Concepts
What was the primary purpose of the International Conference on Primary Health Care in Alma-Ata?
A) To discuss economic policies
B) To promote global trade
C) To protect and promote the health of all people
D) To address climate change
E) To establish new political alliances
C) To protect and promote the health of all people
Explanation: The conference emphasized the need for urgent action by all governments, health and development workers, and the global community to protect and promote the health of all people.
p.1
Community Participation in Health Care
How does community participation enhance Primary Health Care?
A) By reducing the number of health workers
B) By excluding local knowledge and preferences
C) By involving community members in decision-making and health initiatives
D) By focusing solely on government policies
E) By limiting health services to urban areas
C) By involving community members in decision-making and health initiatives
Explanation: Community participation enhances Primary Health Care by involving community members in decision-making and health initiatives, ensuring that health services are tailored to the specific needs and preferences of the community.
p.27
Community Participation in Health Care
Why is community participation important in the development of Primary Health Care (PHC)?
A) It reduces government expenditure
B) It ensures people are willing to participate
C) It eliminates the need for healthcare professionals
D) It increases the complexity of health policies
E) It focuses solely on individual health
B) It ensures people are willing to participate
Explanation: Involving people during the development of PHC is important because it ensures that they are willing to participate, which is crucial for the success of health policies and interventions.
p.15
Universal Health Coverage (UHC)
How does Universal Health Coverage (UHC) help protect people from financial hardship?
A) By providing free health insurance
B) By reducing the cost of medications
C) By protecting people from the financial consequences of paying for health services out of their own pockets
D) By offering discounts on health services
E) By limiting the number of health services available
C) By protecting people from the financial consequences of paying for health services out of their own pockets
Explanation: UHC helps protect people from financial hardship by ensuring they do not have to pay for health services out of their own pockets, reducing the risk of being pushed into poverty.
p.6
Importance of Primary Health Care Globally
How does primary health care contribute to health equity?
A) By providing services only to wealthy individuals
B) By focusing on specialized medical procedures
C) By ensuring that health services are accessible to all, regardless of socioeconomic status
D) By prioritizing urban over rural areas
E) By limiting services to certain age groups
C) By ensuring that health services are accessible to all, regardless of socioeconomic status
Explanation: Primary health care promotes health equity by making health services accessible to all individuals, regardless of their socioeconomic status, thereby reducing health disparities.
p.26
Person-Centered Services in Health Care
Which factor is considered in a holistic approach to person-centered services?
A) Only the patient's medical history
B) The patient's physical and social environment
C) Standardized treatment protocols
D) The cost of medical procedures
E) The speed of medical interventions
B) The patient's physical and social environment
Explanation: A holistic approach to person-centered services considers the patient's physical and social environment, along with other relevant issues such as individual preferences and experiences.
p.16
Universal Health Coverage (UHC)
Which category of essential services includes maternal health?
A) Infectious diseases
B) Non-communicable diseases (NCDs)
C) Reproductive, maternal, newborn, and child health (RMNCH)
D) Service capacity and access
E) Environmental health
C) Reproductive, maternal, newborn, and child health (RMNCH)
Explanation: Maternal health is included in the category of reproductive, maternal, newborn, and child health (RMNCH), which is one of the essential services measured in the UHC index.
p.10
Development of Primary Health Concepts
Which two organizations were involved in both the Alma-Ata conference in 1978 and the Astana conference in 2018?
A) WHO and UNESCO
B) UNICEF and Red Cross
C) WHO and UNICEF
D) World Bank and Red Cross
E) UNESCO and World Bank
C) WHO and UNICEF
Explanation: Both the Alma-Ata conference in 1978 and the Astana conference in 2018 were organized by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF).
p.5
Principles of Primary Health Care
What is the goal of primary health care (PHC) in terms of service delivery?
A) To centralize health services in major cities
B) To bring services for health and wellbeing closer to communities
C) To focus only on specialized medical treatments
D) To limit health services to private hospitals
E) To prioritize health services for the wealthy
B) To bring services for health and wellbeing closer to communities
Explanation: The goal of primary health care (PHC) is to bring services for health and wellbeing closer to communities, ensuring that health services are accessible to all.
p.9
Development of Primary Health Concepts
When did the International Conference on Primary Health Care take place in Alma-Ata?
A) 1970
B) 1978
C) 1985
D) 1990
E) 2000
B) 1978
Explanation: The International Conference on Primary Health Care was held in Alma-Ata on September 12, 1978, marking a significant event in the development of primary health care concepts.
p.1
Universal Health Coverage (UHC)
What is Universal Health Coverage (UHC)?
A) Health insurance for the wealthy
B) Access to health services without financial hardship
C) Exclusive health services for urban areas
D) Limited to emergency care
E) Only for chronic diseases
B) Access to health services without financial hardship
Explanation: Universal Health Coverage (UHC) ensures that all individuals have access to the health services they need without suffering financial hardship, promoting equity and accessibility in health care.
p.15
Universal Health Coverage (UHC)
What is the primary goal of Universal Health Coverage (UHC)?
A) To provide free healthcare to everyone
B) To ensure everyone, everywhere can access the health services they need without financial hardship
C) To limit healthcare services to essential treatments only
D) To focus solely on preventive care
E) To privatize healthcare services
B) To ensure everyone, everywhere can access the health services they need without financial hardship
Explanation: The primary goal of UHC is to make sure that everyone, everywhere can access the health services they need without facing financial hardship, ensuring equitable access to healthcare.
p.22
Equitable Distribution of Health Services
What is one of the main goals of equitable distribution in health care?
A) To increase the cost of health services
B) To provide health services only to the wealthy
C) To prevent social injustice
D) To limit access to health services
E) To prioritize health services for urban areas
C) To prevent social injustice
Explanation: One of the main goals of equitable distribution in health care is to prevent social injustice by ensuring that all individuals have access to health services, regardless of their financial status.
p.6
Importance of Primary Health Care Globally
What is one of the main reasons primary health care is important globally?
A) It focuses solely on specialized treatments
B) It provides only emergency services
C) It addresses the majority of a person's health needs throughout their life
D) It is only concerned with elderly care
E) It is limited to urban areas
C) It addresses the majority of a person's health needs throughout their life
Explanation: Primary health care is crucial because it addresses the majority of a person's health needs throughout their life, including prevention, treatment, rehabilitation, and palliative care.
p.6
Importance of Primary Health Care Globally
What role does primary health care play in the prevention of diseases?
A) It only treats diseases after they occur
B) It focuses on cosmetic treatments
C) It emphasizes preventive measures such as vaccinations and health education
D) It ignores preventive care
E) It only deals with mental health issues
C) It emphasizes preventive measures such as vaccinations and health education
Explanation: Primary health care plays a vital role in disease prevention by emphasizing preventive measures like vaccinations, health education, and regular screenings, which help reduce the incidence of diseases.
p.19
Primary Health Care (PHC) Definition and Concepts
What are the components of primary health care?
A) Only curative care
B) Only preventive care
C) Comprehensive promotive, protective, preventive, curative, rehabilitative and palliative care
D) Only rehabilitative care
E) Only palliative care
C) Comprehensive promotive, protective, preventive, curative, rehabilitative and palliative care
Explanation: Primary health care encompasses a wide range of services including promotive, protective, preventive, curative, rehabilitative, and palliative care throughout the life course.
p.17
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
Which of the following best describes the SDGs' approach to global issues?
A) Focus solely on economic growth
B) Address only environmental concerns
C) Integrate social, economic, and environmental dimensions
D) Prioritize technological innovation above all
E) Concentrate on military advancements
C) Integrate social, economic, and environmental dimensions
Explanation: The SDGs aim to integrate social, economic, and environmental dimensions to create a comprehensive approach to global issues and ensure sustainable development.
p.25
Equitable Distribution of Health Services
Which of the following is a geographical factor affecting health care accessibility?
A) Language barriers
B) Cultural beliefs
C) Distance to health facilities
D) Economic status
E) Education level
C) Distance to health facilities
Explanation: Geographical factors such as the distance to health facilities can significantly affect health care accessibility, making it difficult for people in remote areas to receive timely medical attention.
p.18
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
What is the primary focus of Goal 3 in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development?
A) To end poverty in all its forms
B) To achieve gender equality
C) To ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages
D) To provide quality education for all
E) To promote sustainable economic growth
C) To ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages
Explanation: Goal 3 of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development aims to ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages, highlighting the importance of health in sustainable development.
p.11
Principles of Primary Health Care
Which types of services should Primary Health Care (PHC) provide according to the Alma-Ata Conference?
A) Only promotive services
B) Only preventive services
C) Only curative services
D) Only rehabilitative services
E) Promotive, preventive, curative, and rehabilitative services
E) Promotive, preventive, curative, and rehabilitative services
Explanation: The Alma-Ata Conference highlighted that PHC should address the main health problems in the community by providing promotive, preventive, curative, and rehabilitative services.
p.28
Person-Centered Services in Health Care
What type of care is provided for patients with serious, life-limiting illnesses?
A) Preventive care
B) Health promotion
C) Palliative care
D) Rehabilitation
E) Treatment
C) Palliative care
Explanation: Palliative care is specifically mentioned as a type of service provision aimed at improving the quality of life for patients with serious, life-limiting illnesses.
p.3
Levels of Health Care System
What is the primary level of the health care system focused on?
A) Highly specialized treatments
B) Basic and general health care
C) Advanced surgical procedures
D) Intensive care units
E) Teaching hospital services
B) Basic and general health care
Explanation: The primary level of the health care system is focused on providing basic and general health care services, often delivered through clinics and community health centers.
p.9
Development of Primary Health Concepts
What document is referred to in the context of the International Conference on Primary Health Care?
A) The Paris Agreement
B) The Declaration of Independence
C) The Declaration of Alma-Ata
D) The Kyoto Protocol
E) The Geneva Convention
C) The Declaration of Alma-Ata
Explanation: The Declaration of Alma-Ata is a key document referenced in the context of the International Conference on Primary Health Care, highlighting its significance in the development of primary health care concepts.
p.3
Levels of Health Care System
Which level of health care system is characterized by the involvement of highly specialized health workers?
A) Primary
B) Secondary
C) Tertiary
D) Quaternary
E) Basic
C) Tertiary
Explanation: The tertiary level of health care system is characterized by the involvement of highly specialized health workers who provide advanced medical treatments and services.
p.26
Person-Centered Services in Health Care
What does a holistic approach in person-centered services entail?
A) Focusing solely on medical diagnosis
B) Ignoring social and environmental factors
C) Addressing only physical health needs
D) Considering all aspects of a person's life, including preferences and experiences
E) Prioritizing only the most urgent medical issues
D) Considering all aspects of a person's life, including preferences and experiences
Explanation: A holistic approach in person-centered services means taking into account not just the medical diagnosis and health status, but also other relevant issues such as individual preferences, experiences, and environmental factors.
p.22
Equitable Distribution of Health Services
Why is equitable distribution important in health care?
A) To increase the profitability of health services
B) To ensure that only the wealthy receive health care
C) To make health services exclusive to urban areas
D) To ensure that all individuals have fair access to health services
E) To limit health services to government employees
D) To ensure that all individuals have fair access to health services
Explanation: Equitable distribution is important in health care to ensure that all individuals, regardless of their financial status, have fair access to health services, thereby promoting social justice and equality.
p.14
Universal Health Coverage (UHC)
What is the primary goal of Universal Health Coverage (UHC)?
A) To provide free healthcare to everyone
B) To ensure all people have access to the health services they need without financial hardship
C) To eliminate all diseases globally
D) To prioritize healthcare for the wealthy
E) To reduce healthcare costs for governments
B) To ensure all people have access to the health services they need without financial hardship
Explanation: The primary goal of Universal Health Coverage (UHC) is to ensure that all individuals and communities receive the health services they need without suffering financial hardship.
p.10
Development of Primary Health Concepts
In which city was the Global Conference on Primary Health Care held in October 2018?
A) Geneva
B) Astana
C) New York
D) Tokyo
E) Paris
B) Astana
Explanation: The Global Conference on Primary Health Care in October 2018 took place in Astana, Kazakhstan.
p.14
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
Which SDG specifically focuses on health and well-being?
A) SDG 1
B) SDG 2
C) SDG 3
D) SDG 4
E) SDG 5
C) SDG 3
Explanation: SDG 3 specifically focuses on ensuring healthy lives and promoting well-being for all at all ages. It encompasses a wide range of health-related targets, including reducing maternal mortality, ending epidemics, and achieving Universal Health Coverage (UHC).
p.19
Primary Health Care (PHC) Definition and Concepts
What is the goal of empowering individuals, families, and communities in primary health care?
A) To focus solely on curative care
B) To promote and protect health and well-being
C) To ignore social determinants of health
D) To provide only rehabilitative care
E) To focus only on economic factors
B) To promote and protect health and well-being
Explanation: The goal of empowering individuals, families, and communities in primary health care is to promote and protect health and well-being.
p.18
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
How many goals and targets are included in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development?
A) 8 goals, 50 targets
B) 10 goals, 100 targets
C) 17 goals, 169 targets
D) 20 goals, 200 targets
E) 25 goals, 250 targets
C) 17 goals, 169 targets
Explanation: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development includes 17 goals and 169 targets, which are designed to address a wide range of global challenges.
p.9
Development of Primary Health Concepts
Which city hosted the Global Conference on Primary Health Care in 2018?
A) New York
B) Geneva
C) Astana
D) Tokyo
E) London
C) Astana
Explanation: The Global Conference on Primary Health Care in 2018 was hosted in Astana, Kazakhstan, where a new declaration emphasizing the importance of primary health care was endorsed.
p.3
Levels of Health Care System
In large countries, what type of facilities are typically found at the secondary level of health care?
A) Community health centers
B) Regional hospitals
C) Teaching hospitals
D) Specialized clinics
E) Outpatient clinics
B) Regional hospitals
Explanation: In large countries, the secondary level of health care typically includes regional hospitals that provide curative treatments for more complex health conditions.
p.27
Community Participation in Health Care
What is a key factor for people to take responsibility for their own health?
A) Government mandates
B) Community involvement in PHC development
C) High healthcare costs
D) Lack of healthcare facilities
E) Limited access to information
B) Community involvement in PHC development
Explanation: Involving people in the development of PHC is a key factor that encourages them to take responsibility for their own health, as it fosters a sense of ownership and commitment.
p.16
Universal Health Coverage (UHC)
Which of the following is NOT a category measured in the average coverage of essential services?
A) Reproductive, maternal, newborn, and child health (RMNCH)
B) Infectious diseases
C) Non-communicable diseases (NCDs)
D) Environmental sustainability
E) Service capacity and access
D) Environmental sustainability
Explanation: The average coverage of essential services includes reproductive, maternal, newborn, and child health (RMNCH), infectious diseases, non-communicable diseases (NCDs), and service capacity and access. Environmental sustainability is not listed as a category.
p.17
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
Who is responsible for the statement regarding the importance of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)?
A) United Nations (UN)
B) World Health Organization (WHO)
C) World Bank
D) International Monetary Fund (IMF)
E) World Trade Organization (WTO)
B) World Health Organization (WHO)
Explanation: The statement regarding the importance of the SDGs and ensuring no one is left behind is attributed to the World Health Organization (WHO).
p.16
Universal Health Coverage (UHC)
Which of the following is a focus area for measuring service capacity and access?
A) Water quality
B) Hospital infrastructure
C) Air pollution
D) Climate change
E) Biodiversity
B) Hospital infrastructure
Explanation: Service capacity and access focus on aspects such as hospital infrastructure, which is crucial for ensuring that essential health services are available and accessible to the population.
p.14
Universal Health Coverage (UHC)
What is a key component of achieving Universal Health Coverage (UHC)?
A) Limiting healthcare services to rural areas
B) Reducing the number of healthcare facilities
C) Providing financial protection to prevent financial hardship
D) Increasing healthcare costs for patients
E) Focusing only on curative services
C) Providing financial protection to prevent financial hardship
Explanation: A key component of achieving Universal Health Coverage (UHC) is providing financial protection to ensure that individuals do not face financial hardship when accessing the health services they need.
p.25
Equitable Distribution of Health Services
How can geographical factors affect health care accessibility in regions like 長洲, 南島, and 置古灣?
A) By improving health care policies
B) Through increased health care funding
C) By creating communication problems
D) Through physical isolation and distance
E) By enhancing technological infrastructure
D) Through physical isolation and distance
Explanation: Geographical factors such as physical isolation and distance in regions like 長洲, 南島, and 置古灣 can make it challenging for residents to access health care services, leading to potential delays in receiving medical attention.
p.12
Principles of Primary Health Care
What is a key focus of primary health care in terms of disease prevention?
A) Prevention and control of locally endemic diseases
B) Treatment of rare diseases
C) Management of chronic conditions
D) Genetic counseling
E) Advanced diagnostic testing
A) Prevention and control of locally endemic diseases
Explanation: Primary health care focuses on the prevention and control of locally endemic diseases to reduce their impact on the community.
p.27
Community Participation in Health Care
What is one of the responsibilities of people in their own health care?
A) Ignoring health policies
B) Relying solely on government for health decisions
C) Making decisions on their own care pathway
D) Avoiding participation in health interventions
E) Delegating all health decisions to healthcare professionals
C) Making decisions on their own care pathway
Explanation: People have to take their own responsibility by making decisions on their own care pathway, which empowers them and enhances the effectiveness of health interventions.
p.22
Equitable Distribution of Health Services
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of equitable distribution in health care?
A) Health services are shared equally by all people
B) Health services are only available to those who can pay
C) Health services prevent social injustice
D) All individuals have access to health services
E) Health services are available irrespective of financial status
B) Health services are only available to those who can pay
Explanation: Equitable distribution in health care means that health services are shared equally by all people, irrespective of their ability to pay, and aim to prevent social injustice. Therefore, health services being available only to those who can pay is not a characteristic of equitable distribution.
p.6
Importance of Primary Health Care Globally
Why is primary health care considered cost-effective?
A) It only uses expensive treatments
B) It reduces the need for more costly specialized and emergency care
C) It focuses on high-cost surgeries
D) It only provides care to a limited population
E) It prioritizes expensive diagnostic tests
B) It reduces the need for more costly specialized and emergency care
Explanation: Primary health care is cost-effective because it reduces the need for more expensive specialized and emergency care by providing comprehensive and continuous care, which helps in early detection and management of health issues.
p.10
Development of Primary Health Concepts
Which organizations hosted the Global Conference on Primary Health Care in October 2018?
A) WHO and UNICEF
B) UNESCO and WHO
C) UNICEF and Red Cross
D) WHO and World Bank
E) Red Cross and UNESCO
A) WHO and UNICEF
Explanation: The Global Conference on Primary Health Care in October 2018 was hosted by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF).
p.17
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
What is a critical principle of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)?
A) Increasing global population
B) Ensuring technological dominance
C) Leaving no one behind
D) Promoting national isolation
E) Reducing global travel
C) Leaving no one behind
Explanation: A critical principle of the SDGs is to ensure that no one is left behind, emphasizing inclusivity and equitable development for all people.
p.25
Person-Centered Services in Health Care
How can social and cultural factors impact health care accessibility?
A) By improving transportation infrastructure
B) Through economic incentives
C) By influencing health-seeking behaviors
D) By increasing the number of health care providers
E) Through technological advancements
C) By influencing health-seeking behaviors
Explanation: Social and cultural factors, such as cultural beliefs and practices, can influence individuals' health-seeking behaviors, potentially affecting their willingness to seek and access health care services.
p.18
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
Which of the following best describes the nature of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals?
A) They are isolated and independent
B) They are primarily focused on economic growth
C) They are interconnected and wide-ranging
D) They are focused only on environmental issues
E) They are short-term objectives
C) They are interconnected and wide-ranging
Explanation: The 17 Sustainable Development Goals are wide-ranging and ambitious, and they interconnect to address various global challenges in a holistic manner.
p.26
Person-Centered Services in Health Care
Which of the following is NOT a component of person-centered services?
A) Respecting individual preferences
B) Focusing only on the medical diagnosis
C) Considering environmental issues
D) Taking into account social factors
E) Addressing physical health needs
B) Focusing only on the medical diagnosis
Explanation: Person-centered services do not focus solely on the medical diagnosis; they also consider individual preferences, experiences, and environmental (physical and social) issues.
p.17
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
What is the primary aim of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)?
A) To increase global trade
B) To transform our world
C) To promote space exploration
D) To enhance technological advancements
E) To reduce taxes globally
B) To transform our world
Explanation: The SDGs aim to transform our world by addressing critical issues such as poverty, inequality, environmental protection, and ensuring health, justice, and prosperity for all.
p.14
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
Which of the following is NOT one of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)?
A) No Poverty
B) Zero Hunger
C) Quality Education
D) Universal Health Coverage
E) Climate Action
D) Universal Health Coverage
Explanation: Universal Health Coverage (UHC) is a means to achieve several of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), but it is not listed as a standalone SDG. The SDGs include goals such as No Poverty, Zero Hunger, Quality Education, and Climate Action.
p.16
Universal Health Coverage (UHC)
Which type of area is specifically mentioned in the context of Universal Health Coverage (UHC) index measurement?
A) Urban area
B) Coastal area
C) Rural area
D) Industrial area
E) Mountainous area
C) Rural area
Explanation: The context of Universal Health Coverage (UHC) index measurement specifically mentions rural areas, highlighting the importance of ensuring health service coverage in these regions.
p.25
Person-Centered Services in Health Care
Which of the following is an example of a social factor affecting health care accessibility?
A) Geographic isolation
B) Cultural beliefs
C) Availability of health care facilities
D) Health care policies
E) Technological advancements
B) Cultural beliefs
Explanation: Social factors, including cultural beliefs and practices, can affect individuals' perceptions of health and their willingness to seek medical care, thereby influencing health care accessibility.
p.12
Principles of Primary Health Care
Primary health care includes immunization against which type of diseases?
A) Non-communicable diseases
B) Major infectious diseases
C) Genetic disorders
D) Lifestyle diseases
E) Rare tropical diseases
B) Major infectious diseases
Explanation: Immunization against major infectious diseases is a critical element of primary health care, helping to prevent the spread of diseases within the community.
p.10
Development of Primary Health Concepts
Where was the International Conference on Primary Health Care held in September 1978?
A) Geneva, Switzerland
B) New York, USA
C) Alma-Ata, Kazakhstan
D) Tokyo, Japan
E) Paris, France
C) Alma-Ata, Kazakhstan
Explanation: The International Conference on Primary Health Care was held in Alma-Ata, Kazakhstan in September 1978, marking a significant event in the history of global health.
p.19
Primary Health Care (PHC) Definition and Concepts
What does primary health care systematically address?
A) Only medical treatments
B) Broader determinants of health including social, economic, and environmental factors
C) Only individual behavior
D) Only economic factors
E) Only environmental factors
B) Broader determinants of health including social, economic, and environmental factors
Explanation: Primary health care systematically addresses the broader determinants of health, which include social, economic, and environmental factors, as well as individual characteristics and behavior.
p.29
Development of Primary Health Concepts
What advantage does faster development of medical devices, such as 3D printing, offer?
A) Increases production costs
B) Slows down medical innovation
C) Enhances the speed of medical device development
D) Limits the availability of medical devices
E) Reduces the quality of medical devices
C) Enhances the speed of medical device development
Explanation: Faster development of medical devices, such as through 3D printing, accelerates the availability and innovation of medical technologies.
p.18
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
What significant event took place in 2015 regarding sustainable development?
A) The Paris Agreement was signed
B) The Kyoto Protocol was adopted
C) All countries in the United Nations adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
D) The Millennium Development Goals were established
E) The World Health Organization was founded
C) All countries in the United Nations adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
Explanation: In 2015, all the countries in the United Nations adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, marking a significant global commitment to sustainable development.
p.12
Principles of Primary Health Care
What type of treatment is emphasized in primary health care?
A) Specialized surgical procedures
B) Appropriate treatment of common diseases and injuries
C) Experimental therapies
D) High-cost treatments
E) Cosmetic treatments
B) Appropriate treatment of common diseases and injuries
Explanation: Primary health care emphasizes the appropriate treatment of common diseases and injuries to ensure accessible and effective care for the community.
p.17
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
Which of the following is NOT a focus of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)?
A) Ending poverty
B) Protecting the planet
C) Ensuring health, justice, and prosperity for all
D) Promoting inequality
E) Ensuring no one is left behind
D) Promoting inequality
Explanation: The SDGs focus on ending poverty, protecting the planet, ensuring health, justice, and prosperity for all, and ensuring that no one is left behind. Promoting inequality is contrary to their objectives.
p.29
Person-Centered Services in Health Care
How does the use of electronic health records (EHR) benefit health management?
A) Increases paperwork
B) Promotes sharing of clinical data
C) Reduces data accuracy
D) Limits access to patient information
E) Slows down clinical decision-making
B) Promotes sharing of clinical data
Explanation: Electronic health records (EHR) promote the sharing of clinical data and facilitate clinical decision-making, thus improving overall health management.
p.29
Person-Centered Services in Health Care
What is one of the benefits of home-based services like telemedicine?
A) Increases the need for hospital-based services
B) Reduces the need for hospital-based services
C) Decreases patient satisfaction
D) Limits access to medical care
E) Slows down medical treatment
B) Reduces the need for hospital-based services
Explanation: Home-based services such as telemedicine and remote monitoring systems reduce the need for hospital-based services by providing care directly to patients in their homes.
p.29
Person-Centered Services in Health Care
What role does a better referral system play in health care?
A) Complicates service coordination
B) Facilitates service coordination
C) Increases patient wait times
D) Reduces access to specialized care
E) Limits patient choices
B) Facilitates service coordination
Explanation: A better referral system facilitates service coordination, ensuring that patients receive timely and appropriate care from the right healthcare providers.
p.12
Principles of Primary Health Care
Which of the following is essential for primary health care regarding water and sanitation?
A) Bottled water distribution
B) An adequate supply of safe water and basic sanitation
C) Luxury sanitation facilities
D) Private water wells
E) Water sports facilities
B) An adequate supply of safe water and basic sanitation
Explanation: Ensuring an adequate supply of safe water and basic sanitation is a fundamental component of primary health care, crucial for preventing waterborne diseases.
p.10
Development of Primary Health Concepts
What significant declaration was made at the Alma-Ata conference in 1978?
A) Declaration of Human Rights
B) Declaration of Alma-Ata
C) Declaration of Global Health
D) Declaration of Primary Care
E) Declaration of Health Equity
B) Declaration of Alma-Ata
Explanation: The Declaration of Alma-Ata, made at the Alma-Ata conference in 1978, was a pivotal document that emphasized the importance of primary health care.
How does better identification of potential health risks benefit patients?
A) Increases the likelihood of misdiagnosis
B) Delays treatment
C) Allows for early intervention and prevention
D) Reduces the need for regular check-ups
E) Limits the use of preventive measures
C) Allows for early intervention and prevention
Explanation: Better identification of potential health risks enables early intervention and prevention, improving patient outcomes and reducing the burden of disease.
p.12
Principles of Primary Health Care
What does primary health care promote in terms of nutrition?
A) Fast food consumption
B) Promotion of food supply and proper nutrition
C) Exclusive use of dietary supplements
D) High-calorie diets
E) Gourmet cooking classes
B) Promotion of food supply and proper nutrition
Explanation: Primary health care emphasizes the promotion of food supply and proper nutrition to ensure the community has access to healthy and balanced diets.
p.19
Primary Health Care (PHC) Definition and Concepts
Which of the following is NOT a broader determinant of health addressed by primary health care?
A) Social factors
B) Economic factors
C) Environmental factors
D) Individual characteristics and behavior
E) Only medical treatments
E) Only medical treatments
Explanation: Primary health care addresses broader determinants of health such as social, economic, and environmental factors, as well as individual characteristics and behavior, not just medical treatments.
p.25
Community Participation in Health Care
What is a common communication problem that affects health care accessibility?
A) Lack of medical equipment
B) Language barriers
C) High cost of medication
D) Poor road conditions
E) Limited health care facilities
B) Language barriers
Explanation: Communication problems, such as language barriers, can hinder effective communication between health care providers and patients, impacting the quality and accessibility of health care services.
p.12
Principles of Primary Health Care
What aspect of maternal and child health care is included in primary health care?
A) Cosmetic surgery
B) Family planning
C) High-risk pregnancy management only
D) Pediatric specialty services
E) Neonatal intensive care units
B) Family planning
Explanation: Maternal and child health care, including family planning, is a key component of primary health care, aimed at improving the health outcomes of mothers and children.
p.12
Principles of Primary Health Care
Which of the following is a component of primary health care?
A) Education concerning prevailing health problems
B) Promotion of luxury goods
C) Advanced surgical procedures
D) High-tech medical equipment
E) Specialized tertiary care
A) Education concerning prevailing health problems
Explanation: Primary health care includes education concerning prevailing health problems and the methods of preventing and controlling them, which is essential for promoting community health.
p.12
Principles of Primary Health Care
What is included in the provision of primary health care regarding medications?
A) Essential drugs
B) Experimental drugs
C) Over-the-counter supplements
D) High-cost specialty drugs
E) Cosmetic medications
A) Essential drugs
Explanation: The provision of essential drugs is a fundamental component of primary health care, ensuring that necessary medications are available to treat common health conditions.
