p.13
Epithelial Tissue: Structure and Function
What are the main types of epithelial tissue?
Simple, stratified, squamous, cuboidal, and columnar.
p.19
Connective Tissue: Types and Characteristics
What is the function of reticular fibers?
To support delicate soft tissue.
p.23
Connective Tissue: Types and Characteristics
What type of fibers are present in reticular tissue?
Reticular fibers in a loose, interconnected network.
p.19
Connective Tissue: Types and Characteristics
What are the characteristics of reticular fibers?
They are tough and flexible.
p.23
Connective Tissue: Types and Characteristics
What is the structure of reticular tissue?
It has a loose, interconnected network of reticular fibers.
p.23
Connective Tissue: Types and Characteristics
Where is reticular tissue commonly found?
In soft tissue, such as the spleen.
p.17
Connective Tissue: Types and Characteristics
What are the three major components of connective tissue?
Extracellular protein fibers, ground substance, and specialized cells.
p.4
Characteristics of Human Cells
What is the primary function of a human cell?
To carry out its own metabolism.
p.12
Classification of Epithelial and Connective Tissues
What are the characteristics of squamous epithelium?
Thin, flat with irregular shape.
p.17
Connective Tissue: Types and Characteristics
What is the nature of the ground substance in connective tissue?
It is a gel-like substance.
p.8
Epithelial Tissue: Structure and Function
What is the primary function of epithelial tissue?
To cover organ surfaces for protection and absorption, and to act as glands to secrete hormones.
p.14
Epithelial Tissue: Structure and Function
What type of epithelium is found in the esophagus?
Stratified squamous epithelium.
p.21
Connective Tissue: Types and Characteristics
What are the characteristics of loose connective tissue?
Elastic and collagen fibers are loosely organized.
p.15
Epithelial Tissue: Structure and Function
What type of gland is formed when secretions from epithelial cells go into a duct?
Exocrine gland (e.g., sweat gland, lining of digestive tract).
p.14
Epithelial Tissue: Structure and Function
What are examples of epithelial tissue types mentioned?
Stratified squamous, simple columnar, and stratified columnar.
p.21
Connective Tissue: Types and Characteristics
What types of fibers are present in loose connective tissue?
Elastic fibers and collagen fibers.
What is a key feature of adipocytes?
They have a large vacuole.
What is the nucleus in a human cell?
An organelle that contains DNA and is the site of RNA production.
p.10
Epithelial Tissue: Structure and Function
What does polarity in epithelium refer to?
The distinct structural and functional differences between the apical and basal surfaces.
p.11
Epithelial Tissue: Structure and Function
What is a characteristic feature of the apical surface in some organs?
It can be further specialized.
p.18
Connective Tissue: Types and Characteristics
Where are collagen fibers found?
In all connective tissues.
p.8
Connective Tissue: Types and Characteristics
What are some examples of connective tissue?
Tendons, ligaments, cartilage, bones, blood, and lymph.
p.27
Muscle Tissue: Types and Functions
What is the characteristic shape of smooth muscle?
Spindle-shaped and non-striated.
p.18
Connective Tissue: Types and Characteristics
Where can elastic fibers be found?
In blood vessels, vocal cords, skin, etc.
p.2
Types of Tissues in the Human Body
What are the four main types of tissues in the human body?
Epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and neural tissue.
p.20
Connective Tissue: Types and Characteristics
What do mast cells secrete and why is it important?
They secrete histamine to induce inflammation, which is important for body defense.
What are the two main regions of bone tissue?
Compact bone and spongy bone.
p.30
Neural Tissue: Structure and Function
What is the primary function of neurons?
To generate nerve impulses for rapid communication.
What are osteocytes?
Cells that lie within the bone matrix.
p.29
Muscle Tissue: Types and Functions
What distinguishes cardiac muscle cells from skeletal muscle cells?
Cardiac muscle cells are involuntary and striated, while skeletal muscle cells are voluntary and striated.
p.18
Connective Tissue: Types and Characteristics
What is a characteristic of elastic fibers?
They are very thin but easy to stretch.
p.8
Neural Tissue: Structure and Function
What is the main function of neural tissue?
To send signals rapidly to other cells.
p.2
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What does the Golgi apparatus do?
It modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or use within the cell.
What is the purpose of the cell membrane?
It acts as a barrier, controlling the movement of substances in and out of the cell.
p.25
Connective Tissue: Types and Characteristics
What is the primary function of adipose tissue?
To store fat for energy reserve.
p.22
Connective Tissue: Types and Characteristics
What characterizes dense connective tissue?
Tight packing of collagen fibers.
p.7
Types of Tissues in the Human Body
How are cells organized in complex systems like humans?
Cells are specialized and grouped into tissues.
p.4
Characteristics of Human Cells
What does the plasma membrane do in a cell?
Encloses cell content and controls the passage of substances.
p.13
Epithelial Tissue: Structure and Function
What is the function of the basement membrane in epithelial tissue?
It provides support and anchors the epithelium to underlying tissues.
p.28
Muscle Tissue: Types and Functions
What is a distinguishing feature of cardiac muscle cells?
They have a single nucleus.
What is a key difference between bone and cartilage?
Bone contains osteocytes and a matrix with collagen fibers and calcium salts.
p.9
Epithelial Tissue: Structure and Function
What is the apical side of epithelial tissue?
The surface exposed to the lumen.
p.9
Epithelial Tissue: Structure and Function
What is the basal side of epithelial tissue?
The side attached to the basement membrane.
p.2
Neural Tissue: Structure and Function
What is the role of neural tissue?
It transmits nerve impulses and processes information.
p.21
Connective Tissue: Types and Characteristics
How is connective tissue classified?
Based on the packing and nature of protein fibers.
What is the role of the plasma membrane?
It encloses the cell and is selectively permeable.
p.12
Classification of Epithelial and Connective Tissues
How does cuboidal epithelium appear in cross-sections?
It appears square, although it is hexagonal.
p.10
Epithelial Tissue: Structure and Function
What is the apical surface in epithelial tissue?
The surface that faces the lumen or external environment.
p.11
Epithelial Tissue: Structure and Function
What is the function of microvilli?
To increase surface area for absorption.
p.2
Connective Tissue: Types and Characteristics
What are the characteristics of connective tissue?
It supports, binds, and protects other tissues and organs.
p.19
Connective Tissue: Types and Characteristics
What are reticular fibers?
Collagen fibers arranged in a network.
What are the three major components of a human cell?
Cytoplasm, plasma membrane, and nucleus.
p.31
Neural Tissue: Structure and Function
What happens at the axon terminal?
It releases neurotransmitters stimulated by action potentials.
p.10
Epithelial Tissue: Structure and Function
What is the basal side in epithelial tissue?
The side that is anchored to the basement membrane.
p.3
Characteristics of Human Cells
How many cells does an adult human have approximately?
About 30 trillion (10^12) cells.
p.18
Connective Tissue: Types and Characteristics
How do collagen fibers exist?
As bundles and unbranched.
p.27
Muscle Tissue: Types and Functions
What is the primary function of muscle tissue?
Specialized for contraction.
p.11
Epithelial Tissue: Structure and Function
What is the role of cilia in the trachea?
To help move mucus and debris out of the respiratory tract.
p.18
Connective Tissue: Types and Characteristics
What is a notable property of elastic fibers?
They are not easy to damage.
p.31
Neural Tissue: Structure and Function
What does the cell body of a neuron contain?
A nucleus and other organelles.
p.31
Neural Tissue: Structure and Function
What is the role of the axon in a neuron?
It conducts action potentials stimulated by graded potentials.
p.7
Characteristics of Human Cells
What can an organism do by following the level of organization?
Perform life functions such as hunting, releasing energy, and reproducing.
p.15
Epithelial Tissue: Structure and Function
What type of gland is formed when secretions from epithelial cells go into the blood?
Endocrine gland (e.g., adrenal gland).
p.30
Neural Tissue: Structure and Function
What are the main components of a neuron?
Cell body, dendrite, axon, and axon terminal.
p.8
Connective Tissue: Types and Characteristics
What is the main function of connective tissue?
To support, bind, and cushion organs within the extracellular matrix.
p.16
Connective Tissue: Types and Characteristics
Where does connective tissue lie?
In the extracellular matrix.
p.9
Epithelial Tissue: Structure and Function
What is a key characteristic of epithelial tissue?
It is a continuous layer of tightly packed cells.
What is the role of the cytoplasm?
It is the gel-like substance where cellular processes occur and organelles are suspended.
p.8
Neural Tissue: Structure and Function
Where is neural tissue located?
In the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
p.9
Epithelial Tissue: Structure and Function
What is an example of epithelial tissue?
The epidermis of the skin.
p.31
Neural Tissue: Structure and Function
What is the function of dendrites in a neuron?
They conduct graded potentials created by stimuli, such as neurotransmitters.
p.6
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What is the main function of the endoplasmic reticulum?
Protein synthesis using ribosomes.
p.14
Epithelial Tissue: Structure and Function
What type of epithelium is found in salivary glands?
Stratified columnar epithelium.
p.4
Characteristics of Human Cells
What is the role of the nucleus in a cell?
It contains inherited materials, specifically DNA.
p.12
Classification of Epithelial and Connective Tissues
What is the shape of columnar epithelium in cross-sections?
It appears rectangular, although it is hexagonal.
p.17
Connective Tissue: Types and Characteristics
What role do specialized cells play in connective tissue?
They have various functions, even within one tissue.
p.9
Epithelial Tissue: Structure and Function
What does it mean for epithelial tissue to exhibit polarity?
It has an apical side exposed to the lumen and a basal side attached to the basement membrane.
p.2
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What is the primary function of mitochondria?
They produce energy in the form of ATP through cellular respiration.
p.20
Connective Tissue: Types and Characteristics
What role do macrophages play in connective tissues?
They act as scavengers to engulf foreign particles, such as bacteria.
p.22
Connective Tissue: Types and Characteristics
What types of fibers are absent in dense connective tissue?
Elastic and reticular fibers.
What is the function of the cytoplasm in a human cell?
It contains organelles, which are the 'organs' of the cell.
p.14
Epithelial Tissue: Structure and Function
Which type of epithelium is present in the jejunum?
Simple columnar epithelium.
p.21
Connective Tissue: Types and Characteristics
What is the main function of loose connective tissue?
To support nerve and blood vessels.
p.24
Connective Tissue: Types and Characteristics
What are the unique cell types found in major connective tissues?
Adipocytes, chondrocytes, osteocytes, and blood cells.
p.10
Epithelial Tissue: Structure and Function
What is the function of the basement membrane?
It provides support and anchorage for epithelial cells.
p.8
Epithelial Tissue: Structure and Function
Where is epithelial tissue commonly found?
In the outer layer of skin (epidermis) and lining of internal organs.
p.10
Epithelial Tissue: Structure and Function
What is a lumen?
The interior space of a tubular structure, such as a blood vessel or intestine.
p.24
Connective Tissue: Types and Characteristics
Where are blood cells found?
In the blood and lymphatic system.
What is the function of the nucleus in a cell?
It serves as the control center, housing the cell's genetic material.
p.2
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum?
It is involved in protein and lipid synthesis.
p.2
Epithelial Tissue: Structure and Function
What is the primary function of epithelial tissue?
It covers body surfaces and lines cavities, providing protection and facilitating absorption.
p.17
Connective Tissue: Types and Characteristics
What are the three types of extracellular protein fibers in connective tissue?
Collagen fibers, elastic fibers, and reticular fibers.
What is found in the spongy bone region?
Bone marrow for producing blood cells.
p.18
Connective Tissue: Types and Characteristics
What are collagen fibers made of?
A protein called collagen.
p.12
Classification of Epithelial and Connective Tissues
What is pseudo-columnar epithelium and where is it found?
It exists in the trachea and seems stratified due to nuclei at different levels, but has only one layer.
p.4
Characteristics of Human Cells
What analogy is used to describe the organization of a cell?
A factory with departments (organelles) having specific functions.
p.18
Connective Tissue: Types and Characteristics
What are elastic fibers made of?
A spring-like protein called elastin.
p.10
Epithelial Tissue: Structure and Function
What is the role of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in epithelial tissue?
It provides structural and biochemical support to surrounding cells.
p.13
Epithelial Tissue: Structure and Function
What are the two surfaces of epithelial tissue?
Basal side and apical surface.
p.30
Neural Tissue: Structure and Function
What role do glial cells play in neural tissue?
They support neurons by providing nutrients and cushioning.
p.17
Connective Tissue: Types and Characteristics
What are some common specialized cells found in connective tissue?
Fibroblasts, macrophages, and mast cells.
What is the composition of the bone matrix?
Full of collagen fibers and calcium salts.
p.29
Muscle Tissue: Types and Functions
What is a key characteristic of smooth muscle cells?
They are non-striated and involuntary.
p.4
Characteristics of Human Cells
What roles do organelles play in a cell?
They perform specific functions similar to roles in a factory, like boss, manager, production worker, and security.
p.8
Muscle Tissue: Types and Functions
What is the primary function of muscle tissue?
Specialized for contraction.
p.2
Muscle Tissue: Types and Functions
What is the function of muscle tissue?
It is responsible for movement in the body.
p.11
Epithelial Tissue: Structure and Function
What are microvilli associated with?
The apical surface in the small intestine and urinary tract.
p.9
Epithelial Tissue: Structure and Function
Is epithelial tissue vascular or avascular?
Avascular (not associated with blood & lymphatic vessels).
p.12
Classification of Epithelial and Connective Tissues
What is the classification of epithelium based on the number of cell layers?
Single layer is called simple, while multiple layers are called stratified.
p.8
Muscle Tissue: Types and Functions
Where can muscle tissue be found?
In skeletal muscles (four limbs), the heart, and internal organs.
