What is cardiac output?
The amount of blood pumped per minute.
p.4
Heart Rate and Stroke Volume
What is preload in relation to the heart?
The volume of blood received by the heart.
p.24
Ischemia and Myocardial Infarction
What is myocardial infarction (MI)?
Death of cardiac muscle due to prolonged ischemia.
p.5
Hypertension and Its Risk Factors
What is the result of hypertension on blood pressure?
It results in an increase in the pressure of blood in the arteries.
p.13
Hypertension and Its Risk Factors
What are the desired triglyceride levels for men?
Between 40 and 160 mg/dL.
p.25
Ischemia and Myocardial Infarction
What are common symptoms of ischemia?
Chest pain, shortness of breath, and fatigue.
p.23
Ischemia and Myocardial Infarction
What is a common symptom of both types of ACS?
Chest pain or discomfort.
p.7
Hypertension and Its Risk Factors
What risks are increased by hypertension?
Renal failure, stroke, and coronary artery disease (CAD).
p.37
Heart Failure Causes and Development
What is Diastolic Heart Failure?
Impaired filling of the heart.
p.10
Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Disease
What are some non-modifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis?
Age, family history, and gender (males at risk earlier).
p.9
Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Disease
What processes can atherosclerosis predispose individuals to?
Processes that may precipitate myocardial ischemia.
What is the significance of coronary circulation?
It supplies oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle.
p.39
Heart Failure Causes and Development
What happens if the left ventricle cannot relax properly?
It cannot hold the amount of blood that the body needs.
p.25
Ischemia and Myocardial Infarction
How is ischemia diagnosed?
Through imaging tests, stress tests, or angiography.
p.21
Ischemia and Myocardial Infarction
What does NSTEMI stand for?
Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction.
p.30
Ischemia and Myocardial Infarction
What is orthostatic hypotension?
A drop in blood pressure when standing up.
p.41
Symptoms of Left and Right Sided Heart Failure
What is a common symptom of worsening right-sided heart failure?
Bilateral peripheral edema.
p.23
Ischemia and Myocardial Infarction
What role do biomarkers play in ACS diagnosis?
They help in identifying myocardial injury.
p.4
Heart Rate and Stroke Volume
What is afterload?
The pressure or resistance the heart has to overcome to eject blood.
p.37
Heart Failure Causes and Development
What is Systolic Heart Failure?
Impaired pumping of blood out to the body, leading to ineffective left ventricular pumping.
p.5
Hypertension and Its Risk Factors
What happens when the heart pumps blood through the circulatory system?
Blood presses against the artery walls.
p.32
Symptoms of Left and Right Sided Heart Failure
What are common symptoms of heart failure?
Shortness of breath, fatigue, and fluid retention.
p.10
Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Disease
What are some modifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis?
Cigarette smoking, co-morbidities (diabetes, hypertension), obesity, and hyperlipidemia.
What is the cardiac cycle?
The sequence of events in one heartbeat, including contraction and relaxation of the heart.
p.27
Ischemia and Myocardial Infarction
What is the role of organic nitrates in angina treatment?
They help to dilate blood vessels and improve blood flow to the heart.
What occurs during systole?
The heart muscles contract, pumping blood out of the chambers.
p.23
Ischemia and Myocardial Infarction
What are the main types of Acute Coronary Syndrome?
ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) and Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI).
p.27
Ischemia and Myocardial Infarction
What are antianginal medications?
Drugs used to relieve angina symptoms and improve blood flow to the heart.
p.2
Heart Rate and Stroke Volume
How does the cardiac cycle affect heart rate?
The duration of the cardiac cycle influences the heart rate; a shorter cycle results in a higher heart rate.
p.22
Ischemia and Myocardial Infarction
What causes STEMI?
Typically caused by a blockage in one or more coronary arteries.
What is the function of the Right Posterior Descending Artery?
It supplies the inferior aspects of the heart.
p.43
Heart Failure Treatment Options
What medication class blocks the action of angiotensin II to help manage heart failure?
Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers.
p.46
Heart Failure Treatment Options
To what does Digoxin bind on the ATPase pump?
The same sites as potassium.
p.9
Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Disease
What does atherosclerosis cause in arteries?
Progressive narrowing of the arterial lumen.
p.25
Ischemia and Myocardial Infarction
What can cause ischemia?
Blockages in blood vessels, such as from atherosclerosis or blood clots.
p.32
Heart Failure Treatment Options
How can heart failure be treated?
Through lifestyle changes, medications, and sometimes surgery.
p.32
Natriuretic Peptides in Heart Failure
What role do natriuretic peptides play in heart failure?
They help regulate blood pressure and fluid balance, often elevated in heart failure.
p.22
Ischemia and Myocardial Infarction
What is ischemia?
A condition where there is insufficient blood flow to a part of the body, often leading to tissue damage.
p.38
Heart Failure Causes and Development
What does increased blood in pulmonary circulation lead to?
Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure.
p.7
Hypertension and Its Risk Factors
What are the clinical symptoms of early hypertension?
There are no overt clinical symptoms.
p.5
Hypertension and Its Risk Factors
What is the etiology of primary or essential hypertension?
Remains somewhat unknown.
p.32
Heart Failure Causes and Development
What is heart failure?
A condition where the heart is unable to pump sufficiently to maintain blood flow to meet the body's needs.
What are the main arteries involved in coronary circulation?
The left and right coronary arteries.
What can happen if coronary circulation is impaired?
It can lead to ischemia or myocardial infarction (heart attack).
p.2
Heart Rate and Stroke Volume
What are the two main phases of the cardiac cycle?
Systole (contraction) and diastole (relaxation).
p.41
Heart Failure Causes and Development
What is Cor Pulmonale?
Right-sided heart failure.
p.6
Hypertension and Its Risk Factors
How does obesity relate to hypertension?
Obesity is a modifiable risk factor for hypertension.
What occurs during diastole?
The heart muscles relax, allowing the chambers to fill with blood.
p.39
Symptoms of Left and Right Sided Heart Failure
What can result from increased pressure within heart chambers?
Increased pressure in the lungs.
p.45
Heart Failure Treatment Options
How do cardiac glycosides like Digoxin work?
They inhibit sodium potassium-ATPase, leading to increased calcium in heart muscle.
p.4
Heart Rate and Stroke Volume
What does preload represent?
Stretch; the amount of volume being returned to the heart.
What is coronary circulation?
The flow of blood to and from the tissues of the heart.
p.32
Heart Failure Causes and Development
What are some causes of heart failure?
Coronary artery disease, high blood pressure, and previous heart attacks.
What is the significance of coronary circulation?
It supplies oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle.
p.39
Heart Failure Causes and Development
What is diastolic heart failure?
A condition where the left ventricle stiffens and thickens, preventing proper relaxation between heartbeats.
p.25
Ischemia and Myocardial Infarction
What is the potential consequence of prolonged ischemia?
Tissue damage or myocardial infarction (heart attack).
p.27
Ischemia and Myocardial Infarction
What is the function of calcium channel blockers in angina management?
They relax and widen blood vessels, improving blood flow to the heart.
p.41
Heart Failure Causes and Development
How does left ventricular failure affect the right ventricle?
It increases the workload of the right ventricle, leading to right ventricular failure.
p.21
Ischemia and Myocardial Infarction
What is the difference between NSTEMI and unstable angina?
NSTEMI has positive cardiac enzymes indicating cardiac muscle damage, while unstable angina does not.
p.45
Heart Failure Treatment Options
What is the inotropic action of cardiac glycosides?
It increases the force of contraction, thereby increasing cardiac output.
p.3
Heart Rate and Stroke Volume
How does preload affect stroke volume?
Increased preload typically leads to increased stroke volume.
p.14
Ischemia and Myocardial Infarction
What is a myocardial infarction?
Commonly known as a heart attack, it occurs when blood flow to a part of the heart is blocked, causing damage to the heart muscle.
p.44
Heart Failure Treatment Options
What was the previous belief about beta blockers in heart failure?
They were thought to make heart failure worse.
p.43
Heart Failure Treatment Options
What are cardiac glycosides used for in heart failure treatment?
To improve heart contractility.
What is coronary circulation?
The flow of blood to and from the tissues of the heart.
What is the function of coronary veins?
To drain deoxygenated blood from the heart muscle back to the right atrium.
p.8
Hypertension and Its Risk Factors
What are some lifestyle modifications for managing hypertension?
Diet changes, exercise, and weight management.
p.10
Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Disease
How does age affect the risk of atherosclerosis?
It is a non-modifiable risk factor; older age increases risk.
p.38
Heart Failure Causes and Development
What is the backward effect of left-sided heart failure?
Increased blood in pulmonary circulation.
p.41
Heart Failure Causes and Development
What is the backward effect of right-sided heart failure?
Increased blood in systemic circulation leading to increased capillary hydrostatic pressure.
What does the Left Main Coronary Artery supply blood to?
The left atrium and ventricle.
p.30
Ischemia and Myocardial Infarction
What is reflex tachycardia?
An increase in heart rate due to a drop in blood pressure.
p.23
Ischemia and Myocardial Infarction
What is the primary treatment for NSTEMI?
Medications and possibly invasive procedures based on risk assessment.
p.20
Ischemia and Myocardial Infarction
What can cause unstable angina?
CAD, emboli, thrombus, vasospasm.
p.3
Heart Rate and Stroke Volume
How does afterload impact cardiac output?
Increased afterload can decrease cardiac output.
p.14
Ischemia and Myocardial Infarction
What are the symptoms of myocardial infarction?
Chest pain, shortness of breath, nausea, and sweating.
p.5
Hypertension and Its Risk Factors
What is hypertension?
A condition where the walls of arteries exert a stronger oppositional force, requiring the heart to work harder to move blood.
p.37
Heart Failure Causes and Development
What happens in Systolic Heart Failure?
Accumulation of blood in pulmonary circulation.
What are the main arteries involved in coronary circulation?
The right and left coronary arteries.
p.27
Ischemia and Myocardial Infarction
What is ischemia in the context of angina?
A condition where there is insufficient blood flow to the heart muscle.
p.27
Ischemia and Myocardial Infarction
What are the two types of angina?
Stable angina and unstable angina.
p.6
Hypertension and Its Risk Factors
What are some modifiable risk factors for hypertension?
Obesity, sedentary lifestyle, dietary factors, and tobacco use.
p.22
Ischemia and Myocardial Infarction
What does STEMI stand for?
ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction.
p.21
Ischemia and Myocardial Infarction
What indicates no cardiac muscle damage in the context of unstable angina?
Negative cardiac enzymes and normal troponin.
p.6
Hypertension and Its Risk Factors
What is the impact of tobacco use on hypertension?
Tobacco use is a modifiable risk factor for hypertension.
What is the function of the Circumflex Artery?
It supplies blood to the left outer side and back of the heart.
p.30
Ischemia and Myocardial Infarction
What should be used with caution when administering organic nitrates?
Other medications that reduce blood pressure.
p.3
Heart Rate and Stroke Volume
What factors can influence preload?
Venous return and blood volume.
p.33
Heart Failure Causes and Development
What lifestyle factor involving substances can contribute to heart failure?
Substance abuse (alcohol and illicit/prescribed drugs).
What does the Right Coronary Artery supply?
The right atrium, right ventricle, SA node, and AV node.
p.13
Hypertension and Its Risk Factors
What are the desired triglyceride levels for women?
Between 35 and 135 mg/dL.
p.38
Heart Failure Causes and Development
What is Systolic Heart Failure on the left side?
It is when the left ventricle is unable to contract strongly enough.
p.10
Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Disease
Why are males at higher risk for atherosclerosis earlier than females?
Gender is a non-modifiable risk factor.
p.23
Ischemia and Myocardial Infarction
What is a key characteristic of NSTEMI?
It does not show ST-segment elevation on an ECG.
p.41
Heart Failure Causes and Development
What happens to systemic pressure in right-sided heart failure?
It increases, causing congestion in the kidneys.
p.2
Heart Rate and Stroke Volume
What is the average duration of the cardiac cycle at rest?
Approximately 0.8 seconds.
p.20
Ischemia and Myocardial Infarction
What causes stable angina?
Coronary artery disease (CAD).
p.21
Ischemia and Myocardial Infarction
What indicates cardiac muscle damage in STEMI?
Positive cardiac enzymes and elevated troponin.
p.12
Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Disease
What does the ASCVD tool calculate?
The 10-year risk of the first cardiovascular event.
p.42
Symptoms of Left and Right Sided Heart Failure
What physical sign can indicate right-sided heart failure in the neck?
Jugular (neck vein) distention.
p.19
Ischemia and Myocardial Infarction
What happens when oxygen supply doesn't meet demand?
Ischemia occurs, leading to angina pectoris.
p.12
Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Disease
What should be monitored when using statins?
Liver enzymes and blood glucose.
What does the Acute Marginal Artery supply?
The lateral portion of the right ventricle.
p.10
Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Disease
What are the two categories of risk factors for atherosclerosis?
Modifiable and non-modifiable.
p.25
Ischemia and Myocardial Infarction
What is ischemia?
A condition characterized by insufficient blood flow to a tissue.
What is the function of coronary veins?
To drain deoxygenated blood from the heart muscle back to the right atrium.
What can happen if coronary circulation is impaired?
It can lead to ischemia or myocardial infarction (heart attack).
p.38
Heart Failure Causes and Development
What is the consequence of impaired pumping in left-sided heart failure?
Blood is not pumped out effectively to the body.
p.8
Hypertension and Its Risk Factors
What does ARB stand for in hypertension treatment?
Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker.
p.27
Ischemia and Myocardial Infarction
What is variant angina?
A type of angina caused by spasms in the coronary arteries.
p.6
Hypertension and Its Risk Factors
What role do dietary factors play in hypertension?
Dietary factors can be modifiable risk factors for hypertension.
p.22
Ischemia and Myocardial Infarction
What is a key characteristic of STEMI?
It is characterized by a significant elevation in the ST segment on an electrocardiogram (ECG).
p.20
Ischemia and Myocardial Infarction
What is stable angina?
Chest pain with exertion or stress, relieved with rest.
p.8
Hypertension and Its Risk Factors
What are prescriptive therapies in the context of hypertension?
Medications prescribed to lower blood pressure.
p.45
Heart Failure Treatment Options
Why is monitoring important when using Digoxin?
It has a narrow therapeutic range.
p.14
Ischemia and Myocardial Infarction
What are common causes of ischemia?
Atherosclerosis, blood clots, and vasospasm.
p.26
Ischemia and Myocardial Infarction
What is a primary tool used for diagnosing ischemia?
12 Lead Electrocardiogram (EKG).
p.11
Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Disease
What types of fats should be chosen for a healthier diet?
Healthier fats like nuts, avocado, and olive oil.
p.20
Ischemia and Myocardial Infarction
What is a thrombus?
A blood clot formed in the vasculature.
p.3
Heart Rate and Stroke Volume
What factors can influence afterload?
Arterial pressure and vascular resistance.
p.29
Ischemia and Myocardial Infarction
How does Nitroglycerin help in variant angina?
By increasing vasodilation and decreasing coronary spasm.
p.14
Ischemia and Myocardial Infarction
What are potential treatments for myocardial infarction?
Medications, angioplasty, and coronary artery bypass surgery.
p.19
Ischemia and Myocardial Infarction
What determines oxygen supply to the heart?
Blood flow to the heart and myocardial perfusion during diastole.
p.26
Ischemia and Myocardial Infarction
What is the purpose of labs in ischemia diagnosis?
For differential diagnosis.
p.35
Natriuretic Peptides in Heart Failure
What occurs due to increased stretch of the cardiac muscle?
Release of natriuretic peptides.
p.27
Ischemia and Myocardial Infarction
How do beta blockers help in angina treatment?
They reduce heart rate and decrease the heart's demand for oxygen.
p.45
Heart Failure Causes and Development
What is the primary effect of cardiac glycosides in heart failure?
They enhance contractility.
p.39
Heart Failure Causes and Development
What is the consequence of impaired filling of the left ventricle?
Impaired pumping of oxygenated blood to the body.
p.23
Ischemia and Myocardial Infarction
What is a key characteristic of STEMI?
It shows ST-segment elevation on an ECG.
p.38
Symptoms of Left and Right Sided Heart Failure
What is the result of increased hydrostatic pressure in the lungs?
Increased capillary permeability, leading to pulmonary edema.
What area does the Left Anterior Descending Artery feed?
The front left side and septum of the heart.
p.41
Heart Failure Causes and Development
What is the effect of increased systemic pressure on kidney function?
It leads to decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and fluid retention.
p.22
Ischemia and Myocardial Infarction
What are common symptoms of STEMI?
Chest pain, shortness of breath, and sweating.
p.12
Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Disease
What does ASCVD stand for?
Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease.
p.11
Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Disease
Which diets are recommended for atherosclerosis management?
Mediterranean diet and DASH Diet.
p.20
Ischemia and Myocardial Infarction
What is an emboli?
A substance carried in the bloodstream that lodges in a vessel.
p.35
Heart Failure Causes and Development
What is activated chronically due to decreased cardiac output?
The sympathetic nervous system (SNS).
p.20
Ischemia and Myocardial Infarction
What is variant angina?
Pain at rest; not usually pain with exertion.
p.14
Ischemia and Myocardial Infarction
What is the role of oxygen in ischemia?
Oxygen deprivation occurs during ischemia, leading to cell injury and death.
p.35
Heart Failure Causes and Development
What effect does heart failure have on peripheral blood vessels?
Increased peripheral vasoconstriction.
p.36
Natriuretic Peptides in Heart Failure
What do natriuretic peptides counterbalance?
The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) and Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS).
p.1
Heart Rate and Stroke Volume
What is stroke volume (SV)?
The volume of blood pumped from the left ventricle per beat.
p.3
Heart Rate and Stroke Volume
What is preload in the context of cardiac function?
The degree of stretch of the heart muscle before contraction.
p.22
Ischemia and Myocardial Infarction
What is the primary treatment for STEMI?
Reperfusion therapy, such as angioplasty or thrombolysis.
p.35
Heart Failure Causes and Development
What is a primary cause of heart failure development?
Injury to the heart muscle.
p.19
Ischemia and Myocardial Infarction
What is angina pectoris?
Sternal chest pain caused by ischemia.
p.36
Natriuretic Peptides in Heart Failure
What are the three types of natriuretic peptides?
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), and C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP).
p.12
Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Disease
What effect do statins have on HDL levels?
They increase HDL levels.
p.33
Heart Failure Causes and Development
What type of health issue involving the heart can lead to heart failure?
Cardiac infections and inflammations.
When is mean arterial pressure (MAP) particularly used?
When adequate tissue perfusion is of concern.
p.23
Ischemia and Myocardial Infarction
What is the primary treatment for STEMI?
Immediate reperfusion therapy, such as angioplasty or thrombolytics.
p.44
Heart Failure Treatment Options
What is the role of beta blockers in heart failure treatment?
They decrease contractility and are beneficial in systolic heart failure.
p.3
Heart Rate and Stroke Volume
What is afterload?
The resistance the heart must overcome to eject blood.
p.12
Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Disease
What is the role of statins in atherosclerosis therapy?
For secondary prevention in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
p.11
Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Disease
What types of fats should be avoided to reduce atherosclerosis risk?
Saturated fats and red meat.
p.36
Natriuretic Peptides in Heart Failure
Where is C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) produced?
In the vascular endothelium.
p.1
Heart Rate and Stroke Volume
What is the normal range for heart rate (HR)?
60 to 100 beats per minute.
p.14
Ischemia and Myocardial Infarction
What is ischemia?
A condition where there is insufficient blood flow to a part of the body, often leading to tissue damage.
p.31
Ischemia and Myocardial Infarction
What is ischemia?
A condition where there is insufficient blood flow to the heart muscle.
p.29
Ischemia and Myocardial Infarction
What is the primary action of Nitroglycerin on veins?
It decreases venous return to the heart.
p.19
Ischemia and Myocardial Infarction
What causes angina pectoris?
Decreased oxygen supply to the heart.
p.31
Ischemia and Myocardial Infarction
What type of medication helps lower cholesterol to prevent MI?
Cholesterol lowering medications.
p.28
Ischemia and Myocardial Infarction
How long after an ischemic event should clopidogrel (Plavix) be taken?
At the time of the event and for 2 months after.
p.36
Natriuretic Peptides in Heart Failure
What triggers the release of natriuretic peptides?
Increased blood volume leading to increased stretch.
p.35
Heart Failure Causes and Development
What condition leads to fluid overload in heart failure?
Decreased ability to pump blood.
What is mean arterial pressure (MAP)?
A better indicator of tissue perfusion than systolic blood pressure (SBP).
p.40
Symptoms of Left and Right Sided Heart Failure
What is oliguria and how does it relate to left-sided heart failure?
Reduced urine output during the day, with nocturia at night.
p.12
Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Disease
What lipid levels do statins lower?
LDL and triglyceride levels.
p.35
Heart Failure Causes and Development
What factors contribute to increased oxygen demand in heart failure?
Ischemia and oxidative stress.
p.11
Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Disease
Which type of fish is beneficial for atherosclerosis due to its omega-3 fatty acids?
Fish high in omega-3 fatty acids.
What determines cardiac output?
Heart rate (HR) and stroke volume (SV).
p.36
Natriuretic Peptides in Heart Failure
How do natriuretic peptides affect the kidneys?
They increase sodium and water loss.
p.40
Symptoms of Left and Right Sided Heart Failure
What cognitive symptoms may occur in left-sided heart failure?
Confusion and restlessness.
p.44
Heart Failure Treatment Options
What is still being studied regarding beta blockers?
The exact mechanism of their beneficial effects in heart failure.
p.30
Ischemia and Myocardial Infarction
What are some other routes of administration for organic nitrates?
Sustained release tablets, transdermal, translingual spray, topical ointment, intravenous (IV).
p.31
Ischemia and Myocardial Infarction
Name a type of medication used to prevent MI.
Antiplatelet medications.
p.14
Ischemia and Myocardial Infarction
How can ischemia lead to myocardial infarction?
Prolonged ischemia can cause irreversible damage to heart tissue, resulting in a heart attack.
p.42
Symptoms of Left and Right Sided Heart Failure
What type of edema is commonly associated with right-sided heart failure?
Dependent edema (in legs and sacrum).
p.35
Heart Failure Causes and Development
What is a consequence of increased stress on the cardiac muscle?
Increased ventricular hypertrophy.
p.1
Heart Rate and Stroke Volume
What factors influence stroke volume?
Contractility, preload, afterload, and venous return.
p.44
Heart Failure Treatment Options
How do beta blockers help in heart failure?
They block injury from chronic activation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS).
p.29
Ischemia and Myocardial Infarction
What is the effect of Nitroglycerin on oxygen demand?
It decreases oxygen demand.
p.36
Natriuretic Peptides in Heart Failure
Where is B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) produced?
In the ventricles and brain.
p.3
Heart Rate and Stroke Volume
What is contractility?
The intrinsic ability of the heart muscle to contract.
p.19
Ischemia and Myocardial Infarction
What factors determine oxygen demand in the heart?
Heart rate, contractility, preload, and afterload.
p.29
Ischemia and Myocardial Infarction
What type of blood vessels does Nitroglycerin primarily act on?
Veins, with limited action on arteries.
p.1
Heart Rate and Stroke Volume
What is the role of the sympathetic nervous system in heart rate regulation?
It increases heart rate (fight or flight).
p.42
Symptoms of Left and Right Sided Heart Failure
What blood pressure changes can occur in right-sided heart failure?
Increased blood pressure (from excess volume) or decreased blood pressure (from failure).
p.40
Symptoms of Left and Right Sided Heart Failure
What is tachypnea?
Rapid breathing, a symptom of left-sided heart failure.
p.28
Ischemia and Myocardial Infarction
When should aspirin be taken in relation to an ischemic event?
At the time of the event and can be taken daily.
p.3
Heart Rate and Stroke Volume
How does contractility relate to cardiac output?
Higher contractility increases cardiac output.
p.12
Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Disease
Why is monitoring liver enzymes important when using statins?
Due to the risk of hepatotoxicity (liver injury).
p.36
Natriuretic Peptides in Heart Failure
What are the effects of natriuretic peptides on blood vessels?
They promote vasodilation.
p.40
Symptoms of Left and Right Sided Heart Failure
What cardiovascular symptoms are associated with left-sided heart failure?
Tachycardia and palpitations.
p.42
Symptoms of Left and Right Sided Heart Failure
What symptom might indicate fluid retention in the hands due to right-sided heart failure?
Swollen hands and fingers.
p.1
Heart Rate and Stroke Volume
What is the role of the parasympathetic nervous system in heart rate regulation?
It decreases heart rate (rest and digest).
p.40
Symptoms of Left and Right Sided Heart Failure
What type of sputum is associated with left-sided heart failure?
Frothy, pink-tinged sputum.
p.40
Symptoms of Left and Right Sided Heart Failure
What is a common respiratory symptom of left-sided heart failure?
Dyspnea (breathlessness).
p.40
Symptoms of Left and Right Sided Heart Failure
What physical signs may indicate poor circulation in left-sided heart failure?
Pallor and weak peripheral pulses.
p.4
Heart Rate and Stroke Volume
What does afterload represent?
Squeeze; the amount of resistance.
