Bone-forming cells.
It continues to deposit bone until no more cartilage is left.
Metaphysis.
To increase surface area for the release of hydrolytic enzymes and endocytosis of degraded bone debris.
Woven Bone.
It is the process by which the remaining bone component continues to grow.
Epiphyseal growth plate.
It gets removed.
The epiphyseal plate in adults who have stopped growing is replaced by the epiphyseal line.
Irregularly shaped spicules and trabeculae.
It is almost entirely transformed into bone.
The formation of the bony collar.
The epiphyseal growth plate.
A mixed spicule.
They continue to secrete cartilage matrix.
The remnants of old osteons that fill spaces between newer osteons.
Epiphyseal line.
It has a haphazard organization of collagen fibers.
Inner cellular layer and outer fibrous layer.
Fibers that enter the bone matrix obliquely.
It is the process by which the remaining bone component undergoes breakdown.
It serves as a growth plate.
It functions in the exocytosis of digested material.
They fuse with the cell membrane to release digested bone material.
In the 2nd trimester.
The basic structural unit of compact bone.
They become confluent.
A structure that contains both cartilage and bone, often found in the early stages of bone development.
Formation of cartilage models of developing bone.
It provides a surface for the attachment of bone-forming cells.
Diaphysis.
It serves as a precursor to bone formation.
Resorption of the cartilage matrix around the large cells.
It is replaced by bone, starting from the primary ossification center.
The outer circumferential and interstitial lamellae.
A central canal in an osteon that contains blood vessels and nerves.
A type of cartilage that has undergone calcification, making it harder and more bone-like.
A cuff of bone known as the bony collar.
In the epiphyseal disk and at the articular surface.
In the early stages of bone development and repair.
Woven bone.
It generally runs parallel to the bone surface.
Trabeculae of spongy bone.
Diaphysis.
Periosteal Cells and Endosteal Cells.
Osteons.
A ring-like perimeter adjacent to the ruffled border that demarcates the bone area for resorption.
They are greatly enlarged and have clear cytoplasm due to glycogen accumulation.
Part of the cell in direct contact with the bone.
Articular cartilage.
Release of hydrolytic enzymes and endocytosis.
It later calcifies, and osteoblasts get trapped in lacunae, becoming osteocytes.
By intramembranous ossification.
206 separate bones.
At the 8th week of gestation.
A type of spongy bone found at the ends of long bones and in the interior of others.
To form new bone tissue.
One cell layer.
Matrix breakdown.
A hyaline cartilage plate in the metaphysis at each end of a long bone, found in children and adolescents.
It is the remnants of old osteons found between newer osteons in mature bone.
Type I collagen and matrix proteins, known as osteoid.
Replacement of woven bone by compact bone in the periphery and spongy bone in the center.
It is a type of bone that has a layered structure, providing strength and stability.
The primary ossification center.
At the 8th week of gestation.
Within the embryonic mesenchyme.
Trabecular bone or spongy bone.
They run obliquely into the bone and merge with the collagen fibers of the extracellular bone matrix.
Trabecular Bone.
Osteoprogenitor cells and endosteal cells.
Calcification of the cartilage matrix.
Osteons (Haversian Systems), Haversian Canals, Volkmann’s Canals, Interstitial Lamellae, Circumferential Lamellae.
Flattened in shape.
It may continue to grow by appositional growth or undergo resorption.
It terminates.
Calcified cartilage.
A type of bone that is formed quickly and is less organized than mature bone.
An unmineralized organic matrix of bone.
Woven bone.
The initial site where ossification begins, spreading until the mid part of the cartilage model is replaced by bone.
Layers of bone tissue that encircle the outer surface of the bone, providing strength and support.
Bones come in a variety of shapes and sizes.
Proximal epiphyseal cartilage and distal epiphyseal cartilage.
Lamellate matrix.
The area in a developing bone where ossification begins and progresses.
A secondary ossification center in the proximal epiphyseal cartilage.
The zones include the resting zone, proliferative zone, hypertrophic zone, and ossification zone.
Osteoid, which is the organic matrix of bone.
CBFA1 (Core Binding Factor Alpha - 1).
Intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification.
Mature Bone and Immature Bone.
Secondary ossification centers.
It stops producing chondrocytes and instead forms osteoblasts.
They become osteoblasts.
Epiphysis.
A bony collar.
By cytoplasmic processes.
Supports and protects various organs of the body.
They hypertrophy.
A process where bone develops by replacing cartilage.
Spongy bone.
Mesenchymal tissue is directly replaced by bone without a cartilage model.
Into early adulthood.
Bones of the skull and face, mandible, flat portion of the clavicle.
They facilitate communication and nutrient exchange between osteocytes.
Membrane bone.
They are responsible for the resorption of bone tissue.
They regulate bone remodeling by balancing bone formation and resorption.
It gets compressed into bands between the chondrocyte columns.
Numerous plasma membrane infoldings, resembling microvilli.
They add more bone matrix.
Thin, rod-like structures that form a network within spongy bone, providing support and structure.
Bone marrow.
Periosteum.
Numerous marrow spaces.
The periosteum becomes firmly attached to the bone.
Bones have a complex internal and external structure.
Through osteoclastic activity and the addition of new bone.
A small cavity in bone tissue that houses osteocytes.
All blood cells.
Compact Bone.
A small, needle-like structure found in bone tissue.
Blood vessels.
They differentiate into osteocytes.
The entire inner and outer circumferences of the shaft of long bones.
Channels that allow blood vessels and nerves to travel from the periosteum and endosteum to reach the Haversian canal.
Epiphyseal growth plate or epiphyseal disc.
Blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissue.
Lamellar Bone.
Endosteum.
A thin slice of bone that has been ground down for microscopic examination.
They provide sensation and regulate bone metabolism.
It allows for the visualization of the bone's cellular structure under a microscope.
Housing blood vessels and nerves.
It is dense and forms the outer layer of bones, providing strength and support.
It consists of a network of trabeculae and is found at the ends of long bones and in the interior of others.
Articular cartilage.
Epiphyseal Plate.
The amount of new cartilage produced equals the amount resorbed.
Proliferation and aggregation of mesenchymal cells.
By providing attachment to muscles and functioning as levers.
Chondroblasts.
New cartilage matrix is formed to maintain the thickness of the epiphyseal plate.
They resemble those of mature compact bone but are arranged differently.
Actin filaments.
A hyaline cartilage model of the future bone.
The process where bone develops directly from mesenchymal tissue.
Osteoblasts.
Long bones, vertebrae, pelvis.
Concentric lamellae of bone.
Osteoblasts are responsible for the synthesis and mineralization of bone.
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT).
Trabeculae, which are thin, bony plates.
Collagen fibers are laid parallel to one another in any given lamella.
It is the site of growth in long bones during childhood and adolescence.
They are mature bone cells that are non-dividing and completely surrounded by bone matrix.
A specialized connective tissue characterized by a mineralized extracellular matrix.
To store fat.
The unmineralized bone matrix or osteoid.
Type I collagen.
Individual lacunae.
It is inconspicuous.
They lay down osteoid on a bone trabecula.
They form a woven network without a preferential orientation, and lamellae are not present.
Osteoid.
The structural units of compact bone, consisting of concentric layers of lamellae surrounding a central canal.
Tissue is arranged as trabeculae or spicules.
Woven Bone is less organized and weaker than Mature Bone.
Red and white blood cells.
Periosteal mesenchymal cells and hemopoietic stem cells.
Adipose tissue (fat).
Spongy bone.
No cell proliferation or active matrix production.
Sharpey's fibers.
The stapes in the middle ear.
Chondrocytes are relatively inactive and serve as a reserve for future growth.
In a ring-like structure surrounded by actin binding proteins.
Forms a tight seal with the bone matrix.
By appositional growth.
Osteoprogenitor Cells, Osteoblasts, Osteocytes, Bone Lining Cells, Osteoclasts.
To initiate mineralization of bone matrix.
Osteoprogenitor cells, Osteoblasts, Osteocytes, Bone Lining Cells, Osteoclasts.
They differentiate into osteoblasts and lay down osteoid on calcified cartilage spicules.
Osteoprogenitor and endosteal cells.
Through the proliferation of chondrocytes in the epiphyseal plate.
Cartilage, tendons, and ligaments.
It provides strength.
Blood cells in different stages of development and a network of reticular cells and fibers.
A shallow bay where osteoclasts rest directly on bone tissue during resorption.
It has a porous structure that supports weight and houses bone marrow.
They allow communication between osteocytes and serve as a passage for substances between osteocytes and blood vessels.
Calcium binding proteins, multiadhesive glycoproteins, proteoglycans, alkaline phosphatase.
A sponge-like meshwork of trabeculae.
It remains constant.
Blood vessel growth into the cavity.
It is subject to stress and can prevent separation or tearing.
Intramembranous Ossification and Endochondral Ossification.
It refers to the organization of cartilage cells in distinct layers within the growth plate.
Alkaline phosphatase.
On the external bone surface.
They become confluent to produce large cavities.
The formation of new cartilage matrix that pushes the epiphysis away from the diaphysis.
The outer circumferential and interstitial lamellae, but not into the osteons.
They divide and get organized into distinct columns.
A cartilage model serves as the precursor of the bone.
Bone tissue, blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissues.
Proliferation zone.
A specialized structure that increases the surface area for bone resorption.
At a later time point.
Ruffled border, Clear zone (or Sealing zone), and Basolateral zone.
Perpendicular to its long axis.
From the fusion of mononuclear hemopoietic cells (monocyte cell lineage).
Only when the matrix is produced, making it a regulated process.
Increased bone mass.
Spongy bone has a porous structure, while compact bone is dense and solid.
Compact (dense) layer and spongy (cancellous) layer.
In the inner cellular layer of the periosteum and the endosteal lining of Haversian canal, Volkman’s canal, and marrow cavities.
Canaliculi.
Hemopoietic tissue, fat tissue, blood vessels, nerves, and cartilage.
Fat cells.
Osteoblasts when stimulated.
Endosteum.
Structural elements of spongy bone that form a network.
A mature bone cell that maintains bone tissue.
They are responsible for bone formation.
Osteoprogenitor cells.
They maintain the bone matrix and communicate with other bone cells.
They support the body against gravity and enable movement.
Epiphyseal surface and diaphyseal surface.
Periosteal cells.
Bone spicules, trabeculae, and bone marrow.
A tiny channel that connects lacunae and allows for the exchange of materials between osteocytes.
Chondrocytes rapidly divide and contribute to the lengthening of the bone.
Osteoprogenitor Cells, Osteoblasts, Osteocytes, Bone Lining Cells, Osteoclasts.
The process where bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage.
Compact bone is denser and forms the outer layer, while spongy bone is lighter and found inside bones.
They are responsible for bone formation.
The osteon (or Haversian system).
Osteoblasts and chondroblasts.
They contain bone marrow and help reduce the weight of the bone.
The fibers are arranged in different directions.
Osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, bone lining cells, and osteoclasts.
At sites where bone is resorbed.
Cement lines.
Hyaline cartilage.
The periosteum.
Contains large numbers of randomly arranged cells, randomly arranged collagen bundles, more ground substance than mature bone, and is not heavily mineralized.
Marrow and blood vessels.
Osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts.
The cartilage is resorbed, leaving spongy bone.
Calcified cartilage matrix.
They migrate and aggregate in specific areas, forming ossification centers.
The femur.
Appositional growth.
Hypertrophy, degeneration, and calcification of the epiphyseal cartilage.
Chondrocytes are larger than those in the reserve zone.
Five distinct zones.
By interstitial growth.
They can be mobilized from the bone matrix and taken up by the blood as needed.
Blood vessels.
They facilitate the deposition of minerals in the bone matrix.
They connect Haversian canals to each other.
Small blood vessels and osteoprogenitor cells invade the region previously occupied by dying chondrocytes.
Calcification zone.
It provides a surface for muscle attachment and contains osteoblasts for growth.
Canals that connect Haversian canals and allow for communication between them.
They have the same lamellar structure, but spongy bone is arranged as trabeculae or spicules.
They are cuboidal or polygonal shaped.
Lacunae.
Hematopoietic stem cell or bone marrow transplant from an allogenic donor.
Plates of collagen fibers cemented by the mineralized matrix.
Spaces of spongy bone in the sternum and iliac crest.
Initially formed in the skeleton of a developing fetus.
The Haversian canal.
In the alveolar sockets.
Structures formed during ossification that consist of both bone and cartilage.
Osteoprogenitor cells.
They are involved in the resorption of bone tissue.
Calcium and phosphate.
Bony ridges.
Articular cartilage.
Cartilage matrix.
Mesenchymal stem cells in the bone marrow.
Bone tissue.
They supply nutrients and oxygen to bone tissue.
Osteoblasts.
No, they are not surrounded by concentric lamellae.
They are highly acidophilic.
Red bone marrow and yellow bone marrow.
Mature Bone and Immature Bone.
Through signaling molecules like nitric oxide.
Flattened or squamous.
Lightly staining with an elongate or ovoid shape.
Compact bone.
To store fat and serve as an energy reserve.
Type II collagen.
Remnants of previous concentric lamellae located between osteons.
A dense and strong type of bone tissue that forms the outer layer of bones.
It elongates the bone.
Resting zone.
Thin irregular cartilage plates between large cells.
Osteoporosis.
Chondrocytes enlarge and mature, preparing for eventual ossification.
Osteoprogenitor Cells, Osteoblasts, Osteocytes, Bone Lining Cells, and Osteoclasts.
Haversian canals.
Lamellae.
Small hollows within the matrix where osteocytes are located.
It is defective, leading to greater bone fragility.
Red bone marrow, which is involved in blood cell production.
It is the region that interacts with the surrounding environment.
Canaliculi.
Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2.
To produce blood cells.
Ossification.
On the internal bone surface.
Bone matrix mineralization.
Bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts.
The cartilage matrix gets calcified, hypertrophied cells degenerate, and calcified cartilage serves as a scaffold for new bone deposition.
Through gap junctions.
It is near the diaphysis where calcified cartilage is in direct contact with the connective tissue of the marrow cavity.
Hypertrophic zone.
It is where the cartilage is replaced by bone tissue.
A space in the bone matrix where the osteocyte is located.
They maintain the bone matrix and communicate with other bone cells.
It increases the surface area for bone resorption.
Osteoprogenitor cells, Osteoblasts, Osteocytes, Bone Lining Cells, Osteoclasts.
Osteons or Haversian Systems, Haversian Canals, Volkmann’s Canals, Interstitial Lamellae, Circumferential Lamellae.
Forms the outside of the bone.
Cortical bone.
Endochondral ossification.
Through the bony collar.
A small cavity in bone where osteoclasts reside and perform bone resorption.
Plates of collagen fibers cemented by mineralized matrix.
Osteons (Haversian Systems), Haversian Canals, Volkmann’s Canals, Interstitial Lamellae, and Circumferential Lamellae.
A method used to prepare bone samples by removing calcium to allow for easier examination.
Small membrane-bound matrix vesicles containing alkaline phosphatase (ALP).
Osteons (Haversian systems), interstitial lamellae, and circumferential lamellae.
A small rod or beam of bone tissue found in spongy bone.
Mixed spicules are formed.
Endosteal cells.
It helps to seal the osteoclast to the bone surface during resorption.
Periosteum, except in areas where they articulate with another bone.
Osteopetrosis.
Non Lamellar Bone, Bundle Bone, or Woven Bone.
Found on the inner aspect of bone.
It allows for communication between osteocytes.
To provide strength and support to the skeletal structure.
At the epiphyseal plates.
They must be activated, a process involving osteoblasts.
Estrogen deficiency.
Large, multinucleated cells involved in bone resorption.
They contain blood vessels and nerves that supply the bone.
Osteoclasts break down bone tissue, allowing for remodeling and growth.
Resorption zone.
They are important for bone repair and cartilage formation in fracture sites.
The basic structural unit of compact bone.
Gap junctions.
Lacunae.
Processes of osteocytes in living bone tissue.
They are arranged radial to the Haversian canal.
Mostly an outer fibrous layer of dense connective tissue, vessels, and nerves; the inner cellular layer is not well-defined with few cells present.
Cells present in the inner cellular layer of the periosteum that can undergo division to become osteoblasts when stimulated.
Concentric Lamellae of bone matrix surrounding a central canal called the osteonal canal.
They are arranged with their long axis parallel to the long axis of the bone.
It gradually ossifies and becomes the epiphyseal line.
They are resting cells.
The production of blood cells.
Osteons or Haversian systems.
Calcitonin.
An organ of the skeletal system.
To study the histological features and organization of bone tissue.
Osteoprogenitor Cells, Osteoblasts, Osteocytes, Bone Lining Cells, Osteoclasts.
Bone tissue (mineralized osseous tissue) and other connective tissues.
It gets replaced with fat cells and is known as yellow marrow.
An outer fibrous layer of dense connective tissue, vessels, and nerves; and an inner cellular layer of osteoprogenitor cells.
Calcium phosphate, deposited as hydroxyapatite crystals.
Trabecular bone.
Thin anastomosing spicules of bone tissue.
When arranged as a single layer of cells in apposition to newly forming bone.
They are oriented along lines of stress to provide strength.
Howship’s lacuna.
When stimulated, such as during extreme blood loss.
