p.22
Polysaccharides: Characteristics and Types
What is glycogen and where is it found?
Glycogen is a polysaccharide found only in animals.
p.3
Functions of Carbohydrates
How do carbohydrates function in energy storage?
They store energy and food.
p.25
Definition and Composition of Carbohydrates
How many glucose units are typically in each amylose chain?
Several hundred glucose units.
p.31
Functions of Carbohydrates
What is the function of glycogen in the body?
Glycogen serves as a storage form of glucose for energy.
p.4
Disaccharides: Formation and Types
What is a disaccharide?
A carbohydrate formed by the combination of two monosaccharides.
p.2
Definition and Composition of Carbohydrates
What are the two forms of carbohydrates?
Small, water-soluble (like glucose and fructose) and long chains (like starch and cellulose).
p.25
Definition and Composition of Carbohydrates
What is the structure of amylose?
Consists of linear and unbranched chains.
p.15
Disaccharides: Formation and Types
What type of bond is present in maltose?
α - 1,4 - glycosidic bond.
p.26
Starch: Structure and Function in Plants
What type of structure does amylose have?
Amylose has a helical structure.
p.27
Starch: Structure and Function in Plants
How are branches formed in amylopectin?
From α-1,6-glycosidic bonds.
p.33
Polysaccharides: Characteristics and Types
In which organs is glycogen particularly abundant?
In the liver and muscles.
p.26
Starch: Structure and Function in Plants
Where do iodine molecules fit in relation to amylose?
Iodine molecules fit inside the hollow center of an amylose helix.
p.41
Polysaccharides: Characteristics and Types
What is the structure of amylopectin?
It consists of α-glucose units connected by α-1,4-glycosidic bonds and α-1,6-glycosidic bonds.
p.47
Functions of Carbohydrates
What is a primary function of glycoproteins?
They play a crucial role in cell-cell recognition.
p.24
Starch: Structure and Function in Plants
What do plants convert excess glucose into for storage?
Plants convert excess glucose into starch.
p.14
Disaccharides: Formation and Types
Is sucrose a reducing sugar?
No, sucrose is not a reducing sugar.
p.32
Polysaccharides: Characteristics and Types
How are the side chains in glycogen linked?
By α-1,6-glycosidic bonds.
p.17
Disaccharides: Formation and Types
What type of bond is formed in lactose?
β - 1,4 - glycosidic bond.
p.6
Monosaccharides and Their Characteristics
Are certain sugars soluble in water?
Yes, they are soluble in water.
p.28
Polysaccharides: Characteristics and Types
What type of glycosidic bonds are found in amylopectin?
α - 1,4 - glycosidic bonds and α - 1,6 - glycosidic bonds.
p.6
Monosaccharides and Their Characteristics
How does the molecular mass of certain sugars compare to other sugars?
They have a low molecular mass compared to other sugars.
p.28
Polysaccharides: Characteristics and Types
What is the primary function of amylopectin in plants?
To serve as a storage form of glucose.
p.47
Functions of Carbohydrates
How do glycoproteins contribute to the protection of cells?
They form a protective barrier on cell surfaces.
p.1
Sucrose: Structure and Hydrolysis
What is the structure of sucrose?
A disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose.
p.8
Monosaccharides and Their Characteristics
What is the chemical structure difference between α-D-glucose and β-D-glucose?
In α-D-glucose, the OH group on the first carbon is down; in β-D-glucose, it is up.
p.3
Functions of Carbohydrates
How do carbohydrates contribute to defense and protection?
They play a role in defense and protection mechanisms.
p.15
Disaccharides: Formation and Types
What is maltose formed from?
The condensation of 2 glucose molecules.
p.15
Disaccharides: Formation and Types
Which carbon atoms are involved in the formation of maltose?
C1 of one glucose and C4 of the other glucose molecule.
p.31
Polysaccharides: Characteristics and Types
What type of bonds link glucose units in glycogen?
Glycogen is linked by alpha-1,4 and alpha-1,6 glycosidic bonds.
p.27
Starch: Structure and Function in Plants
What is the structure of amylopectin?
Consists of highly branched chains.
p.24
Starch: Structure and Function in Plants
What is the structure of starch chains?
Starch chains are usually folded and packed together.
p.21
Monosaccharides and Their Characteristics
Can the substance be hydrolyzed?
Yes, it can be hydrolyzed by enzymes.
p.47
Functions of Carbohydrates
What is the significance of glycoproteins in protein stability?
They enhance the stability and solubility of proteins.
p.39
Cellulose: Structure and Role in Plant Cell Walls
Can humans digest cellulose?
No, humans cannot digest cellulose because they lack the necessary enzymes.
p.39
Starch: Structure and Function in Plants
What is the typical structure of starch?
Starch is typically found in a helical structure.
p.1
Polysaccharides: Characteristics and Types
What are polysaccharides?
Complex carbohydrates made up of long chains of monosaccharides.
p.3
Functions of Carbohydrates
What structural role do carbohydrates play in cells?
They are structural components in the cell wall.
p.33
Polysaccharides: Characteristics and Types
Where is glycogen primarily found in the cell?
In the cytoplasm, usually as tiny granules.
p.36
Cellulose: Structure and Role in Plant Cell Walls
What distinguishes cellulose from starch in terms of molecular structure?
Cellulose has no side chains, while starch does.
p.36
Cellulose: Structure and Role in Plant Cell Walls
What effect does the absence of side chains have on cellulose molecules?
It allows the linear molecules to lie close together.
p.37
Cellulose: Structure and Role in Plant Cell Walls
What is the result of hydrogen bonding between adjacent chains?
A series of stiff, elongated fibrils.
p.4
Monosaccharides and Their Characteristics
What is a monosaccharide?
The simplest form of carbohydrates, consisting of single sugar molecules.
p.30
Polysaccharides: Characteristics and Types
What is the structural similarity between glycogen and amylopectin?
Glycogen is almost similar to amylopectin but has more branches.
p.31
Polysaccharides: Characteristics and Types
How does glycogen structure facilitate its function?
Its branched structure allows for rapid release of glucose when needed.
p.4
Polysaccharides: Characteristics and Types
What are polysaccharides?
Carbohydrates that are made up of long chains of monosaccharide units.
p.21
Monosaccharides and Their Characteristics
Does the substance dissolve in water?
No, it does not dissolve in water.
p.10
Disaccharides: Formation and Types
What can disaccharides be hydrolyzed into?
Two monosaccharide molecules.
p.24
Starch: Structure and Function in Plants
Is starch soluble in water?
No, starch is insoluble in water.
p.28
Polysaccharides: Characteristics and Types
What is the structure of amylopectin primarily composed of?
Glucose units linked by glycosidic bonds.
p.47
Functions of Carbohydrates
In what way do glycoproteins assist in cellular adhesion?
They help cells stick to each other and to the extracellular matrix.
p.1
Maltose: Structure and Hydrolysis
How is maltose formed?
Through the enzymatic breakdown of starch.
p.26
Starch: Structure and Function in Plants
What is the solubility characteristic of amylose?
Amylose is soluble in hot water and forms a colloidal substance.
p.5
Monosaccharides and Their Characteristics
What are monosaccharides?
Simple sugars with simple structures.
p.31
Functions of Carbohydrates
Where is glycogen primarily stored in the body?
In the liver and muscle tissues.
p.10
Disaccharides: Formation and Types
Can disaccharides crystallize?
Yes, they are crystallizable.
p.42
Functions of Carbohydrates
What is the primary function of glycoproteins?
They play key roles in cell recognition, signaling, and immune responses.
p.41
Polysaccharides: Characteristics and Types
What is glycogen and its bonding structure?
Glycogen is a polysaccharide made of α-glucose units connected by α-1,4-glycosidic bonds and α-1,6-glycosidic bonds.
p.41
Cellulose: Structure and Role in Plant Cell Walls
What is the structure of cellulose?
It consists of β-glucose units connected by β-1,4-glycosidic bonds.
p.39
Starch: Structure and Function in Plants
What is the primary function of starch in plants?
Starch serves as an energy storage molecule.
p.39
Starch: Structure and Function in Plants
How do humans digest starch?
Humans can easily digest starch due to enzymes that break down alpha linkages.
p.8
Monosaccharides and Their Characteristics
What are the structural formulas for α-D-glucose and β-D-glucose?
α-D-glucose has the OH group down; β-D-glucose has the OH group up.
p.32
Polysaccharides: Characteristics and Types
What is the characteristic of side chains in glycogen?
They tend to be shorter and more frequent.
p.16
Disaccharides: Formation and Types
What type of sugar is maltose?
A reducing sugar because it has one reducing end.
p.20
Polysaccharides: Characteristics and Types
How are monosaccharide units connected in polysaccharides?
By glycosidic bonds (also known as ester bonds).
p.35
Cellulose: Structure and Role in Plant Cell Walls
From what is cellulose built?
Residual β glucose linked by β-1,4-glycosidic bonds.
p.23
Starch: Structure and Function in Plants
What is the primary function of starch in plants?
It is the storage form of glucose.
p.9
Disaccharides: Formation and Types
What forms a disaccharide?
Two monosaccharides linked together.
p.6
Monosaccharides and Their Characteristics
Can certain sugars be crystallized?
Yes, they are crystallizable.
p.9
Disaccharides: Formation and Types
What is the role of water in the formation of disaccharides?
Water is removed during condensation and added during hydrolysis.
p.24
Starch: Structure and Function in Plants
Where is starch particularly abundant in plants?
In plant storage areas such as potato tubers.
p.47
Functions of Carbohydrates
What role do glycoproteins play in the reproductive process?
They are involved in sperm-egg recognition and fusion.
p.39
Cellulose: Structure and Role in Plant Cell Walls
What is the solubility of cellulose in water?
Cellulose is insoluble in water.
p.39
Cellulose: Structure and Role in Plant Cell Walls
What is the typical structure of cellulose?
Cellulose is typically found in a linear structure.
p.33
Polysaccharides: Characteristics and Types
How does the solubility of glycogen compare to starch?
Glycogen is more soluble than starch.
p.20
Polysaccharides: Characteristics and Types
What are polysaccharides?
Long chains formed by bonding monosaccharides together.
p.16
Disaccharides: Formation and Types
What method can be used to hydrolyze maltose?
By boiling maltose with acid.
p.37
Cellulose: Structure and Role in Plant Cell Walls
Why are the fibrils formed by these molecules important?
They are the perfect material for building the cell walls of plants.
p.42
Definition and Composition of Carbohydrates
What are glycoproteins?
Molecules that consist of a protein and a carbohydrate (sugar) component.
p.41
Polysaccharides: Characteristics and Types
What is the structure of amylose?
It consists of α-glucose units connected by α-1,4-glycosidic bonds.
p.42
Definition and Composition of Carbohydrates
What are glycolipids?
Molecules that consist of a lipid and a carbohydrate component.
p.39
Starch: Structure and Function in Plants
What type of glucose linkage is found in starch?
Starch consists of alpha-glucose linkages.
p.8
Monosaccharides and Their Characteristics
What is the orientation of the OH group in α-glucose?
The OH group is jutting downwards from the first carbon atom.
p.37
Cellulose: Structure and Role in Plant Cell Walls
What functional groups are abundant in the molecules discussed?
Many -OH (hydroxyl) groups.
p.35
Cellulose: Structure and Role in Plant Cell Walls
Is cellulose found in animal cells?
No, it is not found in animal cells.
p.14
Disaccharides: Formation and Types
Why is sucrose not considered a reducing sugar?
Both its reducing ends are tied up in the glycosidic bond.
p.10
Disaccharides: Formation and Types
Are disaccharides soluble in water?
Yes, they are water soluble.
p.14
Disaccharides: Formation and Types
How can sucrose be hydrolyzed?
By boiling sucrose with acid or using the enzyme sucrase.
p.30
Polysaccharides: Characteristics and Types
What type of glucose does glycogen consist of?
Long chains of α-glucose.
p.10
Disaccharides: Formation and Types
Which disaccharides are non-reducing sugars?
All except lactose and maltose.
p.22
Polysaccharides: Characteristics and Types
What is cellulose and where is it found?
Cellulose is a polysaccharide found only in plants.
p.42
Functions of Carbohydrates
What is the main role of glycolipids in the cell membrane?
They contribute to cell recognition and signaling.
p.47
Functions of Carbohydrates
What role do glycoproteins play in cell signaling?
They serve as receptors for signaling molecules.
p.47
Functions of Carbohydrates
How do glycoproteins affect the transport of molecules?
They facilitate the transport of molecules across cell membranes.
p.39
Starch: Structure and Function in Plants
What is the solubility of starch in water?
Starch is soluble in water.
p.1
Cellulose: Structure and Role in Plant Cell Walls
What is cellulose primarily used for in plants?
To provide structural support in cell walls.
p.31
Polysaccharides: Characteristics and Types
What is the primary structure of glycogen?
Glycogen is a polysaccharide made up of glucose units.
p.37
Cellulose: Structure and Role in Plant Cell Walls
What role do the -OH groups and oxygen atoms play in the molecules?
They produce opportunities for hydrogen bonds to form between adjacent chains.
p.4
Definition and Composition of Carbohydrates
What are the three main groups of carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, and Polysaccharides.
p.2
Definition and Composition of Carbohydrates
What is the basic composition of carbohydrates?
Organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio.
p.5
Monosaccharides and Their Characteristics
How can monosaccharides be classified?
According to the number of carbons.
p.22
Polysaccharides: Characteristics and Types
What is starch and where is it found?
Starch is a polysaccharide found only in plants.
p.21
Monosaccharides and Their Characteristics
What is the crystallization property of the substance?
It is unable to crystallize (amorphous).
p.42
Monosaccharides and Their Characteristics
How do glycoproteins and glycolipids differ in composition?
Glycoproteins contain proteins with attached carbohydrates, while glycolipids consist of lipids with attached carbohydrates.
p.1
Monosaccharides and Their Characteristics
What are monosaccharides?
The simplest form of carbohydrates, consisting of single sugar molecules.
p.1
Sucrose: Structure and Hydrolysis
How is sucrose hydrolyzed?
By the enzyme sucrase, breaking it down into glucose and fructose.
p.47
Functions of Carbohydrates
How do glycoproteins contribute to immune response?
They act as antigens that help the immune system identify foreign substances.
p.21
Monosaccharides and Their Characteristics
What is the molecular mass characteristic of the substance?
It has a high molecular mass.
p.39
Cellulose: Structure and Role in Plant Cell Walls
What type of glucose linkage is found in cellulose?
Cellulose consists of beta-glucose linkages.
p.8
Monosaccharides and Their Characteristics
What is the orientation of the OH group in β-glucose?
The OH group is jutting upwards from the first carbon atom.
p.28
Polysaccharides: Characteristics and Types
What is the significance of α - 1,6 - glycosidic bonds in amylopectin?
They create branching points in the structure.
p.1
Definition and Composition of Carbohydrates
What are carbohydrates primarily composed of?
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
p.39
Cellulose: Structure and Role in Plant Cell Walls
What is the main structural role of cellulose in plants?
Cellulose provides structural support in plant cell walls.
p.1
Disaccharides: Formation and Types
What is an example of a disaccharide?
Sucrose, maltose, or lactose.
