2022.
The fully shaded inner region of a shadow.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration / Space Weather Prediction Center.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
Nuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium.
5800 K.
Photosphere.
Geomagnetically Induced Current.
Love et al.
The specific focus is not provided in the text.
The leading sunspot being closer to the equator than the trailing sunspot.
National Centers for Environmental Information.
Nuclear fusion in the core.
4 hydrogen nuclei → 1 helium nucleus + energy + 2 neutrinos.
The partially shaded outer region of a shadow.
It provides a more comprehensive understanding of celestial phenomena.
Carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen.
10^6 to 10^7 K.
Chromosphere.
Approximately 0.5 Gauss.
Hydrogen: 73.46%, Helium: 24.85%, Oxygen: 0.77%, Carbon: 0.29%, Iron: 0.16%.
160,000 kg/m³.
6.955 x 10^8 m.
2 H + 1 H → 3 He + γ.
1.409 g/cm^3.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration / Space Weather Prediction Center.
The study of astronomical objects using different wavelengths of light.
Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites.
The center is about 300 K hotter than the surroundings.
In the form of radiation, primarily gamma rays.
George Ellery Hale in 1908.
About 1000 times stronger.
From 20 g/cm³ to 0.2 g/cm³.
Approximately 4000 K.
It is several hundred times stronger.
Between 1000 to 4000 Gauss.
Only a small percentage.
By analyzing seismic waves that reach the surface during solar vibrations.
1 AU (1.496 x 10^8 km).
Increased currents in the ionosphere caused by solar activity.
The specific focus is not provided in the content.
Approximately 25 days.
Telescopes that detect various wavelengths, including radio, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, and X-rays.
The magnetic field suppresses energy transfer from the convective layers below the photosphere.
Differential rotation.
About one million years.
ΔE = (Δm) c^2.
Proton-proton chain and CNO cycle.
4.3 x 10^-12 J.
10^38 reactions.
Black body radiation at 5800 K.
3.86 x 10^33 erg/s (or 3.86 x 10^26 W).
10⁻⁶ kg/m³.
The reduction in efficiency of solar cells due to radiation exposure.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration / Space Weather Prediction Center.
Corona.
The polarity of leading sunspots in the Northern Hemisphere is opposite to that in the Southern Hemisphere.
In more massive stars.
Approximately 10^1 to 10^2 cm^-3.
6.645 x 10^-27 kg.
Approximately 10^38 reactions.
About 5 million tons.
4240 K.
Sunspots and granulation.
Large expulsions of plasma and magnetic field from the Sun's corona.
8.32 minutes.
NASA and GAO.
They can affect electrical systems and infrastructure.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration / Solar Dynamics Observatory.
Core.
No, they do not exhibit differential rotation.
Solar cycle 24.
1.5 x 10^7 K.
Neutrinos.
Because the temperature and pressure are not high enough.
Approximately 500 km.
It is higher than previously thought.
3 He + 3 He → 4 He + 2 1 H.
5770 K.
Seismic waves help scientists model and understand the Sun's internal movements and structure.
Auroras and other disturbances in the atmosphere.
About 27 days.
Carbon-Nitrogen-Oxygen.
Radiative zone.
Approximately 10 minutes.
Solar cycle 23.
2.5 x 10^11 times.
Transition Region.
Sunspots are about 1000-1500 K cooler.
The primary process for energy production in the Sun, accounting for 90% of its energy.
1.41 x 10^27 m^3, which is 1.3 million times the volume of Earth.
They often appear in groups or pairs.
A sudden eruption of intense high-energy radiation from the Sun's surface.
A continuous flow of charged particles from the Sun.
The tilt angle increases with latitude.
A transition layer between the radiative zone and the convective zone in the Sun, located at approximately 0.7 to 0.74 solar radii.
0.25 to 0.7 solar radii (R_s).
Convective zone.
They collide with particles and are absorbed, then re-emitted at lower energy.
Up to about 1000 Gauss.
Strong magnetic fields suppress convective energy transfer.
1 H + 1 H → 2 H + e + + ν.
The photosphere.
It increases the number of collisions necessary for fusion.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration / Space Weather Prediction Center.
A structure caused by convection, where each granule is about 1500 km in size.
About 30 days.
The polarity of sunspots will reverse in both hemispheres.
Sunspots are darker than the photosphere.
Helium.
Approximately 10^3 km.
4.5 x 10^9 years.
G2V.
The internal structure of the Sun using seismic waves.
1.989 x 10^30 kg.
It is where the Sun generates its magnetic field and is related to solar activity cycles.
Doppler shift.
25.05 days.
High-energy protons emitted during solar events like flares and CMEs.
Core, radiative zone, convective zone, chromosphere, photosphere, and corona.
The observed tilt of sunspot groups.
Energy is transported by convection, with a significant temperature decrease towards the surface.
Corona.
Convection, where the center of the granule rises and the surrounding areas sink.
6.693 x 10^-27 kg.
Approximately 1.0 Gauss.
They must be close enough to overcome their mutual repulsion.
High-speed collisions.
High gas density.
That it was due to incorrect models of the Sun's interior.
4 hydrogen atoms produce 1 helium atom, energy, and 2 neutrinos.
4300 to 50,000 K.
It is not possible to place detectors inside the Sun.
A change in a bit of memory caused by a single ionizing particle.
The energy from the radiative zone can no longer effectively transfer heat outward by conduction.
Because they are cooler than the surrounding photosphere.
The energy received from the Sun per square meter at the top of Earth's atmosphere, approximately 1366 W/m².
Because it is not transparent to visible light.
It has a large shear profile, which can form large-scale magnetic fields.
From 7 million K to 2 million K.
0.048 x 10^-27 kg.
Coronal heating.
Approximately 10^4 K.
To counteract the star's gravitational collapse and maintain stability.
About 5800 K.
It refers to the grainy appearance of the solar surface caused by convection.
3000 Gauss.
Because its temperature and density are appropriate.
Star theory.
High-energy particles from outer space that can affect Earth's atmosphere.
Interference in high-frequency radio waves caused by solar activity.
1410 kg/m³.
10 million Kelvin (10^7 K).
15,000,000 K.
The penumbra and the umbra.
It can cause a temperature change of 1 to 2 °C.
Harm caused to living tissues by exposure to radiation.
Geomagnetically Induced Currents that can affect electrical grids.
Rapid fluctuations in signal strength due to ionospheric disturbances.
