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What does electronegativity tell us about an atom?
How much a particular atom ‘wants’ electrons.
How are atoms held together in a molecule?
Atoms are held together by chemical bonds.
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p.4
Electronegativity and Chemical Bonds

What does electronegativity tell us about an atom?

How much a particular atom ‘wants’ electrons.

p.3
Types of Chemical Bonds

How are atoms held together in a molecule?

Atoms are held together by chemical bonds.

p.3
Trace Elements in the Human Body

What is the role of Iodine (I) in the body?

Iodine is part of the thyroid hormones.

p.4
Electronegativity and Chemical Bonds

What symbol is given to the more electronegative atom in a bond?

δ -

p.4
Types of Chemical Bonds

What is a covalent bond?

A type of chemical bond where atoms share electrons.

p.4
Electronegativity and Chemical Bonds

What does electronegativity measure?

An atom’s attraction for electrons in a bond.

p.2
Major Elements in the Human Body

Why is Magnesium (Mg) important in the human body?

Magnesium is needed in blood and other body tissues, vital as a coenzyme, and necessary for nerve transmission and muscle control.

p.2
Major Elements in the Human Body

How does Potassium (K) function in the human body?

Potassium is a major positive ion within the cells, vital in nerve function, affects muscle contraction, and is important for fluid and electrolyte balance. It is present in all bodily fluids.

p.2
Trace Elements in the Human Body

Where is Iron (Fe) present in the human body?

Iron is present in the hemoglobin of blood.

p.3
Trace Elements in the Human Body

What is the role of Molybdenum (Mo) in the body?

Molybdenum is part of some enzymes and has similar functions to copper, such as oxidation.

p.4
Electronegativity and Chemical Bonds

What symbol is given to the less electronegative atom in a bond?

δ +

p.4
Types of Chemical Bonds

What type of bonds form molecules?

Chemical bonds.

p.2
Major Elements in the Human Body

What is the significance of Chlorine (Cl) in the human body?

Chlorine is a major negative ion in tissue fluid, vital for fluid balance, and part of NaCl and gastric juice. It is present in gastric juices of the stomach and other fluids.

p.2
Trace Elements in the Human Body

What is the role of Manganese (Mn) in the human body?

Manganese is a co-factor for several enzymes, found mostly in the liver and kidney, and specifically in mitochondria.

p.2
Major Elements in the Human Body

What role does Sulfur (S) play in the human body?

Sulfur is part of most proteins and is involved in the activation of enzymes.

p.1
Subatomic Particles: Protons, Neutrons, Electrons

What is an electron?

A negatively charged particle located in the orbitals of an atom.

p.1
Electron Orbitals and Energy Levels

How many electrons can an orbital hold?

A maximum of 2 electrons.

p.2
Trace Elements in the Human Body

What is the function of Selenium (Se) in the human body?

Selenium is believed to be closely linked to the function of vitamin E and is part of glutathione peroxidase, which removes hydrogen peroxide and organic peroxides.

p.1
Essential Elements for Life

Why is carbon essential for life?

It forms the backbones of organic molecules and can form four bonds with other atoms.

p.4
Covalent Bonds and Electronegativity

Electronegativity tells us how much a particular atom ___ electrons.

wants

p.1
Definition of Elements

An element is composed of atoms having an identical number of ___ in each ___.

protons, nucleus

p.2
Major Elements in the Human Body

What are the functions of Phosphorus (P) in the human body?

Phosphorus is part of nucleic acids, a structural part of bone and cell walls, and vital in energy transfer.

p.1
Types of Chemical Bonds

What is a hydrogen bond?

A weak attractive force between hydrogen atoms and certain other atoms.

p.1
Definition of Elements

An element is a substance that cannot be broken down into ___ substances by ___ means.

simpler, chemical

p.1
Electron Orbitals and Energy Levels

Orbitals (s, p, d, f) hold a maximum of ___ electrons.

2

p.2
Trace Elements in the Body

___ (F) is incorporated into the tooth enamel and bone structure.

Fluorine

p.1
Essential Elements for Life

Carbon forms the backbones of ___ molecules and can form ___ bonds with other atoms.

organic, four

p.2
Major Elements in the Human Body

What are the roles of Calcium (Ca) in the human body?

Calcium is a structural component of bones and teeth, important for acid-base balance, muscle contraction, conduction of nerve impulses, and blood clotting. It is found in teeth and bones.

p.1
Electron Orbitals and Energy Levels

What happens to high-energy electrons eventually?

They fall back to their stable orbital position, emitting energy as they do so.

p.1
Essential Elements for Life

Why is nitrogen essential for life?

It is a component of all proteins and nucleic acids.

p.1
Structure of Atoms

An atom is the ___ component of an element and shares the ___ properties of the element.

smallest, chemical

p.1
Electron Orbitals and Energy Levels

As distance from the nucleus increases, ___ level increases.

energy

p.2
Major Elements in the Human Body

What is the role of Sodium (Na) in the human body?

Sodium is a major positive ion in tissue fluid, vital in fluid balance, and essential for the conduction of nerve impulses. It is present in all bodily fluids.

p.1
Subatomic Particles: Protons, Neutrons, Electrons

What is a neutron?

An uncharged particle located in the nucleus of an atom.

p.1
Isotopes and Ions

What happens when an atom gains or loses electrons?

It becomes an ion of the same element.

p.2
Trace Elements in the Human Body

What is the significance of Cobalt (Co) in the human body?

Cobalt is part of vitamin B12, which is required for the maturation of red blood cells (erythrocytes).

p.4
Types of Chemical Bonds

___ bonds and covalent compounds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms.

Covalent

p.4
Covalent Bonds and Electronegativity

The symbol ___ is given to the more electronegative atom.

δ -

p.1
Structure of Atoms

An atom consists of a ___ (with neutrons and protons) and ___.

nucleus, electrons

p.1
Subatomic Particles: Protons, Neutrons, Electrons

A neutron is ___ and located in the ___ of an atom.

uncharged, nucleus

p.2
Elements Comprising the Human Body

___ (Ca) is a structural component of bones and teeth, vital in muscle contraction, conduction of nerve impulses, and blood clotting.

Calcium

p.1
Types of Chemical Bonds

A covalent bond is a strong bond that results when two atoms ___ a pair of electrons, one from each atom.

share

p.1
Types of Chemical Bonds

Van der Waal’s force is a weak attractive force that acts between all ___.

molecules

p.2
Trace Elements in the Body

___ (Cu) is part of several enzymes used for oxidation.

Copper

p.1
Definition of Elements

What is an element?

A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means and is composed of atoms having an identical number of protons in each nucleus.

p.1
Structure of Atoms

What is an atom?

The smallest component of an element that shares the chemical properties of the element and consists of a nucleus (with neutrons and protons) and electrons.

p.1
Electron Orbitals and Energy Levels

What can electrons do to jump up one or more energy levels to a higher orbital?

They can absorb energy from the environment.

p.3
Trace Elements in the Body

Molybdenum (Mo) is part of some ___ and has similar functions to ___, such as ___ reactions.

enzymes, copper, oxidation

p.3
Types of Chemical Bonds

Atoms are held together by ___ bonds.

chemical

p.2
Elements Comprising the Human Body

___ (P) is part of nucleic acids, a structural part of bone and cell walls, and vital in energy transfer.

Phosphorus

p.1
Essential Elements for Life

Nitrogen is a component of all ___ and ___ acids.

proteins, nucleic

p.2
Trace Elements in the Human Body

How does Chromium (Cr) help maintain blood sugar levels?

Chromium helps maintain blood sugar levels by assisting insulin in the uptake of glucose into cells.

p.4
Covalent Bonds and Electronegativity

The symbol ___ is given to the less electronegative atom.

δ +

p.1
Isotopes and Ions

An atom that gains or loses ___ becomes an isotope of the same element.

neutrons

p.2
Trace Elements in the Body

___ (V) may function as an oxidation-reduction catalyst and regulate sodium-potassium and adenosine triphosphates enzyme.

Vanadium

p.2
Trace Elements in the Body

___ (Zn) is part of many enzymes, needed in saliva for taste bud development, and vital for growth, sexual development, and taste awareness.

Zinc

p.1
Subatomic Particles: Protons, Neutrons, Electrons

What is a proton?

A positively charged particle located in the nucleus of an atom.

p.2
Trace Elements in the Human Body

What is the role of Fluorine (F) in the human body?

Fluorine is incorporated into the tooth enamel and bone structure.

p.2
Trace Elements in the Human Body

Why is Zinc (Zn) important in the human body?

Zinc is part of many enzymes, needed in saliva for taste bud development, vital for growth, sexual development, and taste awareness, and has roles in protein synthesis and cell division.

p.1
Essential Elements for Life

Why is oxygen essential for life?

It is used in cellular respiration and is found in most organic compounds, such as food.

p.3
Trace Elements in the Body

Iodine (I) is a crucial component of ___ hormones.

thyroid

p.2
Trace Elements in the Body

___ (Se) is believed to be closely linked to the function of vitamin E and is part of the glutathione peroxidase, which removes hydrogen peroxide and organic peroxides.

Selenium

p.2
Trace Elements in the Human Body

What is the suggested function of Vanadium (V) in the human body?

In vitro and animal studies suggest Vanadium functions as an oxidation-reduction catalyst and may regulate sodium-potassium and adenosine triphosphatase enzymes, although this has not been proven.

p.1
Types of Chemical Bonds

What is an ionic bond?

A bond that results when an atom has such a strong attraction for electrons that it pulls one or more electrons completely away from another atom (e.g., NaCl).

p.1
Essential Elements for Life

Why is hydrogen essential for life?

It is present in all organic compounds and helps maintain acid-base balance.

p.1
Electron Orbitals and Energy Levels

Electrons can absorb energy from the environment to jump up one or more ___ levels to a higher ___.

energy, orbital

p.1
Electron Orbitals and Energy Levels

What happens to the energy level of an orbital as the distance from the nucleus increases?

The energy level increases.

p.1
Types of Chemical Bonds

What is a covalent bond?

A strong bond that results when two atoms share a pair of electrons, one from each atom, and usually requires energy input to break them apart (e.g., Chlorine molecule).

p.1
Isotopes and Ions

An atom that gains or loses ___ becomes an ion of the same element.

electrons

p.2
Elements Comprising the Human Body

___ (S) is part of most proteins and is involved in the activation of enzymes.

Sulfur

p.2
Trace Elements in the Body

___ (Cr) helps maintain blood sugar levels by assisting insulin in the uptake of glucose into cells.

Chromium

p.1
Isotopes and Ions

What happens when an atom gains or loses neutrons?

It becomes an isotope of the same element.

p.1
Types of Chemical Bonds

What is Van der Waal’s force?

A weak attractive force that acts between all molecules.

p.4
Covalent Bonds and Electronegativity

Electronegativity is a measure of an atom’s ___ for electrons in a bond.

attraction

p.2
Elements Comprising the Human Body

___ (Na) is a major positive ion in tissue fluid, vital in fluid balance, and conduction of nerve impulses.

Sodium

p.2
Elements Comprising the Human Body

___ (Cl) is a major negative ion in tissue fluid, vital for fluid balance, and part of NaCl and gastric juice.

Chlorine

p.2
Trace Elements in the Body

___ (Fe) is present in haemoglobin of blood.

Iron

p.2
Trace Elements in the Human Body

What role does Copper (Cu) play in the human body?

Copper is part of several enzymes used for oxidation.

p.1
Subatomic Particles: Protons, Neutrons, Electrons

A proton is ___ charged and located in the ___ of an atom.

positively, nucleus

p.1
Electron Orbitals and Energy Levels

High energy electrons are not stable and eventually fall back to their stable orbital position, ___ energy as they do so.

emitting

p.1
Essential Elements for Life

Oxygen is essential for ___ respiration and is found in most ___ compounds.

cellular, organic

p.1
Subatomic Particles: Protons, Neutrons, Electrons

An electron is ___ charged and located in the ___ of an atom.

negatively, orbitals

p.2
Elements Comprising the Human Body

___ (Mg) is needed in blood and other body tissues, vital as a coenzyme, and necessary for nerve transmission and muscle control.

Magnesium

p.2
Trace Elements in the Body

___ (Mn) is a co-factor for many enzymes, found mostly in the liver and kidney, specifically in mitochondria.

Manganese

p.1
Essential Elements for Life

Hydrogen is present in all ___ compounds and helps maintain ___ balance.

organic, acid-base

p.2
Elements Comprising the Human Body

___ (K) is a major positive ion within cells, vital in nerve function, and affects muscle contraction, fluid, and electrolyte balance.

Potassium

p.2
Trace Elements in the Body

___ (Co) is part of vitamin B12, which is required for the maturation of red blood cells (erythrocytes).

Cobalt

p.1
Types of Chemical Bonds

An ionic bond results when an atom has such a strong attraction for ___ that it pulls one or more electrons completely away from another atom.

electrons

p.1
Types of Chemical Bonds

A hydrogen bond is a weak attractive force between ___ atoms and certain other atoms.

hydrogen

Study Smarter, Not Harder
Study Smarter, Not Harder