C27H46O.
A liposome is a spherical vesicle composed of lipid bilayers, often used in drug delivery.
Examples include alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, and creatine kinase.
Histidine contains an imidazole ring.
A nucleotide triplet that signals the termination of protein synthesis.
The process where ribosomes assemble around the mRNA to start protein synthesis.
5-methyluracil (thymine) is involved in DNA synthesis and stability.
A change in a single nucleotide in the DNA sequence.
Chondroitin sulfate is a glycosaminoglycan (GAG) that provides structural support and elasticity in cartilage.
It is universal, redundant, and unambiguous.
Starch is a polysaccharide made up of glucose units, serving as an energy storage molecule in plants.
Unsaturated fatty acids increase fluidity, while saturated fatty acids decrease it.
It enhances the transcription of genes.
Proteoglycans are primarily composed of glycosaminoglycans, while glycoproteins have a higher proportion of protein.
C5H10N2O3S.
Proline.
Phosphatidylcholine is a phospholipid that plays a key role in cell membrane structure and function.
The reaction involves the carboxyl group of the acidic amino acid and the amino group of the branched chain amino acid, releasing water.
Insulin is a peptide hormone composed of two chains (A and B) linked by disulfide bonds; it regulates glucose levels in the blood.
C18H37N2O8P.
It is a phospholipid that plays a role in membrane structure and cell signaling.
Phosphatidylcholine is a phospholipid composed of a glycerol backbone, two fatty acid tails, a phosphate group, and a choline molecule. It functions as a major component of cell membranes.
∆G = ∆H - T∆S
Cerebrocides are composed of a ceramide and a carbohydrate, typically a monosaccharide or disaccharide.
Lactose is a disaccharide composed of glucose and galactose, functioning as a sugar found in milk.
Cardiolipin is a phospholipid that is important for mitochondrial function.
Ethanolamine is involved in the synthesis of phospholipids and cell membranes.
Prostaglandins are lipid compounds that have diverse hormone-like effects in the body.
The corresponding codon on the mRNA during translation.
It is a part of hemoglobin, transferring oxygen in blood.
NAD+ acts as a coenzyme in redox reactions, facilitating the transfer of electrons.
The double helix, characterized by two strands wound around each other.
Glycogen contains alpha-1,4 and alpha-1,6 glycosidic bonds, functioning as energy storage in animals.
Ubiquinone, also known as coenzyme Q, is a lipid-soluble molecule that plays a key role in the electron transport chain.
The formula is C44H84NO8P, and its function is to maintain cell membrane integrity and fluidity.
The removal of a carboxyl group from an amino acid, resulting in the formation of an amine.
A type of phospholipid found in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
All of them (Fructose, Glycine, Palmitic acid).
C16H32O2.
A lipid with a carbohydrate attached, important for cell recognition.
Hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds, and hydrogen bonds.
pH = 1
The peptide bond is formed between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another.
C3H7O6P.
By gel electrophoresis.
Polymerase Chain Reaction, a method used to amplify DNA.
Peptides play roles in signaling, hormone regulation, and immune responses.
A process that involves the addition of a phosphate group to an enzyme, which can alter its activity.
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is a three-carbon sugar involved in glycolysis and the Calvin cycle.
Three unsaturated fatty acids are oleic acid, linoleic acid, and alpha-linolenic acid.
Hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases and phosphodiester bonds in the backbone.
A holoenzyme is the active form of an enzyme that includes its cofactor.
No, tyrosine is a non-essential amino acid.
Arachidonic acid.
The control of the timing and amount of gene expression at various levels.
DNA that has been fragmented into smaller pieces.
A glycosidic bond.
Sphingomyelin is a type of sphingolipid that contains a sphingosine backbone, a fatty acid, and a phosphate group linked to choline.
Alpha helices and beta sheets.
Lipoproteins are composed of lipids (triglycerides and cholesterol) and proteins (apolipoproteins).
Starch.
CTP is involved in the synthesis of phospholipids.
Adenosine is a nucleoside composed of adenine and ribose, playing a role in energy transfer and signaling.
A solution that has the same osmotic pressure as blood plasma in humans.
Cholesteryl stearate consists of a cholesterol molecule esterified with stearic acid, and its formula is C27H46O2.
The property of an enzyme to catalyze a reaction with a specific stereoisomer of a substrate.
1. Alkylating agents 2. Base analogs 3. Intercalating agents.
A type of glycolipid that contains a single sugar moiety.
Glucose and galactose.
RNA polymerase.
The regulatory site or allosteric site.
A glycosphingolipid with one or more sialic acids.
Cholesterol is a sterol with a specific four-ring structure.
Integral proteins and peripheral proteins.
5-fluoro uracil is used as a chemotherapy agent to inhibit thymidylate synthase, thus interfering with DNA synthesis in cancer cells.
It is a modified guanine nucleotide (7-methylguanylate).
Voltage, ligands, and mechanical forces.
Isoenzymes are different forms of an enzyme that catalyze the same reaction but differ in structure and kinetic properties.
It refers to the uneven distribution of different types of lipids between the inner and outer leaflets of the membrane.
Glycosidic bonds link monomers in polysaccharides.
Galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (or similar enzymes in the galactose metabolism pathway).
Linolenic acid is a polyunsaturated fatty acid with three double bonds.
Glutamic acid loses a carboxyl group to form gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).
The product is gluconic acid.
Glycerol, fatty acids, phosphate group, and an alcohol.
Non-covalent interactions and lipid bilayer structure.
Integral proteins and peripheral proteins; integral proteins span the membrane, while peripheral proteins are attached to the surface.
A type of phospholipid with a vinyl ether bond.
CTP (cytidine triphosphate) is involved in the synthesis of RNA and acts as a substrate for the enzyme RNA polymerase.
It involves capping, polyadenylation, and splicing.
Valine exists in its cationic form.
3’ TGCACT 5’.
Amino acids are essential for protein synthesis, neurotransmitter production, and metabolic pathways.
0.533 mol/L.
A double helix composed of nucleotides, with a sugar-phosphate backbone and nitrogenous bases.
Proteolysis is the process of breaking down proteins into smaller peptides or amino acids.
To the promoter region of DNA.
Examples include oleic acid, linoleic acid, and alpha-linolenic acid.
Chondroitin sulfate is a glycosaminoglycan that provides structural support in cartilage.
Sphingosine.
Cholesterol has a complex ring structure with a hydroxyl group.
They initiate transcription by providing a binding site for RNA polymerase.
RNA polymerases.
The quaternary structure refers to the arrangement of multiple polypeptide chains into a single functional unit.
The main forms of DNA are A-DNA, B-DNA, and Z-DNA.
Phospholipids can move laterally within the membrane and occasionally flip-flop between layers.
The secondary structure of tRNA is characterized by a cloverleaf shape formed by base pairing.
NAD+ and FAD.
5-fluoro uracil is an antimetabolite used in cancer treatment that inhibits thymidylate synthase, affecting DNA synthesis.
Glucose is oxidized to produce carbon dioxide and water, releasing energy.
GLUT 4 is located in adipose tissue and muscle; it facilitates glucose uptake in response to insulin.
Alpha-mannose and beta-mannose.
SAM is a methyl donor in methylation reactions and is involved in the synthesis of neurotransmitters.
DNA polymerase synthesizes new DNA strands by adding nucleotides complementary to the template strand.
Hydrogen bonds connect the bases in DNA.
Gene expression in eukaryotes is regulated at multiple levels, including transcription, RNA processing, and translation.
It is essential for the synthesis of coenzyme A, which is important in fatty acid metabolism.
Recombination of DNA is used in genetic engineering, gene therapy, and the production of recombinant proteins.
A DNA molecule used to deliver genetic material into a cell.
Temperature, lipid composition, and cholesterol content.
Lactose is a disaccharide composed of glucose and galactose, bonded by a glycosidic linkage.
Chemical changes to a protein after its translation, affecting its function and activity.
Arginine.
Insulin is a peptide hormone composed of 51 amino acids, while glucagon is composed of 29 amino acids.
Hydrophobic interactions.
The secondary structure of DNA refers to its double helix formation, where two strands are coiled around each other.
It is when a molecule has no net electric charge.
The sugar found in the blood is glucose, which has the formula C6H12O6.
hnRNA is the precursor to mRNA and includes introns, while mRNA is the processed form that is translated into protein.
Transcellular transport moves substances across a cell, intracellular transport moves substances within a cell, and homocellular transport occurs between adjacent cells.
An optical isomer is a molecule that has the same molecular formula but differs in the spatial arrangement of atoms, resulting in non-superimposable mirror images.
Solvation and electrostatic interactions.
The process of removing introns from hnRNA to produce mature mRNA.
Decarboxylation of serine involves the removal of a carboxyl group, resulting in the formation of ethanolamine.
To serve as a barrier that regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell.
Phosphorylated amino acids have a phosphate group attached to their side chains, altering their function.
Glycogen is composed of alpha-1,4-glycosidic bonds with branching via alpha-1,6-glycosidic bonds.
Phosphorylation is the addition of a phosphate group to a molecule, often regulating protein function.
Enzymes that cut DNA at specific sequences, important for recombinant DNA technology.
Liposomes are used as drug delivery systems to enhance the bioavailability of therapeutic agents.
The process of making multiple copies of a specific DNA segment.
Hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, disulfide bridges, and hydrophobic interactions.
A lipid molecule composed of sphingosine and a fatty acid.
A homopolysaccharide consists of repeating units of the same monosaccharide.
Homopolysaccharides are polysaccharides formed by glycosidic bonds between identical monosaccharides.
mRNA carries genetic information, tRNA transfers amino acids, and rRNA forms the core of ribosome structure.
0.15 mol/L (molecular weight of NaCl is 60 g/mol).
Aspartic acid loses a carboxyl group to form aspartamine, which functions as a neurotransmitter.
5.3 (calculated as 6.3 + log(0.3/0.03)).
The protein's structure and function.
Peptidases are enzymes that break down peptides into amino acids, facilitating digestion and absorption.
A technique that exploits variations in homologous DNA sequences.
Hydrogen bonds are responsible for base pairing in DNA.
It protects mRNA from degradation and assists in ribosome binding during translation.
The quaternary structure refers to the arrangement of multiple polypeptide chains into a single functional protein complex.
Phospholipids, cholesterol, and glycolipids; they provide structure and fluidity to the membrane.
Shared DNA refers to genetic material that is common between different organisms or species.
ATP serves as the primary energy carrier in cells.
An enzyme that pumps sodium out of cells and potassium into cells, crucial for maintaining cellular ion balance.
DNA polymerase I removes the RNA primer.
DNA ligase is an enzyme that joins Okazaki fragments and seals nicks in the DNA backbone.
Homocellular transport is between similar cells, intracellular transport is within a cell, and transcellular transport is across a cell layer; examples include nutrient absorption.
A labeled fragment of DNA or RNA used to detect specific sequences.
The presence of spectrin and other cytoskeletal proteins.
Mannose and glucose are both six-carbon aldoses with specific structural formulas.
The reaction produces gluconic acid when glucose is oxidized at C-1.
Examples include oleic acid (C18H34O2), linoleic acid (C18H32O2), and linolenic acid (C18H30O2).
Fe3+ + H2O2 → Fe2+ + OH- + OH*
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are long unbranched polysaccharides that provide structural support, lubrication, and hydration in tissues.
C55H98O6.
Transcriptional, post-transcriptional, translational, and post-translational regulation.
Cellulose.
CTP (cytidine triphosphate) is involved in the synthesis of RNA and acts as a substrate for RNA polymerase.
Cyclic GMP (cGMP) is a cyclic nucleotide that acts as a second messenger in various signaling pathways, regulating processes like vasodilation.
A method used to identify individuals based on unique patterns in their DNA.
Simple diffusion does not require a transport protein, while facilitated diffusion does.
GC pairs have three hydrogen bonds, while AT pairs have only two, making GC interactions stronger.
Carbon-1 in glucose is oxidized during glycolysis.
It involves the decoding of mRNA by ribosomes to synthesize proteins.
Transport of substances between cells of the same type.
The process of moving ions or molecules against their concentration gradient using energy, typically from ATP; an example is the Na+/K+ ATPase.
Proteins can move laterally within the bilayer, but their movement can be restricted by various factors.
The inner mitochondrial membrane.
The degree of saturation of fatty acids in the phospholipids influences membrane fluidity.
Indole is a heterocyclic compound derived from tryptophan, consisting of a benzene ring fused to a pyrrole ring.
The pH of the environment.
They play crucial roles in inflammation, immunity, and signaling.
Proteins play crucial roles in structure, function, and regulation of the body's tissues and organs.
Phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine.
Coenzymes derived from vitamins include NAD+ (from niacin) and FAD (from riboflavin).
Hyaluronic acid (lubrication in joints) and heparin (anticoagulant).
Cholesterol ester is formed by the esterification of cholesterol with a fatty acid.
A proteoglycan is a protein that is heavily glycosylated, consisting of a core protein and one or more GAG chains.
All of them.
Cellulose provides structural support in plants; starch serves as an energy storage molecule.
An inactive precursor of an enzyme that requires a biochemical change to become active.
Amino acid activation is the process where amino acids are attached to their corresponding tRNA molecules.
It acts as a methyl donor in various methylation reactions.
Maltose consists of two glucose units linked by an alpha-1,4-glycosidic bond.
NAD+ consists of a nicotinamide ring, an adenine ring, and two ribose sugars; it functions as an electron carrier in metabolic reactions.
To treat or prevent disease by modifying genes.
Glucose 6-phosphate is a phosphorylated form of glucose, with a phosphate group attached to the sixth carbon.
The disulfide bond between cysteine residues forms cystine.
PAPS (3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate) is a sulfate donor in sulfation reactions.
Formation of phosphodiester bond in one strand of DNA, synthesis of daughter strand, repair of DNA strand, and removal of DNA primer.
SAM is involved in methylation, while folic acid is crucial for DNA synthesis and repair.
UTP (uridine triphosphate) is involved in the synthesis of RNA and acts as an energy source.
Cholesterol influences membrane fluidity and stability by fitting between phospholipid molecules.
Pseudogenes are non-functional sequences of DNA that resemble functional genes but are not expressed.
The promoter region; it is responsible for the binding of RNA polymerase.
Chondroitin sulfate provides structural support in cartilage and helps maintain its elasticity.
Histones are proteins that help package DNA, and they are rich in lysine and arginine.
Fatty acids are classified as saturated or unsaturated, and they function as energy sources, components of cell membranes, and signaling molecules.
Glycosidic bond.
Essential amino acids are those that cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained from the diet.
A technique used to detect specific RNA sequences in a sample.
Starch is composed of alpha-glucose units and serves as energy storage, while cellulose is made of beta-glucose units and provides structural support in plant cell walls.
Ionophores are compounds that facilitate the transport of ions across lipid membranes.
Glycosidic bond.
Lysosomes are involved in the degradation of waste materials and can be targeted for therapies in lysosomal storage diseases.
The asymmetrical lipid bilayer has different lipid compositions on the inner and outer leaflets, affecting membrane properties and functions.
The plasma membrane.
Lipids can move laterally within the bilayer, allowing for fluidity and flexibility.
ATP is the energy currency of the cell, providing energy for various biochemical reactions.
An enzyme that adds repetitive nucleotide sequences to the ends of chromosomes (telomeres).
A cofactor involved in the synthesis of neurotransmitters and the metabolism of amino acids.
Alkylating agents can cause mispairing or cross-linking, leading to mutations that can be repaired by various mechanisms including base excision repair.
Telomeres, satellite DNA, and mini-satellites.
Hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen bonds, and van der Waals forces.
Pyridoxal phosphate is the active form of vitamin B6 and acts as a coenzyme in amino acid metabolism.
A technique used to locate specific DNA or RNA sequences in tissues or cells.
Gangliosides are composed of a ceramide and one or more sialic acid-containing oligosaccharides.
This reaction is catalyzed by an enzyme belonging to the class of isomerases.
Hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, disulfide bridges, and hydrophobic interactions.
An example of a detoxifying sugar is mannose.
Symport transports two substances in the same direction, antiport transports two substances in opposite directions, and uniport transports one substance.
Disulfide bonds, peptide bonds, and ionic bonds are important for protein structure.
The heterocyclic ring in histidine is called imidazole.
Folic acid and S-adenosylmethionine.
A telomere is a repetitive nucleotide sequence at the end of a chromosome that protects it from deterioration.
The ring group in tryptophan is called indole.
To treat or prevent disease by modifying genes.
Direct repair of DNA involves the correction of damaged DNA without the need for a template.
Enzymes catalyze reactions such as oxidation-reduction, transfer of functional groups, hydrolysis, and isomerization.
A repair mechanism that removes and replaces damaged or non-canonical bases in DNA.
To relieve the torsional strain in DNA during replication by cutting and rejoining the DNA strands.
A process where enzymes undergo changes in their structure through the addition or removal of chemical groups, affecting their activity.
Serine.
Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation are common types of covalent modifications that regulate enzyme activity.
Examples include insulin, glucagon, and oxytocin.
Enzymes can be used as biomarkers for diseases, in drug development, and in enzyme replacement therapies.
A mutation that alters the reading frame of the genetic code, potentially leading to a completely different protein.
A-DNA, B-DNA, and Z-DNA.
C6H12O6; fructose serves as a source of energy and is a component of sucrose.
The heterocycle is the nicotinamide ring, which is crucial for its role as an electron carrier.
DNA polymerase.
Starch is a polysaccharide made of amylose and amylopectin; it functions as an energy storage molecule in plants.
Transport of substances across a membrane using the energy from the electrochemical gradient created by primary active transport.
Water > N2 > Amino acid > K+.
The major groups include oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases, lyases, isomerases, and ligases.
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA template.
The CAAT sequence is a promoter element that enhances the transcription of genes.
Cholesterol helps to maintain membrane fluidity and stability across varying temperatures.
Chondroitin sulfate is a glycosaminoglycan composed of repeating disaccharide units; it provides structural support in cartilage and helps maintain its elasticity.
Alkylating agents can cause mutations that may be repaired by base excision repair or nucleotide excision repair mechanisms.
Glucagon is a hormone that raises blood glucose levels, while insulin lowers blood glucose levels.
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and other amplification techniques.
Ubiquinone functions in the electron transport chain to shuttle electrons between complexes.
5’ TCAGCTG 3’.
The formula is C10H12N5O10P2; it functions as a signaling molecule in various cellular processes.
Prokaryotic translation occurs simultaneously with transcription, while eukaryotic translation occurs after mRNA processing.
A specialized intercellular connection that allows direct communication between adjacent cells.
cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) acts as a secondary messenger in signal transduction pathways.
Amino acids can bind to glycolipids through their side chains, forming glycoproteins.
The process of passive transport of molecules across a membrane via specific transmembrane proteins.
Peptides are short chains of amino acids that play crucial roles in signaling and metabolic processes.
The process of making multiple copies of a specific DNA segment.
An enzyme that unwinds the DNA double helix during replication.
Short segments of DNA synthesized on the lagging strand during DNA replication.
GLUT4 is localized in adipose tissue and muscle, facilitating glucose uptake.
C7H14N2O3S.
Replacing a faulty gene with a healthy copy or introducing a new gene to help the body fight disease.
Hyaluronic acid (found in connective tissues) and chondroitin sulfate (found in cartilage).
The lipid bilayer and interactions with other membrane components.
DNA is double-stranded and contains deoxyribose, while RNA is single-stranded and contains ribose.
Isomaltose consists of two glucose units linked by an alpha-1,6-glycosidic bond, formed during the breakdown of starch.
It acts as an electron carrier in redox reactions, facilitating the conversion of glucose to energy.
NADH is the reduced form of NAD+ and serves as a key electron donor in cellular respiration.
Lipid rafts are microdomains in the membrane rich in cholesterol and sphingolipids that organize signaling molecules.
UDP (uridine diphosphate) is involved in carbohydrate metabolism, while CTP is involved in RNA synthesis.
A palindrome is a sequence of DNA that reads the same forward and backward, often found in restriction enzyme recognition sites.
The passive movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration without the need for energy.
1. 5' capping 2. Polyadenylation 3. Splicing.
Sphingomyelin.
They are used for drug delivery and as models for studying membrane dynamics.
Glutamic acid (C5H9NO4) loses CO2 to form GABA (C4H9NO2).
S-adenosylmethionine serves as a methyl donor in methylation reactions, while coenzyme A is involved in the transfer of acyl groups.
They belong to the class of enzymes known as glycosidases.
A non-protein compound that is necessary for the functioning of an enzyme.
Collections of cloned DNA fragments that represent the genetic material of an organism.
An anomer of mannose is alpha-mannose; an epimer is a sugar that differs in configuration at only one specific carbon atom.
It cannot determine the exact relationship between individuals.
An enzyme involved in the hydrolysis of DNA or RNA.
Glutathione is a tripeptide that acts as an antioxidant, protecting cells from oxidative stress.
An enzyme that synthesizes new DNA strands by adding nucleotides to a growing chain.
Higher temperatures and the presence of unsaturated fatty acids.
Lyases.
5’ CTAGCT 3’.
Enzymes with the same catalytic activity but different chemical structures.
It catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids.
Choline is formed from serine and methionine.
Proteins that are loosely attached to the membrane surface and can be easily removed.
Mutagens can cause mutations leading to diseases such as cancer, genetic disorders, and developmental issues.
A method used to detect specific DNA sequences in a sample.
The heterocycle is indole, with the formula C8H7N.
PAPS stands for 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate, a key molecule in sulfate metabolism.
A nucleosome consists of a segment of DNA wrapped around a core of histone proteins.
Nucleotide excision repair.
Semiconservative means each new DNA molecule contains one original and one new strand; semi-continuous means the leading strand is synthesized continuously while the lagging strand is synthesized in fragments.
Different types of lipids are distributed unevenly between the inner and outer layers.
The tertiary structure is the three-dimensional shape formed by the folding of a polypeptide chain, stabilized by interactions such as hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, hydrophobic interactions, and disulfide bridges.
Hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, disulfide bridges, and hydrophobic interactions.
Telomeres are repetitive nucleotide sequences at the ends of chromosomes that protect them from degradation.
The bond is a glycosidic bond formed between the 1' carbon of ribose and the nitrogen atom of the nitrogenous base.
Translation can be regulated by factors such as initiation factors, ribosome availability, and mRNA stability.
The product is histamine, and the enzyme is histidine decarboxylase.
NADP is a coenzyme that plays a crucial role in anabolic reactions, including fatty acid and nucleic acid synthesis.
Factors include temperature, pH, substrate concentration, and the presence of inhibitors or activators.
A technique used to detect specific proteins in a sample.
Proteins that are embedded within the lipid bilayer and span across the membrane.
The process of synthesizing proteins from mRNA templates.
Imidazole; C3H4N2.
It is the movement of substances across a cell layer, such as glucose transport through intestinal cells.
Glutamic acid (C5H9NO4) decarboxylates to form gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA); GABA is an important neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.
The ability of an enzyme to selectively catalyze a specific reaction with a particular substrate.
C4H3FN2O2; it is used as a chemotherapy agent to inhibit cancer cell growth.
The leading strand is synthesized continuously, while the lagging strand is synthesized in short segments called Okazaki fragments.
Alkylating agents, base analogs, and intercalating agents.
Prokaryotic replication is typically circular and occurs in the cytoplasm, while eukaryotic replication is linear and occurs in the nucleus.
A mechanism that directly reverses DNA damage without removing the damaged base.
DNA polymerase synthesizes new DNA strands.
Eukaryotic replication occurs in multiple origins and is more complex, while prokaryotic replication typically starts at a single origin and is simpler.
Certain lipids are preferentially located in the outer leaflet, while others are found in the inner leaflet.
The secondary structure of DNA is a double helix.
Because each new DNA molecule consists of one original strand and one newly synthesized strand.
To the 3’ end of tRNA.
The product is gluconic acid; the reaction involves the oxidation of the aldehyde group at C-1.
C5H11NO2.
It decreases membrane fluidity.
A-DNA, B-DNA, and Z-DNA.
Eukaryotic transcription occurs in the nucleus and involves RNA processing, while prokaryotic transcription occurs in the cytoplasm without processing.
Nitrous acid can deaminate bases, leading to mispairing during DNA replication.
Peptides are short chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds; they play crucial roles in signaling, hormone regulation, and as building blocks for proteins.
Transcription involves the enzyme RNA polymerase binding to DNA and synthesizing RNA by complementary base pairing.
It acts as an electron carrier in metabolic reactions.
Proline; C5H9NO2.
Alpha-linolenic acid; C18H30O2.
C6H12O6.
C16H32O2.
Telomerase consists of a protein component and an RNA template that guides the addition of telomeric repeats.
NADPH - Niacin and pyridoxine - Vitamin B6.
C12H22O11; composed of glucose and galactose.
Starch is a polysaccharide composed of amylose and amylopectin; it serves as a primary energy storage molecule in plants.
The formation of phosphodiester bonds to join DNA fragments.
NAD+ and FAD.
C18H37N2O8P.
Glucagon is a peptide hormone composed of 29 amino acids; it raises blood glucose levels by promoting glycogen breakdown in the liver.
CTP (cytidine triphosphate) has the formula C9H14N3O14P3; it is involved in lipid synthesis and acts as an energy source.
A nucleotide triplet that signals the termination of protein synthesis.
Indole; C8H7N.
C12H22O11; lactose is a sugar that provides energy and is important for the nutrition of infants.
