What characteristics do pollen grains need for wind pollination?
They must be light and non-sticky.
p.14
Pollen and Pistil Interaction
How do pollen tubes grow?
They grow through the style after germination on the stigma.
p.14
Pollen and Pistil Interaction
What occurs following compatible pollination?
The pollen grain germinates on the stigma to produce a pollen tube.
p.2
Pre-fertilisation Structures and Events
What initiates the decision for a plant to flower?
Several hormonal and structural changes.
p.14
Pollen and Pistil Interaction
What is the significance of identifying pollen and pistil components?
It helps understand the interactions leading to recognition and acceptance or rejection.
p.8
Pre-fertilisation Structures and Events
What is the functional megaspore's role in flowering plants?
It develops into the female gametophyte (embryo sac).
What range of animals are commonly used as pollinating agents by flowering plants?
Bees, butterflies, flies, beetles, wasps, ants, moths, birds (sunbirds and hummingbirds), and bats.
p.6
Pollen and Pistil Interaction
How long do pollen grains retain viability?
It varies; some lose viability within 30 minutes, while others can last for months.
p.7
Sexual Reproduction in Angiosperms
What are the structures arising from the placenta in flowering plants?
Megasporangia, commonly called ovules.
How is geitonogamy similar to autogamy?
Genetically, it is similar since the pollen grains come from the same plant.
What are the two types of flowers produced by plants like Viola and Oxalis?
Chasmogamous flowers and cleistogamous flowers.
p.2
Morphology and Structure of Flowers
What are the two main parts of a flower where sexual reproduction occurs?
Androecium and gynoecium.
Which group of animals is the dominant biotic pollinating agent?
Insects, particularly bees.
p.1
Morphology and Structure of Flowers
What aspects of flowers do humans appreciate?
Aesthetic, ornamental, social, religious, and cultural value.
What are examples of water-pollinated plants?
Vallisneria and Hydrilla.
p.16
Double Fertilisation Process
What is the result of the fusion of one male gamete with the egg cell?
Formation of a diploid cell, the zygote.
p.15
Pollen and Pistil Interaction
What happens to the generative cell in two-celled pollen grains?
It divides to form two male gametes during the growth of the pollen tube.
p.22
Pre-fertilisation Structures and Events
Where do the development of male and female gametophytes take place in an angiosperm flower?
In the anthers (male gametophyte) and ovules (female gametophyte).
p.20
Sexual Reproduction in Angiosperms
How many seeds can a Ficus tree produce?
Each Ficus tree can produce billions of seeds.
p.12
Pollen and Pistil Interaction
What happens when an animal visitor contacts the anthers and stigma of a flower?
It leads to pollination as the animal carries pollen on its body.
p.22
Pre-fertilisation Structures and Events
Describe the 7-celled, 8-nucleate nature of the female gametophyte.
The female gametophyte consists of 7 cells: 1 egg cell, 2 synergids, 3 antipodals, and a central cell with 2 polar nuclei.
p.5
Pre-fertilisation Structures and Events
What happens to the generative cell in over 60% of angiosperms?
It remains undivided, resulting in a 2-celled pollen grain.
p.3
Morphology and Structure of Flowers
What are the two main parts of a typical stamen?
The filament and the anther.
What characterizes cleistogamous flowers?
They do not open at all, with anthers and stigma lying close to each other.
How does pollination occur in cleistogamous flowers?
Pollen grains come in contact with the stigma when anthers dehisce in the flower buds.
What is the advantage of cleistogamous flowers?
They produce assured seed-set even in the absence of pollinators.
Which types of plants commonly use water for the transport of male gametes?
Lower plant groups such as algae, bryophytes, and pteridophytes.
Where does the embryo develop in the embryo sac?
At the micropylar end where the zygote is situated.
What is xenogamy?
Transfer of pollen grains from anther to the stigma of a different plant.
p.21
Pre-fertilisation Structures and Events
What process leads to the formation of tetrads of microspores?
Microsporogenesis, where cells of the sporogenous tissue undergo meiosis.
p.21
Apomixis and Polyembryony
What is polyembryony?
The occurrence of more than one embryo in a seed.
p.14
Pollen and Pistil Interaction
What mediates the dialogue between pollen grain and pistil?
Chemical components of the pollen interacting with those of the pistil.
Why do wind-pollinated flowers often have well-exposed stamens?
To easily disperse pollen into wind currents.
How common is water pollination in flowering plants?
It is quite rare and limited to about 30 genera.
p.3
Microsporangium and Pollen Grain
What are the four wall layers surrounding a microsporangium?
Epidermis, endothecium, middle layers, and tapetum.
p.6
Pollen and Pistil Interaction
How can pollen grains be stored for long periods?
In liquid nitrogen at -196 °C.
p.2
Pre-fertilisation Structures and Events
What are inflorescences?
Structures that bear floral buds and flowers.
How do Vallisneria flowers achieve pollination?
The female flower reaches the surface of water, and male pollen grains are released onto the surface.
p.6
Morphology and Structure of Flowers
What are the two types of pistil arrangements in the gynoecium?
Monocarpellary (single) and multicarpellary (more than one).
p.1
Morphology and Structure of Flowers
What does the diversity of flower structures ensure?
The formation of end products of sexual reproduction.
p.18
Morphology and Structure of Flowers
What does the epicotyl contain?
A shoot apex and a few leaf primordia enclosed in the coleoptile.
p.5
Morphology and Structure of Flowers
What is sporopollenin?
A resistant organic material that makes up the exine of pollen grains.
p.15
Pollen and Pistil Interaction
What is the term for the process from pollen deposition on the stigma to the entry of pollen tubes into the ovule?
Pollen-pistil interaction.
p.7
Morphology and Structure of Flowers
What are integuments in the context of ovules?
Protective envelopes that encircle the nucellus.
p.8
Pre-fertilisation Structures and Events
What happens to the megaspores produced by the MMC?
One megaspore is functional while the other three degenerate.
p.20
Morphology and Structure of Flowers
What is the role of the hard seed coat?
It provides protection to the young embryo.
p.20
Sexual Reproduction in Angiosperms
Why are seeds crucial for agriculture?
They are the basis of agriculture and allow for food storage and crop raising.
p.16
Endosperm and Embryo Development
What is formed when the primary endosperm cell divides?
A triploid primary endosperm nucleus (PEN).
p.7
Sexual Reproduction in Angiosperms
What is the range of ovules in an ovary?
From one (e.g., wheat, paddy, mango) to many (e.g., papaya, watermelon, orchids).
p.20
Apomixis and Polyembryony
What is apomixis?
A form of asexual reproduction that mimics sexual reproduction, allowing seed production without fertilisation.
What are the stages of embryogeny in a dicotyledonous embryo?
Proembryo, globular, heart-shaped, and mature embryo.
p.22
Pre-fertilisation Structures and Events
What is the difference between microsporogenesis and megasporogenesis?
Microsporogenesis is the formation of microspores from pollen mother cells, while megasporogenesis is the formation of megaspores from megasporangium. Microsporogenesis involves meiosis, and megasporogenesis involves meiosis as well.
p.5
Morphology and Structure of Flowers
What are germ pores?
Prominent apertures in the exine where sporopollenin is absent.
What are non-albuminous seeds?
Seeds that have no residual endosperm as it is completely consumed during embryo development (e.g., pea, groundnut).
p.21
Apomixis and Polyembryony
What is the genetic nature of apomictic embryos?
Apomictic embryos can be considered clones.
p.3
Morphology and Structure of Flowers
What is the typical structure of an angiosperm anther?
Bilobed with each lobe having two theca (dithecous).
p.3
Microsporangium and Pollen Grain
What are microsporangia in the context of an anther?
They develop into pollen sacs and are packed with pollen grains.
p.17
Endosperm and Embryo Development
How does endosperm behave in seeds like pea and groundnut?
It is completely consumed by the developing embryo before seed maturation.
p.12
Morphology and Structure of Flowers
What characteristics do most insect-pollinated flowers have?
They are large, colorful, fragrant, and rich in nectar.
p.15
Pollen and Pistil Interaction
What is the role of the pollen tube in flowering plants?
The pollen tube grows through the stigma and style to reach the ovary.
p.19
Sexual Reproduction in Angiosperms
How can parthenocarpy be induced?
Through the application of growth hormones.
What are the two main parts of a typical dicotyledonous embryo?
Embryonal axis and two cotyledons.
p.15
Pollen and Pistil Interaction
What guides the entry of the pollen tube into the ovule?
The filiform apparatus present at the micropylar part of the synergids.
p.21
Morphology and Structure of Flowers
What is the structure of the pistil?
The pistil consists of three parts: the stigma, style, and ovary.
p.5
Pre-fertilisation Structures and Events
What two types of cells are found in a mature pollen grain?
Vegetative cell and generative cell.
What are albuminous seeds?
Seeds that retain a part of endosperm as it is not completely used up during embryo development (e.g., wheat, maize).
What should you observe to identify pollinators of various plants?
Observe the flowers over a few days and at different times to see which animals visit them and if they contact the anthers and stigma.
p.2
Floriculture and Ornamental Plants
What does floriculture refer to?
The cultivation of flowering and ornamental plants.
p.8
Pre-fertilisation Structures and Events
What is monosporic development?
It is the method of embryo sac formation from a single megaspore.
p.8
Pre-fertilisation Structures and Events
What is the ploidy of the cells of the nucellus?
The cells of the nucellus are diploid (2n).
p.12
Morphology and Structure of Flowers
What adaptations do flowers of animal-pollinated plants often have?
They are specifically adapted for a particular species of animal.
p.20
Post-fertilisation Events
What is the oldest known viable seed?
A lupine seed that germinated after 10,000 years of dormancy.
p.6
Morphology and Structure of Flowers
What does the gynoecium represent in a flower?
The female reproductive part.
Why do flowers produce an enormous amount of pollen?
To compensate for uncertainties and associated loss of pollen grains during wind and water pollination.
p.16
Endosperm and Embryo Development
What does the central cell become after triple fusion?
The primary endosperm cell (PEC).
What is a unique relationship example between a moth and a plant?
The relationship between a species of moth and the plant Yucca.
p.22
Pre-fertilisation Structures and Events
What is meant by monosporic development of the female gametophyte?
Monosporic development refers to the formation of a female gametophyte from a single megaspore.
p.21
Apomixis and Polyembryony
What is the significance of apomixis in hybrid seed production?
Apomixis prevents segregation of characters in hybrid progeny, allowing farmers to reuse hybrid seeds without purchasing new ones each year.
p.6
Pollen and Pistil Interaction
What claims are made about pollen consumption?
It may increase the performance of athletes and race horses.
p.7
Morphology and Structure of Flowers
What is contained within the integuments of an ovule?
A mass of cells called the nucellus.
p.5
Pre-fertilisation Structures and Events
What occurs in the remaining species of angiosperms regarding the generative cell?
It divides mitotically to form two male gametes, resulting in a 3-celled pollen grain.
p.14
Pollen and Pistil Interaction
What happens if the pollen is of the wrong type?
The pistil rejects the pollen by preventing germination on the stigma or pollen tube growth in the style.
p.6
Pollen and Pistil Interaction
What must happen to pollen grains after they are shed for fertilization to occur?
They must land on the stigma before losing viability.
p.16
Post-fertilisation Events
What are the events collectively termed after double fertilisation?
Post-fertilisation events.
p.6
Pollen and Pistil Interaction
What factors influence the viability of pollen grains?
Prevailing temperature and humidity.
p.5
Morphology and Structure of Flowers
What is the typical size range of pollen grains?
25-50 micrometers in diameter.
p.1
Morphology and Structure of Flowers
What do flowers symbolize in human culture?
Feelings such as love, affection, happiness, grief, and mourning.
p.18
Morphology and Structure of Flowers
What is the coleorrhiza?
An undifferentiated sheath enclosing the radical and root cap.
What types of agents do plants use for pollination?
Two abiotic (wind and water) and one biotic (animals) agents.
p.18
Sexual Reproduction in Angiosperms
What are the main components of a seed?
Seed coat(s), cotyledon(s), and an embryo axis.
p.9
Pre-fertilisation Structures and Events
What is the initial process in the formation of the embryo sac?
The nucleus of the functional megaspore divides mitotically to form two nuclei.
p.18
Morphology and Structure of Flowers
What is the perisperm?
The residual, persistent nucellus found in some seeds such as black pepper and beet.
What is Parthenium and its impact?
A contaminant that causes pollen allergy and has become widespread in India.
p.8
Pre-fertilisation Structures and Events
What is the role of the megaspore mother cell (MMC) in ovule development?
The MMC undergoes meiotic division to produce four megaspores.
p.17
Endosperm and Embryo Development
What is the function of endosperm tissue in flowering plants?
It provides nutrition to the developing embryo.
p.17
Endosperm and Embryo Development
What is coconut water composed of?
Free-nuclear endosperm made up of thousands of nuclei.
p.16
Endosperm and Embryo Development
What develops first, endosperm or embryo?
Endosperm develops first.
p.8
Pre-fertilisation Structures and Events
What is the ploidy of the functional megaspore?
The functional megaspore is haploid (n).
p.21
Sexual Reproduction in Angiosperms
What are the male and female reproductive organs in flowering plants?
The androecium (stamens) represents the male organs, and the gynoecium (pistils) represents the female organs.
p.3
Microsporangium and Pollen Grain
What is sporogenous tissue?
A group of compactly arranged homogenous cells in the center of each microsporangium.
p.6
Morphology and Structure of Flowers
What are the three parts of a pistil?
Stigma, style, and ovary.
p.21
Morphology and Structure of Flowers
What are the two layers of the pollen grain wall?
The outer exine and the inner intine.
p.20
Post-fertilisation Events
What is the significance of seed dormancy?
It allows seeds to be stored and used as food throughout the year.
p.20
Sexual Reproduction in Angiosperms
What is the reproductive capacity of flowering plants?
They can produce a large number of seeds, leading to genetic variations.
What health issues can pollen grains cause?
Severe allergies and bronchial afflictions, such as asthma and bronchitis.
p.18
Post-fertilisation Events
What are true fruits?
Fruits that develop only from the ovary.
What are the three types of pollination based on the source of pollen?
Autogamy, allogamy, and xenogamy.
p.23
Endosperm and Embryo Development
Differentiate between coleoptile and coleorrhiza.
Coleoptile is the protective sheath covering the emerging shoot, while coleorrhiza covers the root.
p.23
Post-fertilisation Events
Which part(s) of the flower forms the fruit?
The ovary develops into the fruit.
p.14
Double Fertilisation Process
What is the role of the pollen tube in fertilization?
It delivers male gametes to the egg and central cell.
p.1
Sexual Reproduction in Angiosperms
What is the primary purpose of flowers in flowering plants?
To aid in sexual reproduction.
p.20
Post-fertilisation Events
How long can seeds remain viable after dispersal?
Viability can range from a few months to hundreds of years.
p.3
Microsporangium and Pollen Grain
What is the role of the tapetum in a microsporangium?
It nourishes the developing pollen grains.
p.8
Pre-fertilisation Structures and Events
What is the ploidy of the female gametophyte?
The female gametophyte (embryo sac) is haploid (n).
p.18
Morphology and Structure of Flowers
What is the epicotyl?
The portion of the embryonal axis above the level of attachment of the scutellum.
p.15
Pollen and Pistil Interaction
How do pollen tubes in three-celled pollen grains differ from those in two-celled grains?
They carry two male gametes from the beginning.
p.19
Sexual Reproduction in Angiosperms
What advantages do seeds offer to angiosperms?
Reproductive processes are independent of water, better adaptive strategies for dispersal.
p.22
Pre-fertilisation Structures and Events
Arrange the following terms in the correct developmental sequence: Pollen grain, sporogenous tissue, microspore tetrad, pollen mother cell, male gametes.
Pollen mother cell → sporogenous tissue → microspore tetrad → pollen grain → male gametes.
p.15
Sexual Reproduction in Angiosperms
What is artificial hybridization?
A major approach in crop improvement that involves crossing different species or genera.
p.7
Morphology and Structure of Flowers
What is the micropyle?
A small opening at the tip of the ovule.
p.15
Sexual Reproduction in Angiosperms
What is emasculation in the context of hybridization?
The removal of anthers from a flower bud before they dehisce.
What is pollination?
Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma.
p.21
Hybrid Varieties and Agriculture
Why is hybrid seed production costly?
Hybrid seeds need to be produced every year, and seeds collected from hybrids do not maintain hybrid characters.
What are the two types of pollinating agents?
Abiotic (wind and water) and biotic (animals).
p.9
Pre-fertilisation Structures and Events
What is unique about the mitotic divisions in the embryo sac formation?
They are strictly free nuclear, meaning nuclear divisions are not followed by immediate cell wall formation.
p.9
Pollen and Pistil Interaction
What role do synergids play in the embryo sac?
They have special cellular thickenings called filiform apparatus that guide pollen tubes into the synergid.
p.7
Pre-fertilisation Structures and Events
Where is the megaspore mother cell (MMC) typically located?
In the micropylar region of the ovule.
What is pollination?
The transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of a pistil.
What is geitonogamy?
Transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of another flower of the same plant.
p.12
Pollen and Pistil Interaction
How do flowers attract animals for pollination?
By color and/or fragrance.
p.21
Morphology and Structure of Flowers
What is the structure of a typical anther?
A typical anther is bilobed, dithecous, and tetrasporangiate.
p.7
Morphology and Structure of Flowers
What is the hilum in an ovule?
The junction between the ovule and funicle.
Why are wind and water-pollinated flowers typically not colorful?
Because they do not produce nectar and do not rely on attracting pollinators.
p.6
Pollen and Pistil Interaction
What is the function of the stigma?
It serves as a landing platform for pollen grains.
p.15
Sexual Reproduction in Angiosperms
What is the purpose of bagging flowers in hybridization?
To prevent contamination of the stigma with unwanted pollen.
p.18
Post-fertilisation Events
What happens to the water content of seeds as they mature?
The water content is reduced, and seeds become relatively dry (10-15 percent moisture by mass).
p.9
Morphology and Structure of Flowers
What are the components of the egg apparatus in the embryo sac?
Two synergids and one egg cell.
p.9
Morphology and Structure of Flowers
What are antipodals in the embryo sac?
Three cells located at the chalazal end of the embryo sac.
p.22
Apomixis and Polyembryony
What is apomixis?
Apomixis is the formation of seeds without fertilisation, found in some angiosperms.
p.23
Double Fertilisation Process
Where and how does triple fusion take place?
It occurs in the embryo sac during fertilization.
p.23
Endosperm and Embryo Development
Differentiate between hypocotyl and epicotyl.
Hypocotyl is the part of the stem below the cotyledons, while epicotyl is above the cotyledons.
p.23
Post-fertilisation Events
Differentiate between perisperm and pericarp.
Perisperm is the nutritive tissue derived from the nucellus, while pericarp is the fruit wall.
p.23
Apomixis and Polyembryony
If one can induce parthenocarpy through the application of growth substances, which fruits would you select to induce parthenocarpy and why?
Fruits like bananas and seedless grapes, as they naturally benefit from parthenocarpy.
What is the significance of endosperm formation before zygote division?
It provides assured nutrition to the developing embryo.
p.20
Apomixis and Polyembryony
Which plants are known to produce seeds through apomixis?
Some species of Asteraceae and grasses.
p.12
Pollen and Pistil Interaction
What are the usual floral rewards provided to pollinators?
Nectar and pollen grains.
p.1
Morphology and Structure of Flowers
What is the significance of flowers in human history?
They have had an intimate relationship with humans for various cultural and emotional expressions.
p.18
Sexual Reproduction in Angiosperms
What is a seed in angiosperms?
The final product of sexual reproduction, often described as a fertilised ovule.
p.15
Sexual Reproduction in Angiosperms
What techniques are used to prevent contamination of the stigma during artificial hybridization?
Emasculation and bagging techniques.
p.7
Morphology and Structure of Flowers
What is the chalaza in an ovule?
The basal part of the ovule, opposite the micropylar end.
p.15
Sexual Reproduction in Angiosperms
When should pollination be carried out in bagged flowers?
When the stigma becomes receptive.
p.22
Pollen and Pistil Interaction
What happens during pollen-pistil interaction?
It involves events from the landing of pollen grains on the stigma until the pollen tube enters the embryo sac or is inhibited.
p.13
Pre-fertilisation Structures and Events
What are some devices flowering plants have developed to prevent self-pollination?
Asynchronous pollen release and stigma receptivity, different positions of anther and stigma, and self-incompatibility.
p.18
Post-fertilisation Events
What is the pericarp?
The wall of the ovary that develops into the wall of the fruit.
p.23
Pre-fertilisation Structures and Events
What is meant by emasculation?
Emasculation is the removal of anthers from a flower to prevent self-pollination.
p.23
Pollen and Pistil Interaction
Explain the role of tapetum in the formation of pollen-grain wall.
Tapetum provides nutrients and helps in the development of the pollen grain wall.
What role do moths play in the reproduction of certain flowering plants?
Moths deposit their eggs in the locule of the ovary, and in turn, the flower gets pollinated by the moth.
p.22
Apomixis and Polyembryony
What is polyembryony?
Polyembryony is the phenomenon where some angiosperms produce more than one embryo in their seed.
p.23
Endosperm and Embryo Development
Differentiate between integument and testa.
Integument is the outer layer of the ovule, while testa is the seed coat derived from the integument.
p.13
Pollen and Pistil Interaction
What does the pistil do when incompatible pollen lands on it?
The pistil recognizes the incompatible pollen and does not promote post-pollination events.
What are chasmogamous flowers?
Chasmogamous flowers are those that open and allow cross-pollination.
Mention two strategies evolved to prevent self-pollination in flowers.
1. Temporal separation of male and female maturity. 2. Structural differences in reproductive organs.
What is bagging technique?
Bagging technique involves covering flowers with a bag to prevent unwanted pollination.
p.23
Double Fertilisation Process
Name the nuclei involved in triple fusion.
One male gamete and two polar nuclei.
What are pollen/nectar robbers?
Insects that consume pollen or nectar without bringing about pollination.
p.7
Sexual Reproduction in Angiosperms
What is the embryo sac?
The female gametophyte located within the nucellus.
p.22
Double Fertilisation Process
What is double fertilisation in angiosperms?
Double fertilisation involves two fusion events: syngamy (forming the diploid zygote) and triple fusion (forming the triploid primary endosperm nucleus).
What is autogamy?
Pollination achieved within the same flower.
Can cross-pollination occur in cleistogamous flowers? Give reasons for your answer.
No, because cleistogamous flowers remain closed and self-pollinate.
p.23
Pre-fertilisation Structures and Events
When and why does a plant breeder employ emasculation?
Before pollination, to ensure controlled cross-pollination.
p.23
Apomixis and Polyembryony
What is apomixis and what is its importance?
Apomixis is a form of asexual reproduction that allows seed formation without fertilization, ensuring genetic stability.
p.7
Endosperm and Embryo Development
What is the function of the nucellus?
It contains abundant reserve food materials.
p.13
Sexual Reproduction in Angiosperms
What is inbreeding depression?
A decline in fitness and vigor of a population due to continued self-pollination.
p.18
Post-fertilisation Events
What are false fruits?
Fruits that also involve contributions from the thalamus in their formation (e.g., apple, strawberry).
p.23
Pre-fertilisation Structures and Events
Why does self-pollination not lead to seed formation in self-incompatible species?
Because the pollen cannot fertilize the ovule due to genetic incompatibility.
p.23
Post-fertilisation Events
Why is apple called a false fruit?
Because it develops from the receptacle and not just the ovary.
p.7
Pre-fertilisation Structures and Events
What is megasporogenesis?
The process of formation of megaspores from the megaspore mother cell.
p.13
Pollen and Pistil Interaction
What is the significance of compatible pollen in pollination?
Compatible pollen is necessary for successful fertilization and subsequent post-pollination events.
p.23
Post-fertilisation Events
Why is the zygote dormant for some time in a fertilised ovule?
To allow for proper development conditions before growth begins.
p.18
Post-fertilisation Events
What is the function of the micropyle in a seed?
It facilitates the entry of oxygen and water into the seed during germination.
p.13
Pre-fertilisation Structures and Events
What is self-incompatibility?
A genetic mechanism that prevents self-pollen from fertilizing the ovules by inhibiting pollen germination or pollen tube growth.
p.13
Sexual Reproduction in Angiosperms
What is the difference between monoecious and dioecious plants?
Monoecious plants have both male and female flowers on the same plant, while dioecious plants have male and female flowers on separate plants.
How is bagging technique useful in a plant breeding programme?
It ensures controlled pollination and prevents contamination from other pollen.
p.18
Post-fertilisation Events
What is dormancy in seeds?
A state of inactivity that the embryo may enter until favorable conditions are available for germination.
p.22
Post-fertilisation Events
What develops from the zygote and the primary endosperm cell?
The zygote develops into the embryo, and the primary endosperm cell forms the endosperm tissue.
p.22
Endosperm and Embryo Development
What are the stages of embryo development in angiosperms?
The stages are proembryo, globular, and heart-shaped stages.
p.23
Pre-fertilisation Structures and Events
What is self-incompatibility?
Self-incompatibility is a mechanism that prevents self-fertilization in plants.
p.23
Double Fertilisation Process
What is triple fusion?
Triple fusion is the fusion of one male gamete with two polar nuclei to form triploid endosperm.
