What is the function of sebum?
It acts as a lubricant for skin and hair.
p.22
Epithelial Tissue in the Skin
What is common to both Langerhans cells and melanocytes?
The apparently clear cytoplasm.
p.41
Epithelial Tissue in the Skin
Does the oral mucosa have a keratinous layer?
No, it does not have a keratinous layer.
p.50
Connective Tissue in the Dermis
What is the subcutaneous tissue?
A layer of fatty tissue containing blood vessels and nerves.
p.19
Functions of Keratinocytes
What happens in the granular layer of the epidermis?
Keratin formation and water barrier creation.
p.45
Structure of the Skin Layers
What is the superficial vascular plexus?
It is the landmark between the papillary and reticular dermis.
p.33
Pathogenesis of Pemphigus
What is a characteristic feature of pemphigus lesions?
They can appear as blisters or erosions on the skin.
p.45
Structure of the Skin Layers
What are the two layers of the dermis mentioned?
Papillary dermis and reticular dermis.
p.7
Epithelial Tissue in the Skin
What type of tissue lines blood vessels?
Epithelial tissue, specifically endothelial cells.
p.33
Pathogenesis of Pemphigus
What type of picture is often used to describe pemphigus?
Gross pictures of skin lesions.
p.23
Epithelial Tissue in the Skin
How do keratinocytes link together?
Through desmosomes, which are specialized cell structures that provide adhesion.
p.29
Pathogenesis of Pemphigus
What happens if desmosomes are damaged in keratinocytes?
Keratinocytes lose their attachment to each other.
p.3
Epithelial Tissue in the Skin
What type of epithelium makes up the epidermis?
Keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium.
p.31
Pathogenesis of Pemphigus
What is observed in the intercellular space during the pathogenesis of pemphigus?
Wide intercellular space.
p.19
Functions of Keratinocytes
What is the role of the spinous (prickle) layer?
Non-mitotic, gives the epidermis its structure.
p.2
Epithelial Tissue in the Skin
Where do you find epithelial tissue in the skin?
Epithelial tissue is found in the epidermis, which is the outermost layer of the skin.
p.16
Structure of the Skin Layers
What are the three layers of the skin?
1. The epidermis 2. The dermis 3. The subcutaneous tissue
p.31
Pathogenesis of Pemphigus
What happens to keratinocytes in the pathogenesis of pemphigus?
They become round and separated from each other.
p.19
Functions of Keratinocytes
What occurs in the basal cell layer of the epidermis?
Mitosis and regeneration.
p.28
Epithelial Tissue in the Skin
What role do desmosomes play in cell movement?
They allow regulated movement of keratinocytes upwards to reach the horny layer.
p.41
Epithelial Tissue in the Skin
What type of epithelium does the oral mucosa have?
Non-keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium.
p.32
Epithelial Tissue in the Skin
What is the epidermis without its basal layer?
It refers to the outermost layer of skin that lacks the basal layer.
p.32
Structure of the Skin Layers
What is a vesicle in the context of skin anatomy?
A small space or cavity within the skin, often containing fluid.
What is the primary function of eccrine sweat glands?
Regulation of body temperature.
p.27
Epithelial Tissue in the Skin
What is the basal layer attached to?
The underlying basement membrane.
p.28
Epithelial Tissue in the Skin
What is a key characteristic of desmosomes?
They continuously break and reform.
p.26
Epithelial Tissue in the Skin
What proteins are involved in the desmosome structure?
Desmoglein and Desmocollin.
p.14
Muscle Tissue in the Skin
Where are smooth muscle fibers primarily located?
In the walls of blood vessels.
p.9
Connective Tissue in the Dermis
What is the role of connective tissue in the dermis?
Provides structural support and elasticity to the skin.
p.26
Epithelial Tissue in the Skin
What is a desmosome?
A structure that anchors adjacent cells together, providing mechanical stability.
p.13
Muscle Tissue in the Skin
What controls the arrector pili muscle?
Sympathetic nerve supply.
p.34
Pathogenesis of Pemphigus
What are oral lesions in the context of pemphigus?
They are painful sores or blisters that occur in the mouth due to the autoimmune nature of pemphigus.
p.30
Pathogenesis of Pemphigus
What forms as a result of the antibodies developing against desmogleins?
Antigen/Antibody complex (Ag/AB).
What protective role do hair appendages serve?
They provide protection against harm in certain areas.
p.32
Epithelial Tissue in the Skin
What is the basal layer of the epidermis?
The deepest layer of the epidermis where new skin cells are generated.
p.23
Epithelial Tissue in the Skin
What are keratinocytes?
The primary cell type found in the epidermis of the skin.
p.8
Epithelial Tissue in the Skin
What is the classification of the epithelial tissue that makes up the endothelial cells?
Simple squamous epithelium.
p.7
Epithelial Tissue in the Skin
What is the function of endothelial cells?
They line the lumen of blood vessels.
What is one function of hair in the epidermal appendages?
Regulate body temperature.
p.7
Epithelial Tissue in the Skin
What is the vessel lumen?
The interior space of a blood vessel.
p.13
Muscle Tissue in the Skin
What is the primary function of the arrector pili muscle?
Contracts to trap heat and push sebaceous material to the skin surface.
p.44
Connective Tissue in the Dermis
How are the collagen bundles in the papillary dermis characterized?
They are thin, loose, and less eosinophilic.
p.30
Pathogenesis of Pemphigus
What happens to desmogleins after the formation of the Ag/AB complex?
Desmogleins retract into the cell.
p.18
Epithelial Tissue in the Skin
What is one primary function of epidermal cells?
To provide a protective barrier for the skin.
p.27
Epithelial Tissue in the Skin
What is the role of keratin filaments in the basal layer?
They provide structural support.
p.18
Epithelial Tissue in the Skin
What role do epidermal cells play in sensation?
They contain sensory receptors that detect touch and pressure.
p.11
Nervous Tissue and Sensory Fibers
What role do Merkel cells play in the body?
They are part of the sensory nervous system and are involved with fine touch.
p.23
Functions of Keratinocytes
What role do keratinocytes play in the skin?
They produce keratin, a protein that helps protect the skin and underlying tissues.
p.34
Pathogenesis of Pemphigus
What causes oral lesions in pemphigus?
The lesions are caused by the body's immune system mistakenly attacking the proteins that hold skin cells together.
p.35
Role of Melanocytes and Dendritic Cells
What is the primary function of melanocytes?
Melanin pigment production.
What substance do sebaceous glands secrete?
Sebum, an oily substance that lubricates the epidermis and hair.
p.11
Epithelial Tissue in the Skin
Can Merkel cells be seen using H&E staining?
No, they cannot be seen by H&E.
p.30
Pathogenesis of Pemphigus
What develops between the separated cells in Pemphigus?
Space between cells, leading to vesicles or bullae.
p.30
Pathogenesis of Pemphigus
What is the result of the Ag/AB complex in Pemphigus?
Formation of vesicles/bullae.
p.20
Role of Melanocytes and Dendritic Cells
Where are Langerhans cells primarily located?
Mainly within the upper/middle layers of the epidermis.
p.20
Role of Melanocytes and Dendritic Cells
Why are Merkel cells hardly seen by H&E stain?
They require special stains to highlight their presence, such as K 20.
p.33
Pathogenesis of Pemphigus
What is the significance of gross pictures in pemphigus?
They help in the visual diagnosis and understanding of the disease.
p.28
Epithelial Tissue in the Skin
What substance are desmosomes a part of?
The intercellular cement substance.
p.11
Structure of the Skin Layers
Where are Merkel cells located?
At the basement membrane level.
How do hair appendages assist in sweat management?
They help in the evaporation of sweat.
p.43
Connective Tissue in the Dermis
What structures are contained within the dermis?
Blood and lymphatic vessels, nerves, glands, and hair follicles.
p.43
Structure of the Skin Layers
What are the two layers of the dermis?
The papillary dermis and the reticular dermis.
What do sweat glands do?
They help regulate body temperature and excrete waste.
p.51
Connective Tissue in the Dermis
What structures are present in the SC layer besides adipose tissue?
Fibrous septa, small and medium-sized blood vessels, and nerve bundles.
p.20
Role of Melanocytes and Dendritic Cells
Where are Merkel cells located?
At the basement membrane level.
p.42
Structure of the Skin Layers
What are the three layers of the skin?
1. The epidermis 2. The dermis 3. The subcutaneous tissue
p.22
Epithelial Tissue in the Skin
What is different between Langerhans cells and melanocytes?
The location of the cells.
p.26
Functions of Keratinocytes
What do keratin filaments do in desmosomes?
They provide structural support and stability to the cell.
p.38
Pathogenesis of Pemphigus
What cells are primarily affected in squamous cell carcinoma?
Squamous cells in the skin.
p.18
Epithelial Tissue in the Skin
How do epidermal cells contribute to skin hydration?
They help retain moisture by forming a barrier.
p.12
Muscle Tissue in the Skin
What is the function of the arrector pili muscle?
To create goosebumps by contracting and pulling hair follicles upright.
p.40
Pathogenesis of Pemphigus
What is basal cell carcinoma?
A type of skin cancer that originates in the basal cells of the epidermis.
p.20
Role of Melanocytes and Dendritic Cells
What type of cells are Langerhans cells?
Antigen presenting cells (APCs).
p.23
Epithelial Tissue in the Skin
What is the function of desmosomes in keratinocytes?
They provide structural integrity and strength to the skin by linking keratinocytes together.
p.44
Connective Tissue in the Dermis
What type of collagen bundles are found in the papillary dermis?
Type III collagen bundles.
p.50
Connective Tissue in the Dermis
How does the nature of subcutaneous tissue vary?
It varies according to the site; it is thick in the abdominal wall and thin in the eyelids.
p.17
Epithelial Tissue in the Skin
What type of epithelium is the epidermis?
Keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium.
What are the appendages found in the epidermis?
Hair, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and apocrine glands.
What type of cells line sebaceous glands?
Stratified cuboidal cells.
p.38
Pathogenesis of Pemphigus
What are common risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma?
Excessive sun exposure, fair skin, and a history of skin cancer.
p.26
Epithelial Tissue in the Skin
Where are desmosomes located in relation to the plasma membrane?
They are anchored to the plasma (cell) membrane.
p.12
Muscle Tissue in the Skin
What is the arrector pili muscle?
A small muscle attached to hair follicles that causes hair to stand up.
p.26
Epithelial Tissue in the Skin
What is the function of desmosomes in epithelial tissue?
To provide strong adhesion between cells, enhancing tissue integrity.
p.35
Role of Melanocytes and Dendritic Cells
Where does the melanin pigment settle in relation to keratinocytes?
Above the keratinocyte nucleus.
p.51
Connective Tissue in the Dermis
What types of blood vessels are found in the SC layer?
Small and medium-sized blood vessels.
p.50
Connective Tissue in the Dermis
What are the main functions of the subcutaneous tissue?
Insulation and energy storage.
p.43
Connective Tissue in the Dermis
What is the composition of the dermis?
Cells, connective tissue, and ground substance.
What type of epithelium lines hair follicles?
Stratified squamous epithelium.
p.35
Role of Melanocytes and Dendritic Cells
Where are melanocytes located?
Within the basal layer between keratinocytes.
p.26
Epithelial Tissue in the Skin
What is the role of the attachment plaque in desmosomes?
It connects the keratin filament complex to the desmosomal proteins.
p.30
Pathogenesis of Pemphigus
What occurs to neighboring cells in Pemphigus?
They lose contact and become separated.
p.44
Connective Tissue in the Dermis
How are the collagen bundles in the reticular dermis characterized?
They are dense, irregular, and eosinophilic.
p.34
Pathogenesis of Pemphigus
Are oral lesions exclusive to pemphigus?
No, while they are common in pemphigus, similar lesions can occur in other autoimmune conditions.
p.38
Pathogenesis of Pemphigus
How is squamous cell carcinoma typically treated?
Through surgical removal, radiation therapy, or topical medications.
p.20
Role of Melanocytes and Dendritic Cells
What are melanocytes responsible for?
Skin color and protection against harmful UV rays.
p.20
Role of Melanocytes and Dendritic Cells
Where are melanocytes located?
In the basal layer between keratinocytes.
p.51
Connective Tissue in the Dermis
What is the role of fibrous septa in the SC layer?
They provide structural support and organization.
p.20
Role of Melanocytes and Dendritic Cells
What is the function of Merkel cells?
Connect nerve fibers to keratinocytes as part of the sensory nervous system.
p.49
Structure of the Skin Layers
What are the three layers of the skin?
1. The epidermis 2. The dermis 3. The subcutaneous tissue
p.41
Epithelial Tissue in the Skin
Why do keratinocytes in the oral mucosa appear pale?
Because of abundant glycogen.
p.43
Structure of the Skin Layers
How thick is the dermis compared to the epidermis?
It ranges from 1 - 4 mm in thickness, making it much thicker than the epidermis.
What is the function of sebaceous glands?
To produce oil that lubricates the skin and hair.
p.38
Pathogenesis of Pemphigus
What are typical symptoms of squamous cell carcinoma?
A persistent sore, a growth that bleeds, or a scaly patch.
What type of epithelium lines the secretory parts of sweat glands?
Simple cuboidal epithelium.
What are apocrine glands associated with?
They are associated with hair follicles and are involved in scent production.
p.18
Epithelial Tissue in the Skin
How do epidermal cells participate in the immune response?
They act as the first line of defense against pathogens.
p.18
Functions of Keratinocytes
What is the role of keratin in epidermal cells?
Keratin provides strength and waterproofing to the skin.
p.34
Pathogenesis of Pemphigus
How do oral lesions affect patients with pemphigus?
They can cause significant pain, difficulty eating, and may lead to secondary infections.
p.15
Structure of the Skin Layers
What are the three layers of the skin?
1. The epidermis 2. The dermis 3. The subcutaneous tissue
p.35
Role of Melanocytes and Dendritic Cells
What is the shape of melanocytes?
Dendritic, allowing pigment movement to neighboring basal cells.
p.17
Role of Melanocytes and Dendritic Cells
What type of cells are Langerhans cells?
Cells from the macrophage family.
p.12
Muscle Tissue in the Skin
Where is the arrector pili muscle located?
In the dermis, attached to hair follicles.
p.12
Muscle Tissue in the Skin
What triggers the contraction of the arrector pili muscle?
Cold temperatures or emotional responses.
p.20
Role of Melanocytes and Dendritic Cells
What is the protective role of Langerhans cells?
Against infective agents.
What type of epithelium lines the ducts that deliver sweat to the skin surface?
Stratified cuboidal epithelium (2 layers).
p.35
Role of Melanocytes and Dendritic Cells
What is the importance of melanin pigment?
Protects against harmful UV irradiation by converting UV rays into heat.
