p.27
Factors Influencing Bone Growth
Why do herniated discs commonly occur in the lumbar region?
Because this area undergoes the most flexing and bending.
p.13
Structure and Function of Bones
What are the two main parts of a long bone?
A shaft (body) and two expanded ends.
What is the primary characteristic of long bones?
They are tubular and found in limbs, serving as levers for muscles.
p.7
Histology of Bone Tissues
Where is compact bone tissue typically found?
Beneath the periosteum of all bones and in the diaphyses of long bones.
p.20
Structure and Function of Bones
What are pneumatic bones?
Bones that contain air-filled spaces or sinuses.
p.10
Blood Supply to Bones
How do nutrient arteries enter the shaft of long bones?
Through the nutrient foramen.
p.28
Fracture and Repair Mechanisms
What is a hip fracture?
A break of bone in the proximal end of the femur.
p.28
Fracture and Repair Mechanisms
At what age do hip fractures commonly occur?
In individuals older than 60.
p.15
Structure and Function of Bones
What is the inner layer of the periosteum capable of?
Differentiating into osteoblasts.
p.26
Homeostatic Imbalance Disorders
What is osteoporosis?
A condition where bone resorption outpaces bone deposition.
p.11
Division of the Skeletal System
What are the main components of the axial skeleton?
Skull, vertebrae, ribs, and sternum.
What are the key aspects studied in osteology?
Structure, name, location, shape, and functions of bones.
p.22
Factors Influencing Bone Growth
How does exercise influence bone growth?
It stimulates bone formation and increases bone density.
p.16
Structure and Function of Bones
What covers the spongy bone at the ends of long bones?
A thin layer of compact bone.
p.5
Histology of Bone Tissues
What is the function of osteoblasts?
They are responsible for bone formation.
p.9
Structure and Function of Bones
What is the function of trabeculae?
They provide structural support and help distribute forces within the bone.
p.27
Fracture and Repair Mechanisms
What causes a herniated disc?
Injury or weakening of ligaments around the discs, leading to pressure in the nucleus pulposus that ruptures the surrounding fibrous cartilage.
p.26
Factors Influencing Bone Growth
Why are women's bones more susceptible to osteoporosis?
Because women's bones are less massive than men's bones.
p.1
Structure and Function of Bones
What is the periosteum?
A dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping the bones except at the surfaces of the joints.
p.2
Structure and Function of Bones
What are the main functions of the skeletal system?
Support, protection, movement, mineral storage, and blood cell production.
What is found in the central canal of an osteon?
Blood vessels and nerves.
p.2
Homeostatic Imbalance Disorders
What are homeostatic imbalance disorders related to bones?
Conditions like osteoporosis and osteomalacia.
p.7
Histology of Bone Tissues
What type of bone tissue is known for being the strongest?
Compact (dense) bone tissues.
p.18
Structure and Function of Bones
What is the structure of flat bones?
They consist of two layers of compact bone separated by a layer of cancellous bone.
What is the function of sesamoid bones?
They alter the direction of pull of a tendon.
p.27
Structure and Function of Bones
What is the function of intervertebral discs?
They act as shock absorbers.
p.27
Fracture and Repair Mechanisms
What happens to intervertebral discs under constant compression?
They can become herniated or slipped.
p.26
Homeostatic Imbalance Disorders
Which demographic is most affected by osteoporosis?
Middle-aged and elderly people, with 80% being women.
What are irregular bones?
Bones that do not fit into the other categories, such as vertebrae.
p.22
Factors Influencing Bone Growth
What role does parathyroid hormone (PTH) play in bone health?
It regulates calcium levels in the blood and influences bone remodeling.
p.6
Structure and Function of Bones
What is an osteon?
The basic structural unit of compact bone.
p.29
Clinical Considerations in Bone Health
What are common signs and symptoms of a herniated disc?
Symptoms may include back pain, numbness or tingling in the limbs, and weakness in the affected area.
p.20
Structure and Function of Bones
Which bones in the skull are considered pneumatic?
Certain skull bones, including the frontal and sphenoidal sinuses.
p.8
Histology of Bone Tissues
What fills the spaces within spongy bone?
Both red and yellow bone marrow.
p.4
Structure and Function of Bones
What are the epiphyses of a bone?
The proximal and distal ends of the bone.
p.5
Histology of Bone Tissues
What do bone lining cells do?
They help regulate the passage of minerals in and out of the bone.
p.22
Factors Influencing Bone Growth
Which hormones are considered sex hormones that affect bone growth?
Estrogen and testosterone.
p.2
Histology of Bone Tissues
What is histology of bone tissues?
The study of the microscopic structure of bone.
p.10
Blood Supply to Bones
How is bone nourished?
Through small blood vessels in the periosteum.
Can you name some examples of irregular bones?
Some skull bones, vertebrae, and hip bones.
p.24
Fracture and Repair Mechanisms
How long does it typically take for a bone to heal?
It generally takes several weeks to months, depending on the type of fracture and individual factors.
p.20
Structure and Function of Bones
What is the function of air sinuses in pneumatic bones?
To reduce the weight of the skull and possibly enhance resonance.
p.5
Histology of Bone Tissues
What is the primary function of osteoclasts?
They are involved in bone resorption.
p.9
Structure and Function of Bones
What type of bone contains trabeculae?
Spongy bone (cancellous bone).
What is a sesamoid bone?
A bone embedded within a tendon, such as the patella.
p.6
Histology of Bone Tissues
What are canaliculi?
Small channels that connect osteocytes in lacunae.
What are the four types of bones?
Long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones.
p.19
Structure and Function of Bones
What type of bone structure do irregular bones have?
Cancellous bone, bone marrow, and a thin layer of compact bone.
p.25
Homeostatic Imbalance Disorders
What is osteoporosis?
A condition characterized by weakened bones, increasing the risk of fractures.
p.29
Fracture and Repair Mechanisms
What rehabilitation is typically required for a hip fracture?
Rehabilitation may include physical therapy, strength training, and mobility exercises to regain function.
p.25
Homeostatic Imbalance Disorders
What is a common consequence of osteoporosis?
Increased risk of hip fractures.
p.25
Homeostatic Imbalance Disorders
What is a hip fracture?
A break in the upper part of the femur, often due to falls or osteoporosis.
p.3
Structure and Function of Bones
What is mineral homeostasis in the context of bones?
The storage and release of minerals.
p.4
Structure and Function of Bones
What is the periosteum?
A dense irregular connective tissue that covers the outer surface of bones and provides blood supply.
p.2
Division of the Skeletal System
What are the two main divisions of the skeletal system?
Axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton.
What is the shape of irregular bones?
Irregular or mixed shape.
p.29
Clinical Considerations in Bone Health
What are some key educational points to prevent osteoporosis?
Encourage a diet rich in calcium and vitamin D, regular weight-bearing exercise, and avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol consumption.
p.25
Homeostatic Imbalance Disorders
What is a herniated (slipped) disc?
A condition where a disc in the spine bulges out, potentially pressing on nerves.
p.4
Structure and Function of Bones
What is the diaphysis of a bone?
The body or shaft of the bone.
p.9
Structure and Function of Bones
How do trabeculae contribute to bone strength?
Their lattice-like structure helps to resist stress and strain.
p.28
Fracture and Repair Mechanisms
What are some causes of hip fractures in younger people?
Automobile accidents, falls from significant heights, or severe trauma.
What is the significance of blood supply to bones?
It provides nutrients and oxygen, and removes waste products.
p.23
Fracture and Repair Mechanisms
How can fractures be named?
According to severity, shape or position of the fracture line, or the physician who first described them.
p.9
Structure and Function of Bones
What are trabeculae?
Trabeculae are small, rod-like structures found in spongy bone.
p.26
Factors Influencing Bone Growth
What causes osteoporosis?
Depletion of calcium that is absorbed from the diet.
p.26
Fracture and Repair Mechanisms
What can result from osteoporosis?
Spontaneous bone fractures under mechanical strains of everyday living.
p.11
Division of the Skeletal System
What is the difference between the axial and appendicular skeleton?
The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebrae, ribs, and sternum, while the appendicular skeleton includes the shoulder girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, and lower limbs.
p.4
Structure and Function of Bones
What is the medullary cavity?
A hollow space within the bone that contains bone marrow and blood vessels.
p.7
Structure and Function of Bones
What are the primary functions of compact bone tissue?
To protect and support, and to resist strain.
p.17
Structure and Function of Bones
What type of bone structure surrounds short bones?
Cancellous bone surrounded by a thin layer of compact bone.
p.3
Structure and Function of Bones
What is one of the primary functions of the skeletal system?
Support, providing a structural framework for the body.
p.3
Structure and Function of Bones
How does the skeletal system protect the body?
By protecting the most important internal organs from injury.
p.4
Structure and Function of Bones
What is the function of articular cartilage?
It covers the ends of bones at joints to reduce friction.
p.6
Histology of Bone Tissues
Where are osteocytes located?
In lacunae within the bone matrix.
p.15
Structure and Function of Bones
What is the periosteum?
A membrane that covers the outer surface of a long bone's shaft.
p.8
Histology of Bone Tissues
What type of bone tissue is found in the interior of a bone?
Spongy (trabecular) bone tissue.
What are the main types of bones in the human body?
Long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, and sesamoid bones.
p.24
Fracture and Repair Mechanisms
What kind of rehabilitation is needed after a bone fracture?
Rehabilitation may include physical therapy, exercises to restore strength and mobility, and gradual weight-bearing activities.
p.4
Structure and Function of Bones
What is the metaphysis in bone structure?
The area where the epiphyseal (growth) plate is located, which is replaced by bone around ages 14-24.
p.26
Factors Influencing Bone Growth
What hormonal change contributes to osteoporosis in women?
A dramatic decline in estrogens at menopause.
p.22
Factors Influencing Bone Growth
What effect does aging have on bone growth?
It can lead to decreased bone density and increased risk of fractures.
p.6
Structure and Function of Bones
What are the two layers of the periosteum?
Fibrous layer and cellular layer.
What are sesamoid bones?
Nodules of bone that develop in certain tendons.
p.14
Structure and Function of Bones
What is the metaphysis in a long bone?
The recently developed end adjacent to epiphyseal cartilage.
p.9
Structure and Function of Bones
Where are trabeculae primarily located?
In the interior of bones, particularly in spongy or cancellous bone.
p.5
Histology of Bone Tissues
What role do osteocytes play in bone tissue?
They maintain bone matrix and communicate with other bone cells.
p.3
Structure and Function of Bones
What role does the skeletal system play in movement?
It acts as a lever for muscles.
p.6
Structure and Function of Bones
What is the function of the matrix in bone tissue?
Provides structural support and strength to bones.
p.11
Division of the Skeletal System
What does the appendicular skeleton consist of?
Shoulder girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, and lower limbs.
p.28
Factors Influencing Bone Growth
What condition contributes to the frequency of hip fractures in older adults?
Decreased bone mass due to osteoporosis.
What is produced in the red bone marrow?
Red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC), and platelets through hemopoiesis.
p.2
Fracture and Repair Mechanisms
What is the process of fracture repair?
Inflammation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation, and remodeling.
p.2
Factors Influencing Bone Growth
What factors influence bone growth?
Genetics, nutrition, hormones, and physical activity.
p.5
Histology of Bone Tissues
What are the four types of bone cells?
<p>Osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteocyte and osteoclast</p>
