The process by which an organism regulates its body temperature within certain boundaries, even when the surrounding temperature is different.
It helps maintain optimal enzyme activity and metabolic processes by keeping body temperature within a narrow range.
Sweating, shivering, and altering blood flow to the skin.
The process by which biological systems maintain stability while adjusting to conditions that are optimal for survival.
The ideal value or range that a physiological variable should maintain.
The range of values around the set point that is considered acceptable for physiological variables.
A mechanism that counteracts a change, returning the system to its set point.
A mechanism that amplifies a change, moving the system away from its set point.
The process by which the body maintains its core internal temperature.
The process by which biological systems maintain stability while adjusting to conditions that are optimal for survival.
Noon and Midnight.
Males have higher metabolic rates and sweat more than females.
The process of losing body heat to the environment.
By direct contact with cooler surfaces.
Secretory portion and duct portion.
Core temperature and shell temperature.
The break or tear in the blood vessel.
To pass sweat to the skin surface and reabsorb sodium and chloride.
Blood flow decreases.
To generate heat.
It promotes the uptake of glucose by the liver, lowering blood glucose levels.
Muscle cramps, red/warm dry skin, rapid heart rate, and seizures.
They sense environmental changes and send signals to the brain.
75 – 95 mg/dL.
As a dynamic process.
The process by which the body maintains its core temperature.
The body undergoes hormonal changes and physical adaptations.
Rising room temperature.
Nervous system and endocrine system.
Peripheral thermoreceptors in the skin and central thermoreceptors in abdominal organs & hypothalamus.
It implies more water vapor in the air, making it less likely to accommodate more.
More severe dehydration and low blood volume.
It sends nerve impulses that either dilate or constrict skin arterioles.
It can drop below the normal range, leading to hypothermia.
A process that is stimulated before the feedback system to minimize changes in a regulated variable.
The sympathetic nervous system.
Exercise improves tolerance to heat or cold.
The stages include dilation, expulsion, and placental delivery.
35 °C.
They release chemicals that attract more platelets.
It secretes oxytocin to aid in milk secretion.
Heat balance = heat gain – heat loss.
Muscle cramps, fatigue, pale moist skin, fainting, fever, dizziness, nausea, and vomiting.
37 ℃.
Heat gain occurs via infra-red rays.
7.3 – 7.5.
It initiates responses before changes occur in core temperature.
They detect temperature changes and send signals to the brain.
A break or tear in a blood vessel.
Water, mainly sodium and chloride.
Blood flow increases by dilating skin arterioles and constricting shunt vessels.
By increasing blood flow and more sweat secretion for heat loss by evaporation.
Temperature difference between the external environment and the human body.
Monitors the environment.
The effector (heater) responds to raise body temperature.
Stimulus -> Sensory nerve (afferent) -> Spinal cord -> Motor nerve (efferent) -> Brain.
To respond to the stimulus.
Via wind or air flow.
It helps to conserve body heat by reducing blood flow to the skin.
Blood Pressure.
There is an eight-fold change in heat transfer from fully constricted to fully dilated state.
Conduction, convection, radiation, and evaporation.
Hormones like oxytocin stimulate contractions during labor.
Regulating body temperature.
Clotting proceeds until the wound is sealed by a newly formed clot.
35 °C.
90 – 139 mmHg.
The temperature essentially at the skin.
Between 12.8 and 54.4 °C.
Skeletal muscle, skin arterioles, sweat glands, and adrenal medulla.
7.4.
Motor nerve (efferent nerve).
No, it fluctuates within the normal range.
Hypothermia.
Breast suckling.
Positive feedback.
Heat production increases.
Adrenal medulla.
Reduction of bleeding.
Sympathetic stimulation.
Water loss is greater than mineral loss.
It activates to increase the temperature.
It helps to decrease heat loss.
Liquid water converting to water vapor.
37 ℃.
An increase in environmental temperature leads to increased vasoconstriction.
Oxytocin.
Evaporation rates increase, but this is not effective for thermoregulation.
Involuntary contraction.
The temperature within the skull, thoracic, and abdominal cavities.
To enhance the stimulus or action.
60 – 89 mmHg.
The heater.
To determine if the variable is kept within the normal range.
Heat stroke, which can break down thermoregulation mechanisms.
Age.
The endocrine and nervous systems.
Higher temperatures can reduce heat loss, while lower temperatures increase it.
Deeper in the skin.
Painful muscle cramps, red moist skin, triggered by Na+ loss and dehydration.
It increases basal metabolism.
A range of environmental temperature (25 – 30 ℃) in which body temperature can be regulated only by skin blood flow.
Hypothermia or hyperthermia.
It can rise above the normal range, leading to hyperthermia.
Coma or even death.
Less than 35.0 °C.
Increased humidity decreases evaporation efficiency.
Core temperature > 40 °C.
It acts as a receptor that detects changes in temperature.
Between 36.1 and 37.8 °C.
The hypothalamus.
Conduction and radiation.
36.7 – 37.1 ℃.
The desired temperature that the control center aims to maintain.
Convection and evaporation.
Signals are sent to effectors for responses like vasoconstriction and muscle shivering.
To help our body maintain different variables within normal ranges.
Heat balance = Heat gain – Heat loss.
Wind can enhance evaporation rates.
It serves as the control center that processes input from the receptor.
It helps in heat loss by evaporation.
By regulating skin blood flow.
Via contact with body surface.
Muscle shivering.
A relatively stable condition of the internal environment.
Anterior pituitary gland.
It cools the body as sweat evaporates.
Negative feedback and positive feedback.
120/80 mmHg.
Receptor (or sensor), control center, and effector.
Contraction and vasodilation.
It increases heat loss.
85 mg/dL.
Older adults are less tolerant due to less effective sweat glands and reduced skin blood flow.
The process of giving birth.
Milk letdown.
Muscle shivering.
To suppress the stimulus.
~90 mg/100 ml.
The pancreas secretes insulin.
It decreases.
Sweat secretion stops.
