p.6
Spermatogenesis Process
What are the two stages of sperm production?
Spermatocytogenesis and Spermiogenesis.
p.26
Hormonal Regulation of Spermatogenesis
What hormone stimulates testosterone secretion from Leydig cells?
Luteinizing hormone (LH).
p.1
Structure of the Male Reproductive System
What are the secondary or accessory sexual organs in the male reproductive system?
Internal and external genitalia.
p.20
Spermatogenesis Process
What do calcium ions cause to be released from the oocyte?
Multiple cortical granules by exocytosis.
p.1
Structure of the Male Reproductive System
Name the internal genitalia in the male reproductive system.
Vas deferens, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory duct, and prostate.
p.5
Spermatogenesis Process
What are the initial cells involved in spermatogenesis?
Germ cells called spermatogonia.
p.24
Functions of Testosterone
What is one primary function of testosterone in males?
It promotes the development of male reproductive tissues.
p.12
Functions of Sertoli Cells
How do Sertoli cells support spermatogenesis?
By secreting estrogen from androgen.
p.6
Spermatogenesis Process
What is spermiogenesis?
The final stage of sperm development where spermatid becomes a motile spermatozoa.
p.24
Functions of Testosterone
How does testosterone affect muscle mass?
It increases muscle mass and strength.
p.12
Functions of Sertoli Cells
What role do Sertoli cells play in the nutrition and maturation of spermatids?
They provide glycogen to nourish spermatids and help convert them to spermatozoa.
p.16
Functions of Seminal Vesicles and Prostate Gland
What is the function of fibrinolysin in prostatic fluid?
It dissolves the clot formed by the clotting enzyme.
p.15
Functions of Seminal Vesicles and Prostate Gland
What do the seminal vesicles secrete?
A mucoid material containing fructose, citric acid, and other nutrient substances, as well as prostaglandins and fibrinogen.
p.20
Spermatogenesis Process
What happens after the first sperm penetrates the zona pellucida of the ovum?
Calcium ions diffuse inward through the oocyte membrane.
p.13
Functions of Leydig Cells
What do Leydig cells produce?
Androgens such as testosterone, androstenedione, and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA).
p.9
Hormonal Regulation of Spermatogenesis
What effect does growth hormone have on spermatogonia?
It promotes early division of spermatogonia.
p.6
Spermatogenesis Process
What occurs during spermatocytogenesis?
The conversion of spermatogonia to spermatid.
p.1
Structure of the Male Reproductive System
What are the external genitalia in the male reproductive system?
Epididymis, scrotum, penis, and bulbourethral glands.
p.16
Functions of Seminal Vesicles and Prostate Gland
What does the prostate gland secrete?
A thin, milky fluid containing calcium, citrate ion, phosphate ion, a clotting enzyme, and profibrinolysin.
p.18
Spermatogenesis Process
What is spermiation?
The process of release of mature spermatozoa from Sertoli cells into the lumen of the seminiferous tubule.
p.27
Functions of Seminal Vesicles and Prostate Gland
What is semen?
The milky fluid ejaculated during the male sexual act.
p.21
Chemistry and Biosynthesis of Testosterone
What other source contributes to the formation of testosterone?
Androstenedione secreted by the adrenal cortex.
p.25
Hairline Characteristics
What factors can influence hairline changes in adults?
Genetics, hormonal changes, and aging.
p.11
Functions of Sertoli Cells
How does inhibin affect FSH release?
Inhibin decreases FSH release from the anterior pituitary.
p.8
Hormonal Regulation of Spermatogenesis
What does follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) do in the process of spermatogenesis?
It acts on Sertoli cells to stimulate the last stages of spermatid maturation (spermiogenesis).
p.18
Spermatogenesis Process
What must happen to the flagella of spermatozoa for them to be motile?
The flagella must become motile.
p.18
Spermatogenesis Process
When are spermatozoa used for movement?
They are not used until ejaculated.
p.19
Spermatogenesis Process
What effect do calcium ions have on sperm movement?
They strengthen the movement of the flagella.
p.9
Hormonal Regulation of Spermatogenesis
What role do estrogens play in spermatogenesis?
They are essential for spermiogenesis.
p.29
Mechanism of Erection
What initiates an erection?
Dilatation of the arterioles of the penis.
p.13
Hormonal Regulation of Spermatogenesis
What hormone stimulates Leydig cells to produce androgens?
Luteinizing hormone (LH).
p.25
Hairline Characteristics
What is a common characteristic of hairlines in children?
Children typically have a more rounded hairline.
p.5
Spermatogenesis Process
What happens to spermatogonia before puberty?
They remain quiescent within layers of seminiferous tubules.
p.25
Hairline Characteristics
How does the hairline change from childhood to adulthood?
It often becomes more defined and may recede in some individuals.
p.26
Functions of Testosterone
What is the role of testosterone in the male reproductive system?
It is essential for the development of male secondary sexual characteristics and spermatogenesis.
p.17
Functions of Seminal Vesicles and Prostate Gland
What role does the prostate gland play in male reproduction?
It produces a fluid that helps to protect and energize sperm in semen.
p.12
Functions of Sertoli Cells
What barrier do Sertoli cells form, and what is its purpose?
The blood-testis barrier, which prevents large molecules and antigenic products from entering the circulation, protecting germ cells.
p.5
Spermatogenesis Process
What is the significance of mitosis in spermatogenesis?
It ensures a continuous supply of spermatogonia.
p.21
Hormonal Regulation of Spermatogenesis
Which hormone controls the secretion of testosterone?
LH (Luteinizing Hormone).
p.23
Functions of Testosterone
What are the anabolic effects of androgens?
They increase protein synthesis and decrease protein breakdown, leading to increased growth rate.
p.24
Functions of Testosterone
What effect does testosterone have on fat distribution?
It influences fat distribution in the body.
p.15
Functions of Seminal Vesicles and Prostate Gland
How do seminal vesicles contribute to ejaculation?
They empty their contents during ejaculation, adding greatly to the bulk of the ejaculated semen.
p.10
Hormonal Regulation of Spermatogenesis
What other factors can depress spermatogenesis?
Oxygen lack, various bacterial and chemical toxins.
p.8
Hormonal Regulation of Spermatogenesis
How does FSH maintain a high concentration of testosterone in seminiferous tubular fluid?
By promoting secretion of androgen binding protein (ABP) from Sertoli cells and sensitizing Leydig cells to LH.
p.16
Functions of Seminal Vesicles and Prostate Gland
How does prostatic fluid affect sperm motility and fertility?
It helps to neutralize the acidity of other seminal fluids, enhancing motility and fertility.
p.19
Spermatogenesis Process
How does capacitation affect the permeability of the sperm membrane?
It becomes more permeable to calcium ions.
p.9
Hormonal Regulation of Spermatogenesis
What hormone stimulates Sertoli cells to form estrogens from testosterone?
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH).
p.9
Hormonal Regulation of Spermatogenesis
Which hormones are necessary for controlling metabolic functions of the testes?
Growth and thyroid hormones.
p.20
Spermatogenesis Process
What is the role of cortical granules in fertilization?
They contain substances that prevent binding of additional sperm.
p.4
Hormonal Regulation of Spermatogenesis
What hormones are produced by the male reproductive system?
Hormones that develop secondary sexual characteristics and are involved in feedback mechanisms relating to spermatogenesis.
p.20
Spermatogenesis Process
What happens to sperm that have already begun to bind after the first sperm enters the oocyte?
They fall off due to the action of cortical granules.
p.13
Hormonal Regulation of Spermatogenesis
How does FSH affect Leydig cells?
FSH increases the response of Leydig cells to LH.
p.29
Mechanism of Erection
How does the compression of veins affect an erection?
It blocks outflow, increasing the length and strength of the penis.
p.20
Spermatogenesis Process
Why does almost no more than one sperm enter the oocyte during fertilization?
Because of the release of substances from cortical granules that prevent additional sperm binding.
p.16
Functions of Seminal Vesicles and Prostate Gland
What is the role of the clotting enzyme secreted by the prostate gland?
It clots semen to hold it around the cervix.
p.6
Spermatogenesis Process
What does spermiation refer to?
The release of mature spermatozoa from Sertoli cells into the lumen of seminiferous tubules.
p.18
Spermatogenesis Process
What is the initial state of spermatozoa after spermiation?
Initially unable to move.
p.27
Functions of Seminal Vesicles and Prostate Gland
What are the main components of semen?
Sperm, seminal vesicles secretion (60%), prostatic secretion (30%), and vas deferens secretion (10%).
p.8
Hormonal Regulation of Spermatogenesis
What is the role of luteinizing hormone in spermatogenesis?
It stimulates the Leydig cells to secrete testosterone.
p.15
Functions of Seminal Vesicles and Prostate Gland
What is the role of fructose in seminal fluid?
It provides considerable nutrient value for the sperm.
p.11
Functions of Sertoli Cells
What effect does activin have on FSH and LH?
Activin increases FSH release and enhances LH function.
p.23
Functions of Testosterone
How do androgens affect electrolyte and water retention?
They cause moderate retention of Na+, K+, H2O, Ca2+, SO4, and PO4, and increase kidney size.
p.17
Functions of Seminal Vesicles and Prostate Gland
How do the seminal vesicles and prostate gland contribute to fertility?
By producing fluids that nourish and protect sperm, enhancing their chances of successful fertilization.
p.11
Functions of Sertoli Cells
What condition is associated with the presence of Müllerian duct derivatives in genetically male individuals?
Persistent Müllerian duct syndrome (PMDS).
p.18
Spermatogenesis Process
What is the end result of spermiation?
The structure of mature sperm.
p.19
Spermatogenesis Process
What is the function of the enzymes released from the acrosome?
To help the sperm penetrate the granulosa cell mass surrounding the ovum.
p.4
Spermatogenesis Process
What is the primary function of the male reproductive tract?
To produce, maintain, and transport viable spermatozoa.
p.12
Functions of Sertoli Cells
What is one function of Sertoli cells related to testosterone?
Secretion of androgen binding protein (ABP) to bind testosterone and increase its concentration in seminiferous tubule fluid.
p.23
Functions of Testosterone
What role does testosterone play during intrauterine life?
It stimulates the maturation of the Wolffian ducts, developing into male internal genital organs.
p.26
Hormonal Regulation of Spermatogenesis
Which hormone regulates the production of luteinizing hormone?
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).
p.21
Chemistry and Biosynthesis of Testosterone
From what is testosterone synthesized?
Cholesterol in the Leydig cells.
p.23
Functions of Testosterone
Why is testosterone essential at puberty?
It is essential for spermatogenesis.
p.5
Spermatogenesis Process
What occurs to some spermatogonia at puberty?
They undergo mitosis continuously and enter into meiosis.
p.10
Hormonal Regulation of Spermatogenesis
What dietary conditions can arrest spermatogenesis?
Complete starvation and protein deficiency.
p.23
Functions of Testosterone
What does testosterone contribute to the development of during puberty?
Development of secondary sex organs and secondary sex characteristics.
p.26
Hormonal Regulation of Spermatogenesis
How does negative feedback regulate testosterone levels?
High levels of testosterone inhibit the release of GnRH and LH, reducing testosterone production.
p.18
Spermatogenesis Process
What does the acrosome of spermatozoa contain?
Digestive enzymes like hyaluronidase and proteolytic enzymes.
p.27
Functions of Seminal Vesicles and Prostate Gland
What is the pH level of semen?
Alkaline, with a pH of 7.4.
p.19
Spermatogenesis Process
What is capacitation in spermatozoa?
The process that makes sperm capable of penetrating the ovum.
p.21
Chemistry and Biosynthesis of Testosterone
Where are small amounts of testosterone secreted in females?
From the ovary and the adrenal gland.
p.11
Functions of Sertoli Cells
What is the role of Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH) during embryogenesis?
AMH prevents the development of the Müllerian ducts.
p.19
Spermatogenesis Process
What role do uterine and fallopian tube fluids play in capacitation?
They wash away inhibitory factors that suppress sperm activity.
p.19
Spermatogenesis Process
What happens to the sperm membrane during capacitation?
It becomes weaker due to the loss of cholesterol covering.
p.10
Hormonal Regulation of Spermatogenesis
What is the optimum temperature for spermatogenesis?
About 3-5 degrees below body temperature.
p.9
Hormonal Regulation of Spermatogenesis
What happens to spermatogenesis in the absence of growth hormone?
It is severely deficient or absent, causing infertility.
p.4
Hormonal Regulation of Spermatogenesis
What role do hormones play in the male reproductive system?
They develop secondary sexual characteristics and regulate spermatogenesis through feedback mechanisms.
p.17
Functions of Seminal Vesicles and Prostate Gland
What is the primary function of the seminal vesicles?
To produce a fluid that nourishes sperm and forms a significant portion of semen.
p.13
Functions of Leydig Cells
What are the effects of androgens produced by Leydig cells?
They stimulate spermatogenesis and the growth of secondary sex characteristics.
p.29
Mechanism of Erection
What type of nerves are responsible for initiating an erection?
Parasympathetic pelvic nerves.
p.24
Functions of Testosterone
What role does testosterone play in bone density?
It helps maintain bone density.
p.29
Mechanism of Erection
How is an erection terminated?
By sympathetic vasoconstrictor impulses to penile arterioles.
p.24
Functions of Testosterone
How does testosterone influence libido?
It enhances sexual drive and libido.
p.25
Hairline Characteristics
What is a common hairline shape in adults?
Adults may have a straight, widow's peak, or receding hairline.
p.10
Hormonal Regulation of Spermatogenesis
What effect does irradiation have on spermatogenesis?
It leads to irreversible damage in the germinal epithelium.
p.27
Functions of Seminal Vesicles and Prostate Gland
What substances are rich in semen?
Fructose, buffers (phosphates and bicarbonates), fibrinogenase, fibrinolysin, and hyaluronidase.
p.8
Hormonal Regulation of Spermatogenesis
What is necessary for the conversion of spermatids to sperm?
Stimulation by follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).
p.27
Functions of Seminal Vesicles and Prostate Gland
What happens to semen after ejaculation?
It clots but liquefies again due to fibrinolysin.
p.15
Functions of Seminal Vesicles and Prostate Gland
What is the significance of the seminal fluid's nutrient substances?
They are of considerable nutrient value for the sperm.
p.12
Functions of Sertoli Cells
What does the blood-testis barrier protect germ cells from?
Noxious agents and the development of autoimmune responses.
p.26
Hormonal Regulation of Spermatogenesis
What effect does follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) have in relation to testosterone?
FSH supports spermatogenesis and works in conjunction with testosterone.
p.17
Functions of Seminal Vesicles and Prostate Gland
What is the significance of the prostate gland's fluid?
It contains enzymes and substances that help to maintain sperm viability and motility.
p.24
Functions of Testosterone
In addition to physical effects, what psychological effect does testosterone have?
It can affect mood and energy levels.
p.23
Functions of Testosterone
What hormone does testosterone stimulate the secretion of?
Erythropoietin hormone, increasing the rate of RBC formation.
p.15
Functions of Seminal Vesicles and Prostate Gland
What are the two believed functions of prostaglandins in fertilization?
1) They react with female cervical mucus to make it more receptive to sperm movement. 2) They may cause reverse peristaltic contractions in the uterus and fallopian tubes to move sperm toward the ovaries.
p.14
Maturation of Sperm in the Epididymis
What prevents sperm from achieving final motility in the epididymis?
Several inhibitory proteins in the epididymal fluid.
p.14
Maturation of Sperm in the Epididymis
Where is sperm stored after maturation?
Some in the epididymis, most in the vas deferens.
p.19
Spermatogenesis Process
What changes occur in the acrosome during capacitation?
Calcium ions cause changes that allow rapid release of enzymes.
p.22
Transport of Testosterone
What is the primary protein that binds testosterone in plasma?
Gonadal steroid binding globulin (GBG) or sex steroid-binding globulin.
