p.9
Laboratory Diagnosis of Meningitis
What is the expected CSF profile in aseptic meningitis?
Increased lymphocytes with normal glucose levels.
p.9
Laboratory Diagnosis of Meningitis
What does a normal CSF profile indicate?
It suggests no infection or inflammation.
p.6
Symptoms and Signs of Acute Meningitis
What cardiovascular symptoms may indicate acute meningitis?
Hypotension and tachycardia.
p.47
Management and Treatment of Meningitis
Why is early diagnosis crucial in treatment?
To prevent a lethal amount of toxin from becoming fixed to neural tissue.
p.6
Symptoms and Signs of Acute Meningitis
What are early systemic signs of inflammation in acute meningitis?
Flu-like symptoms, fever, malaise, hypotension, tachycardia, and rigors.
p.53
Pathogenesis and Clinical Presentation of Tetanus
What is food-borne botulism?
A type of botulism caused by consuming food contaminated with botulinum toxin.
p.21
Virulence Factors of Meningitis Pathogens
How does N. meningitides attach to mucosal cells?
By adhesion pili in the nasopharynx.
p.9
Laboratory Diagnosis of Meningitis
What type of cells are typically elevated in bacterial meningitis?
Polymorphonuclear leukocytes.
p.31
Clinical Significance of Meningitis
What is bacteremia?
The presence of bacteria in the blood, which can be caused by the capsulated strains.
p.6
Symptoms and Signs of Acute Meningitis
What does 'rigors' refer to in the context of acute meningitis?
Shivering or shaking due to fever.
p.18
Bacterial Causes of Meningitis
What type of bacteria is Neisseria meningitidis?
Gram-negative diplococcus.
p.28
Comparison of Top Bacterial Agents Causing Meningitis
Is Haemophilus influenzae a common cause of bacterial meningitis?
Yes, it is one of the common bacterial agents causing meningitis, especially in children.
p.40
Pathogenesis and Clinical Presentation of Tetanus
What is the result of the action of tetanospasmin?
Simultaneous spasms of both agonist and antagonist muscles, leading to generalized muscular spasms characteristic of tetanus.
p.26
Management and Treatment of Meningitis
What alternatives are used if a strain is resistant to penicillin or if a patient is allergic to it?
Cephalosporins and Chloramphenicol.
p.12
Bacterial Causes of Meningitis
What does CoNS stand for?
Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci.
p.31
Bacterial Causes of Meningitis
Which strain of the pathogen is responsible for bacterial meningitis in children under 5 years?
Capsulated strains, specifically type b (Hib).
p.20
Pathogenesis and Clinical Presentation of Tetanus
Where does the organism causing meningococcal meningitis colonize?
Mucosal membranes of the nasopharynx.
p.53
Pathogenesis and Clinical Presentation of Tetanus
What is infant botulism?
A form of botulism that occurs in infants, typically due to the ingestion of spores that produce toxin in the intestines.
p.12
Bacterial Causes of Meningitis
What are diphtheroids?
A group of bacteria that can be part of the normal skin flora and may cause infections.
p.31
Pathogenesis and Clinical Presentation of Tetanus
How is the pathogen transmitted?
Person-to-person transmission by droplet nuclei.
p.4
Bacterial Causes of Meningitis
How does viral meningitis typically resolve?
Usually resolves without treatment.
p.19
Bacterial Causes of Meningitis
What is the causative organism of epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis?
Neisseria Meningitides (Meningococcus).
p.39
Pathogenesis and Clinical Presentation of Tetanus
What does a low oxidation-reduction potential indicate for C. tetani?
It establishes conditions favorable for spore germination.
p.11
Bacterial Causes of Meningitis
What additional bacterial agents are associated with meningitis in individuals over 50 years old?
Listeria monocytogenes, Haemophilus influenzae type b (if not immunized), Aerobic gram-negative bacilli (e.g., Escherichia coli), and Streptococcus agalactiae.
p.17
Management and Treatment of Meningitis
What are the drugs of choice for antimicrobial susceptibility?
3rd generation cephalosporins (e.g., ceftriaxone).
p.9
Laboratory Diagnosis of Meningitis
What does a chemical profile of CSF indicate in the presence of bacteria?
It shows a predominance of polymorphonuclear leukocytes.
p.31
Virulence Factors of Meningitis Pathogens
What are the main virulence factors of the pathogen discussed?
Polysaccharide capsule and IgA protease.
p.47
Management and Treatment of Meningitis
Should treatment wait for laboratory confirmation?
No, treatment should be based on clinical assessment without waiting for laboratory data.
p.40
Pathogenesis and Clinical Presentation of Tetanus
What happens to the toxin in muscle spasms?
It passes into the blood and lymph after not all being absorbed by local nerve endings.
p.28
Bacterial Causes of Meningitis
What type of infections can Haemophilus influenzae cause?
It can cause respiratory infections, meningitis, and other serious infections.
p.16
Bacterial Causes of Meningitis
What shape do Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria have?
Lancet-shaped diplococci, may form short chains.
p.39
Pathogenesis and Clinical Presentation of Tetanus
How does the toxin from C. tetani affect the body?
It reaches the CNS and becomes fixed to receptors in the spinal cord and brain stem, exerting its action.
p.7
Symptoms and Signs of Acute Meningitis
What is photophobia?
Sensitivity to light, often seen in meningitis.
p.19
Comparison of Top Bacterial Agents Causing Meningitis
Which serogroups of Neisseria Meningitides are most invasive?
Serogroups A, B, C, Y, and W-135.
p.17
Management and Treatment of Meningitis
What combination of drugs should be used to treat serious infections like meningitis?
Vancomycin and ceftriaxone.
p.39
Pathogenesis and Clinical Presentation of Tetanus
Is C. tetani an invasive organism?
No, C. tetani is not an invasive organism.
p.38
Pathogenesis and Clinical Presentation of Tetanus
What types of wounds can transmit infection via spores?
Surgical wounds, deep puncture wounds, crush wounds, burns, dental infections, animal bites, delivery or abortion, and nail pricks.
p.37
Virulence Factors of Meningitis Pathogens
Where are spores of Clostridium tetani commonly found?
In soil and animal feces.
p.32
Management and Treatment of Meningitis
What are the two main treatment regimens for bacterial infections mentioned?
New regimen: Ceftriaxone & cefotaxime; Old regimen: Ampicillin & chloramphenicol.
What does the number 9 represent in the context?
It is unclear without additional context.
p.31
Clinical Significance of Meningitis
What are some clinical conditions caused by the capsulated strains?
Bacterial meningitis, facial cellulitis, epiglottitis, pericarditis, pneumonia, septic arthritis, and osteomyelitis.
p.38
Pathogenesis and Clinical Presentation of Tetanus
What is the incubation period for infections transmitted via contaminated wounds?
It varies from a few days (5-10 days) to several weeks.
p.12
Bacterial Causes of Meningitis
What type of bacteria are Gram-negative bacilli?
A group of bacteria that can cause infections, often associated with catheter use.
p.40
Pathogenesis and Clinical Presentation of Tetanus
What is tetanospasmin?
A neurotoxin that blocks the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters glycine and GABA.
p.19
Bacterial Causes of Meningitis
What type of bacteria is Neisseria Meningitides?
Aerobic Gram-negative diplococci.
p.4
Bacterial Causes of Meningitis
What type of trauma can lead to meningitis?
Trauma to the head or spine.
p.19
Categorization of Meningitis by Patient Age
How many serogroups of Neisseria Meningitides are there?
13 serogroups based on polysaccharide capsule.
p.3
Symptoms and Signs of Acute Meningitis
What is cerebrospinal fluid?
Fluid that circulates in the spaces around the brain and spinal cord.
p.25
Laboratory Diagnosis of Meningitis
What is done with the CSF after collection?
It is allowed to drip into a dry sterile container.
p.18
Symptoms and Signs of Acute Meningitis
What are common symptoms of meningococcal meningitis?
Fever, headache, and stiff neck.
p.35
Pathogenesis and Clinical Presentation of Tetanus
What type of disease is Tetanus?
An acute, often fatal disease.
p.48
Laboratory Diagnosis of Meningitis
How is the organism identified in laboratory diagnosis?
By its pathogenicity to laboratory animals.
p.48
Laboratory Diagnosis of Meningitis
What is the sensitivity of Cl. tetani?
Exhibits sensitivity to O2.
p.48
Laboratory Diagnosis of Meningitis
What is done to one of the mice in the laboratory experiment?
It is protected with antitetanic serum.
p.49
Management and Treatment of Meningitis
Which antibiotics are recommended for tetanus treatment?
Metronidazole and Penicillin G.
p.2
Pathogenesis and Clinical Presentation of Tetanus
What is the pathogenesis of tetanus?
The toxin produced by Clostridium tetani affects the nervous system, leading to muscle spasms.
What does the number 5 represent in the context?
It is unclear without additional context.
p.39
Pathogenesis and Clinical Presentation of Tetanus
What conditions favor the germination of C. tetani spores?
Necrotic tissue, poor blood supply, calcium salts, and associated pyogenic infections.
p.32
Management and Treatment of Meningitis
What class of antibiotics do ceftriaxone and cefotaxime belong to?
3rd generation cephalosporins.
p.18
Bacterial Causes of Meningitis
What disease is primarily caused by Neisseria meningitidis?
Meningococcal meningitis.
p.18
Bacterial Causes of Meningitis
How is Neisseria meningitidis transmitted?
Through respiratory droplets.
p.5
Bacterial Causes of Meningitis
What is the primary pathway for pathogens to enter the central nervous system (CNS)?
Most pathogens colonize the nasopharynx or upper airways before entering the CNS.
p.16
Virulence Factors of Meningitis Pathogens
How many different capsular types does Streptococcus pneumoniae have?
More than 85 different capsular types.
p.24
Complications of Meningitis
What complication can arise from healing by fibrosis in meningitis?
Obliteration of the subarachnoid space leading to hydrocephalus.
p.46
Immunization and Tetanus Prevention
Why doesn't an attack of tetanus provide immunity?
Because the toxin is potent in minimal amounts that do not trigger immune mechanisms.
p.30
Virulence Factors of Meningitis Pathogens
What is the significance of the X and V factors for H. influenzae?
They are essential for the growth of the bacteria.
p.50
Immunization and Tetanus Prevention
Which groups are considered high risk for tetanus and may require vaccination?
Military personnel and pregnant females.
p.2
Comparison of Top Bacterial Agents Causing Meningitis
What is the clinical picture of Neisseria meningitidis meningitis?
Symptoms include sudden onset of fever, headache, stiff neck, and rash.
p.26
Management and Treatment of Meningitis
What is the recommended chemoprophylaxis for contacts of a meningococcal meningitis case?
Rifampicin orally twice daily for 2 days or Ciprofloxacin as a single oral dose.
p.52
Management and Treatment of Meningitis
What effect does boiling for 10 minutes have on the toxin?
It inactivates the toxin.
p.11
Bacterial Causes of Meningitis
What is the most common bacterial cause of meningitis in adults aged 2 to 50?
Streptococcus pneumoniae.
p.20
Pathogenesis and Clinical Presentation of Tetanus
What can happen if the organism reaches the bloodstream?
It can produce meningococcemia.
p.41
Pathogenesis and Clinical Presentation of Tetanus
What is the most common clinical form of tetanus?
Generalized tetanus (descending tetanus).
p.30
Virulence Factors of Meningitis Pathogens
What type of bacteria are facultative anaerobes?
Bacteria that can grow in both the presence and absence of oxygen.
p.48
Laboratory Diagnosis of Meningitis
What can direct smears reveal in laboratory diagnosis?
Gram-positive bacilli with terminal spores.
p.34
Pathogenesis and Clinical Presentation of Tetanus
How does the tetanus toxin affect the body?
It interferes with nerve signals, causing muscle stiffness and spasms.
p.7
Symptoms and Signs of Acute Meningitis
What are two signs associated with meningeal irritation?
Kernig sign and Brudzinski sign.
p.10
Bacterial Causes of Meningitis
Which group of bacteria is most commonly associated with neonatal septicemia?
Group B beta streptococci (Streptococcus agalactiae).
p.13
Comparison of Top Bacterial Agents Causing Meningitis
How many encapsulated serotypes does Haemophilus influenzae have?
6 encapsulated serotypes (a - f).
p.35
Immunization and Tetanus Prevention
How is Tetanus prevented?
By immunization with tetanus toxoid.
p.2
Bacterial Causes of Meningitis
What are some bacterial causes of meningitis?
Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae, Listeria monocytogenes, and Group B Streptococcus.
p.2
Comparison of Top Bacterial Agents Causing Meningitis
What are the prevention strategies for Neisseria meningitidis?
Vaccination and prophylactic antibiotics for close contacts.
p.28
Bacterial Causes of Meningitis
What is Haemophilus influenzae?
A type of bacteria that can cause various infections, including meningitis.
p.22
Symptoms and Signs of Acute Meningitis
What are common clinical features of meningitis?
Fever, headache, photophobia, stiff neck, altered mental state, vomiting, hypotension, and rash.
p.20
Pathogenesis and Clinical Presentation of Tetanus
What are the initial symptoms of meningococcemia similar to?
Upper respiratory tract infection.
p.13
Comparison of Top Bacterial Agents Causing Meningitis
How many serogroups does Neisseria meningitidis have?
5 serogroups (A, B, C, Y, W135).
p.41
Pathogenesis and Clinical Presentation of Tetanus
What is cephalic tetanus?
A rare form of tetanus affecting the head.
p.42
Pathogenesis and Clinical Presentation of Tetanus
How do muscle spasms progress in generalized tetanus?
They descend from the neck to the trunk and limbs.
p.36
Laboratory Diagnosis of Meningitis
What are two types of media on which C. tetani can grow?
Chopped cooked meat medium and thioglycolate medium.
p.44
Symptoms and Signs of Acute Meningitis
What are the symptoms of a severe case of tetanus?
Rigid muscles in the back and legs.
p.25
Laboratory Diagnosis of Meningitis
What specimen is usually collected for the laboratory diagnosis of Meningococcal Disease?
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
p.21
Symptoms and Signs of Acute Meningitis
What are the initial signs of N. meningitides infection?
Signs of upper respiratory tract (URT) infection.
p.23
Symptoms and Signs of Acute Meningitis
Do the rashes fade under pressure?
No, they do not fade under pressure.
p.41
Pathogenesis and Clinical Presentation of Tetanus
What characterizes localized tetanus?
It is also known as ascending tetanus.
p.30
Laboratory Diagnosis of Meningitis
On which type of agar does H. influenzae grow?
Chocolate agar (but not on ordinary blood agar).
p.3
Symptoms and Signs of Acute Meningitis
Why is meningitis considered a terrifying disease?
It can be fatal in hours.
p.36
Pathogenesis and Clinical Presentation of Tetanus
What is the morphology of C. tetani?
Gram-positive spore-forming bacilli with a drumstick appearance.
p.33
Immunization and Tetanus Prevention
What is the composition of the Hib vaccine?
Polysaccharide capsule of Hib conjugated on a protein carrier.
p.30
Categorization of Meningitis by Patient Age
How many strains of H. influenzae are there based on capsular polysaccharides?
Six strains (a - f) or non-typable (absence of a capsule).
p.50
Immunization and Tetanus Prevention
When are booster doses of the tetanus vaccine given?
At 18 months, upon school entry, and every 10 years.
p.5
Bacterial Causes of Meningitis
What is one way pathogens can spread to the CNS from the nose, eyes, and ears?
Contiguous spread of infections.
p.33
Prevention Strategies for Meningitis
Who should receive chemoprophylaxis with Rifampicin?
Unvaccinated close contacts of cases of Hib meningitis.
p.2
Categorization of Meningitis by Patient Age
How are bacterial causes of meningitis categorized based on patient age?
Neonates: Group B Streptococcus, E. coli; Infants: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis; Older children and adults: Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae.
p.2
Pathogenesis and Clinical Presentation of Tetanus
How is tetanus diagnosed in the laboratory?
Diagnosis is primarily clinical; laboratory tests are not usually definitive.
p.37
Virulence Factors of Meningitis Pathogens
What are the conditions to which Clostridium tetani spores are resistant?
Heat, radiation, chemicals, and drying.
p.44
Symptoms and Signs of Acute Meningitis
What can muscle spasms in severe tetanus lead to?
They can break body bones.
p.25
Laboratory Diagnosis of Meningitis
From which part of the body is CSF collected?
From the arachnoid space.
p.13
Comparison of Top Bacterial Agents Causing Meningitis
What is the most common bacterial cause of meningitis?
Streptococcus pneumoniae, responsible for about 75-80% of cases.
p.10
Bacterial Causes of Meningitis
Which bacterial pathogens are common in children aged 1 month to 2 years?
Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus agalactiae, Haemophilus influenzae type B (if not immunized).
p.42
Pathogenesis and Clinical Presentation of Tetanus
What often initiates spasms in generalized tetanus?
Environmental stimuli, such as a flash of light or the sound of a footstep.
p.30
Virulence Factors of Meningitis Pathogens
What are the growth factors required by H. influenzae?
X-factor (haemin or haematin) and V-factor (NAD).
p.3
Symptoms and Signs of Acute Meningitis
What do early symptoms of meningitis resemble?
Some self-limiting conditions like flu and colds.
p.34
Pathogenesis and Clinical Presentation of Tetanus
What is the incubation period for tetanus?
Typically 7 to 10 days, but can range from 1 to 50 days.
p.48
Laboratory Diagnosis of Meningitis
What happens to the unprotected mouse in the experiment?
It will show muscle spasm.
p.33
Immunization and Tetanus Prevention
Who should receive the Hib vaccine?
Adults with anatomical or functional asplenia, including those with sickle cell disease.
p.50
Immunization and Tetanus Prevention
What is the purpose of vaccinating pregnant females against tetanus?
To prevent tetanus neonatorum.
p.2
Comparison of Top Bacterial Agents Causing Meningitis
What are the top three bacterial agents causing meningitis?
Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae.
p.2
Comparison of Top Bacterial Agents Causing Meningitis
What is the pathogenesis of Streptococcus pneumoniae in meningitis?
It invades the bloodstream and crosses the blood-brain barrier, leading to inflammation.
p.2
Immunization and Tetanus Prevention
What are the prevention strategies for tetanus?
Vaccination with tetanus toxoid and proper wound care.
p.53
Pathogenesis and Clinical Presentation of Tetanus
What are the forms of botulism?
Food-borne botulism and infant botulism.
p.48
Laboratory Diagnosis of Meningitis
What types of specimens are used for laboratory diagnosis?
Pus, discharge, or wound swab.
p.41
Pathogenesis and Clinical Presentation of Tetanus
What is neonatal tetanus?
A form of tetanus that occurs in newborns.
p.20
Pathogenesis and Clinical Presentation of Tetanus
Can meningococcemia occur with or without meningitis?
Yes, it can occur with or without meningitis.
p.45
Pathogenesis and Clinical Presentation of Tetanus
What causes neonatal tetanus?
Contamination of the umbilical stump or circumcision wound by C. tetani spores.
p.49
Management and Treatment of Meningitis
What is used to neutralize the tetanus toxin?
Human tetanus hyperimmune globulin (HTIG) IM.
p.29
Virulence Factors of Meningitis Pathogens
What are the three key characteristics of the polysaccharide capsule of Haemophilus influenzae?
Antigenicity, pathogenicity, and serotyping.
p.49
Management and Treatment of Meningitis
What should be started alongside HTIG for tetanus management?
Tetanus toxoid immunization.
p.5
Pathogenesis and Clinical Presentation of Tetanus
How can pathogens enter the CNS through nerves?
Retrograde transport along or within peripheral or cranial nerves.
p.3
Symptoms and Signs of Acute Meningitis
What are the meninges?
Sheaths that cover the brain and spinal cord.
p.10
Bacterial Causes of Meningitis
What are the common bacterial pathogens in preterm neonates?
Streptococcus agalactiae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella spp., Enterococcus spp., Listeria monocytogenes.
p.11
Bacterial Causes of Meningitis
Which bacterial agent is commonly associated with meningitis in individuals over 50 years old, alongside Neisseria meningitidis?
Streptococcus pneumoniae.
p.25
Laboratory Diagnosis of Meningitis
How is CSF collected?
A sterile needle is inserted between the 4th and 5th lumbar vertebrae.
p.51
Management and Treatment of Meningitis
When should passive immunization be indicated?
For a patient without a history of active immunization or if the last active immunization was more than 10 years ago.
p.51
Management and Treatment of Meningitis
What should be done if a wound is grossly contaminated?
Both passive and active immunization should be given at different sites of the body.
p.7
Symptoms and Signs of Acute Meningitis
What symptoms might indicate irritability and excitability in a patient?
Irritability and excitability.
p.34
Immunization and Tetanus Prevention
How can tetanus be prevented?
Through vaccination with the tetanus toxoid vaccine.
p.42
Pathogenesis and Clinical Presentation of Tetanus
What is 'Lock Jaw' in the context of tetanus?
Convulsive muscle contractions (trismus) of the jaw.
p.15
Bacterial Causes of Meningitis
What are some predisposing causes for pneumococcal meningitis?
Otitis, sinusitis, pneumonia, skull trauma with CSF leak, endocarditis, alcoholism, and impaired host defenses.
p.36
Pathogenesis and Clinical Presentation of Tetanus
What type of oxygen environment does C. tetani require for growth?
C. tetani is a strict anaerobe.
p.49
Management and Treatment of Meningitis
What surgical procedure is recommended in tetanus management?
Surgically debride infected source tissue.
p.42
Pathogenesis and Clinical Presentation of Tetanus
What can lead to death in cases of generalized tetanus?
Heart or respiratory failure due to interference with the mechanism of respiration.
p.2
Pathogenesis and Clinical Presentation of Tetanus
How is tetanus transmitted?
Through contaminated wounds or punctures.
p.32
Management and Treatment of Meningitis
What is the old regimen for treating bacterial infections?
Ampicillin & chloramphenicol.
p.16
Bacterial Causes of Meningitis
What is the Gram stain result for Streptococcus pneumoniae?
Gram-positive cocci, in chains or pairs.
p.30
Virulence Factors of Meningitis Pathogens
What is the shape and Gram stain result of H. influenzae?
Small Gram-negative bacilli (pleomorphic).
p.48
Laboratory Diagnosis of Meningitis
On what medium is culture done for laboratory diagnosis?
Blood agar under anaerobic conditions.
p.34
Symptoms and Signs of Acute Meningitis
What are common symptoms of tetanus?
Muscle stiffness, spasms, and difficulty swallowing.
p.27
Immunization and Tetanus Prevention
What type of vaccine is used for Meningococcal Meningitis?
A quadrivalent (polyvalent) vaccine.
p.13
Comparison of Top Bacterial Agents Causing Meningitis
What is the role of the Hib vaccine in relation to Haemophilus influenzae?
It has markedly decreased the incidence of meningitis caused by type b.
p.27
Immunization and Tetanus Prevention
Which groups does the MCV vaccine protect against?
Groups A, C, Y, and W-135 strains.
p.36
Pathogenesis and Clinical Presentation of Tetanus
How are most strains of C. tetani characterized in terms of motility?
Most strains are motile with peritrichous flagella.
p.42
Pathogenesis and Clinical Presentation of Tetanus
What is opisthotonos?
Extension of lower extremities, flexion of upper extremities, and arching of the back due to violent tonic contraction of voluntary muscles.
p.46
Immunization and Tetanus Prevention
What is the nature of the tetanus toxin?
It is potent in minimal amounts that can induce symptoms.
p.29
Bacterial Causes of Meningitis
Which serotype of Haemophilus influenzae is the most pathogenic?
H. influenzae type b (Hib).
p.27
Immunization and Tetanus Prevention
What is a notable limitation of the MCV vaccine?
It does not include group B polysaccharide, which is poorly immunogenic in humans.
p.2
Pathogenesis and Clinical Presentation of Tetanus
What are the clinical presentations of tetanus?
Muscle stiffness, spasms, and lockjaw.
p.3
Pathogenesis and Clinical Presentation of Tetanus
What type of infection is bacterial meningitis?
An acute purulent infection within the subarachnoid space.
p.5
Pathogenesis and Clinical Presentation of Tetanus
What are the four pathways of infection to the CNS?
Hematogenous dissemination, contiguous spread, retrograde transport along nerves, and direct infection.
p.46
Immunization and Tetanus Prevention
Does an attack of tetanus provide immunity to future attacks?
No, it does not provide immunity.
p.16
Bacterial Causes of Meningitis
What is a characteristic feature of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Gram staining?
Surrounded by an unstained zone.
p.5
Symptoms and Signs of Acute Meningitis
What is the typical incubation period for viral meningitis?
Usually 2 to 14 days, depending on the type of virus.
p.36
Laboratory Diagnosis of Meningitis
On which medium can C. tetani grow anaerobically, showing hemolysis?
Blood agar plate incubated anaerobically.
p.27
Immunization and Tetanus Prevention
What new vaccine has been developed for group B meningococcal disease?
A vaccine composed of outer membrane protein components.
p.2
Comparison of Top Bacterial Agents Causing Meningitis
How is Haemophilus influenzae diagnosed in the lab?
Through culture of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and identification of the bacteria.
p.2
Management and Treatment of Meningitis
What is the management for tetanus?
Administration of tetanus immunoglobulin, wound care, and supportive care.
p.49
Management and Treatment of Meningitis
What is the first step in the management of tetanus?
Urgent endotracheal intubation.
p.19
Bacterial Causes of Meningitis
What percentage of all meningitis cases is caused by Neisseria Meningitides?
Responsible for about 15-20% of all cases.
p.45
Pathogenesis and Clinical Presentation of Tetanus
When does neonatal tetanus occur?
If the mother is lacking immunity.
p.45
Pathogenesis and Clinical Presentation of Tetanus
What is a common reason for neonatal tetanus?
Lack of aseptic technique during delivery.
p.27
Immunization and Tetanus Prevention
What are the two main benefits of the MCV vaccine?
1. Preventing epidemics of meningitis 2. Reducing the carrier rate, especially in military personnel.
p.5
Pathogenesis and Clinical Presentation of Tetanus
What is a direct method of infection to the CNS?
Infection due to trauma or head surgery.
p.36
Pathogenesis and Clinical Presentation of Tetanus
How does C. tetani grow in relation to air exposure?
Growth occurs from the bottom up to within 15mm of the surface exposed to air.
p.2
Comparison of Top Bacterial Agents Causing Meningitis
What is the treatment for meningitis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae?
Intravenous antibiotics such as ceftriaxone or vancomycin.
