By macrophages, primarily in the spleen.
Bone marrow cells capable of producing all types of blood cells.
100-120 days.
Ferrous state.
True.
Regulates iron homeostasis by inhibiting ferroportin.
RBCs (Erythrocytes), WBCs (Leukocytes), and Platelets (Thrombocytes).
5 liters.
Hemoglobin A (95-98%) and Hemoglobin A2 (2.5%).
Because capillaries are generally impermeable to large plasma proteins.
Lymphoid progenitor cells and multipotential progenitor cells.
Type O.
Clumps of cells are formed, indicating a risk of transfusion reactions.
Cellularity, or the amount of stem cells in the bone marrow needed for RBC synthesis, steadily drops as we age.
The ratio of the volume of red cells to the volume of whole blood.
92% water, 7% proteins, and 1% solutes (CHO, AA, ions).
Microcytosis (small red blood cells).
Pluripotent HSC or Multipotent HSC.
Primarily in the bone marrow.
1.34 ml of oxygen.
In the ABO system, agglutinins develop spontaneously, while in the Rh system, exposure to the D antigen is required.
Tissue oxygenation.
Hypoxia, or low oxygen states.
It is transported by transferrin to the bone marrow for new RBC synthesis or stored in the liver as ferritin.
Hemoglobin first appears, the nucleus condenses, and the endoplasmic reticulum is reabsorbed.
Both Vitamin B12 and Folic Acid.
False.
Obstruction or plugging of blood vessels and hemolysis leading to kidney failure.
It increases, causing the vascular system to become intensely engorged.
They are responsible for the differentiation of committed stem cells into specific blood cells.
It likely indicates a bacterial infection.
A genetic aberration in hemocytoblastic cells leading to excess production of RBCs.
False.
Around 18-25 years old.
The formation of blood cells, which begins during embryonic development and continues throughout adulthood.
It becomes fatty and produces no more RBCs, except for the proximal portions of the humerus and tibia.
In the bone marrow.
It reduces iron absorption and release from storage sites.
Anemia of chronic disease.
As Mean Cell Volume (MCV) in femtoliters (fL).
It is considered to be low.
p50 is the partial pressure of O2 where 50% of hemoglobin is saturated with O2, roughly about 26 mmHg in normal adults.
Type AB.
Exposure to hypoxia induces growth, differentiation, and production of erythrocytes.
False.
The amount of hemoglobin in the volume of blood.
She can develop antibodies against the D antigen, leading to complications in subsequent pregnancies.
α2γ2.
100-120 days.
α2β2.
The ABO system and the Rh system.
They influence the differentiation of pluripotent HSCs into specific types of blood cells.
A condition characterized by increased red cell breakdown.
4 to 5 grams, with 65% found in hemoglobin.
It contains an iron atom that binds oxygen.
About 0.6 mg of iron daily, mainly through defecation.
IL-3 promotes growth and reproduction of all different types of committed stem cells.
Type AB.
High affinity for oxygen.
It is the prevalent and more antigenic Rh antigen, indicating Rh positive blood.
Many blood capillaries can become plugged or obstructed by viscous blood.
A condition triggered by hypoxia, leading to increased EPO levels and RBC production.
It is phagocytized and broken down by macrophages.
The degeneration of porphyrin from hemoglobin.
It serves as an important blood filter that removes aged or abnormal RBCs.
The basophil erythroblast stage.
A deficiency of hemoglobin in the blood, caused by too few RBCs or too little hemoglobin within the cells.
Vitamin B9 (folic acid) and Vitamin B12.
It serves as the primary site for the production and maturation of blood cells.
Hemoglobin A, composed of 2 alpha and 2 beta chains.
7 to 8 million/mm³.
Increased body temperature.
It induces a conformational change that increases the affinity of remaining heme groups for oxygen.
34 g/100ml of cells.
A hemolytic disease of the newborn due to Rh incompatibility.
Reduced oxygenation of tissues due to hypoxia.
6 to 7 million/mm3, which is 30% above normal.
Antigens present in the RBC membrane that determine blood type.
Erythrocytes, thrombocytes (platelets), and leukocytes (white blood cells).
Hookworm infections.
A decrease in temperature or an increase in pH, requiring a lower pO2 to bind a given amount of O2.
It is safe to transfuse.
Transferrin is the transport form of iron that facilitates its transport in the plasma.
28 mg/day, plus an additional 10 mg/day if pregnant.
Relaxed State (R state) and Tensed State (T state).
True.
In the long bones, such as the tibia and femur.
In the vertebrae, sternum, and ribs.
Macrocytosis (large red blood cells).
The average amount of hemoglobin in a red blood cell expressed in picograms.
Hemorrhage causes immediate loss of red cells due to blood loss.
Altered RBC colors, such as hypochromia.
Anti-A and anti-B antibodies.
They refer to specific blood cells such as erythrocytes, thrombocytes, and leukocytes.
In the duodenum, but absorption occurs in all parts of the small intestine.
An abnormally high level of circulating red blood cells.
The relationship between pO2 in the blood and the amount of O2 molecules bound to hemoglobin.
Mean Cell Hemoglobin Concentration; it measures the average concentration of hemoglobin in red blood cells.
Type O.
Cells that have differentiated from multipotential progenitor cells and will develop into specific blood cells.
A defect in the cytoskeleton that causes increased red cell fragility.
Fatigue, dizziness, shortness of breath, and signs of pallor.
To transport oxygen from the lungs to tissues and facilitate the transport of carbon dioxide from tissues to the lungs.
A large amount of O2 is released from hemoglobin with only a small change in pO2.
It represents the range of pO2 levels typically found in tissues, where small changes in pO2 result in significant changes in O2 saturation.
Low blood volume, anemia, low hemoglobin, poor blood flow, and pulmonary conditions.
13.5-17.5 g/dL.
A stage in RBC development that contains remnants of organelles and passes from the bone marrow into the blood capillaries.
It stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood cells.
Heme iron from animal sources and non-heme iron from plant sources.
Hypoxia.
Multipotential or pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells.
Proerythroblast, formed from colony-forming-unit-erythroid (CFU-E) stem cells.
pH, temperature, and concentration of 2,3 DPG.
HIF-1 binds to the hypoxia response element in the erythropoietin gene, inducing transcription and increasing erythropoietin synthesis.
0.5-1.5%.
Iron, Vitamin B12, and Folic Acid.
60% to 70% instead of the normal 40% to 45%.
The reduced red cell mass is revealed by a low hematocrit.
An increase in temperature or a decrease in pH, requiring a higher pO2 for hemoglobin to bind a specific amount of O2.
The use of specific blood components such as platelets, packed cells, or plasma.
Deficiencies in Iron, Vitamin B12, and Folic Acid.
90% from the kidneys and 10% from the liver.
36-48%.
Tissue oxygenation.
A tetrameric protein composed of 4 subunits: 2 alpha chains and 2 beta chains, each containing a heme group.
Ferritin is the storage form of iron, combining with apoferritin to store iron for later use.
Functional bone marrow, adequate erythropoietin (EPO) levels, and adequate nutrient supply.
It causes abnormal DNA and failure of nuclear maturation, leading to the production of larger than normal RBCs called macrocytes.
An increased rate of erythropoiesis.
A pathologic condition where RBC production becomes excessive due to genetic aberrations.
5.2 million.
136-146 mM.
Mainly in the liver (Hepatic Phase).
Main component of plasma oncotic pressure; binding of various substances.
Oxygen transport.
3.5-5.5 mM.
Biconcave discs with no nucleus and other organelles.
