Spongiosis is characterized by marked intracellular edema of the epidermis, leading to a swelling of the skin cells.
Symptoms of Atopic Eczema include intense itching, red or brownish-gray patches, dry and sensitive skin, and thickened or scaly skin.
0.5ml IM, which can be repeated every 5 - 15 minutes.
Chronic urticaria is established when lesions occur on most days of the week for more than 6 weeks, and it is not classified as physical urticaria or recurrent acute urticaria with repeated exposure to a specific antigen.
ACUTE Urticaria lasts less than 6 weeks.
A respiratory symptom that occurs as a reaction to certain foods, leading to inflammation of the nasal passages and conjunctiva.
Non-atopic eczema is not associated with IgE mediated sensitization, unlike atopic eczema.
Angioedema involves deeper subcutaneous tissues such as the eyelids, lips, tongue, genital area, dorsum of the hands or feet, and the wall of the GI tract.
Acute urticaria is caused by an allergic IgE-mediated reaction and can also result from non-IgE mediated stimulation of mast cells.
Phototherapy is a treatment that involves exposure to specific wavelengths of light to manage skin conditions, including atopic dermatitis, by reducing inflammation and promoting healing.
Vitamin D is essential for skin health as it helps regulate the immune system and may have anti-inflammatory effects, which can be beneficial in managing conditions like atopic dermatitis.
Methylation at the HLA – DR and – DQ genetic variants refers to the addition of methyl groups to the DNA sequence of these specific human leukocyte antigen genes, which can influence gene expression and immune response.
Pruritus at night refers to intense itching that typically worsens during nighttime, often leading to sleep disturbances.
Anaphylaxis is a serious allergic reaction that is rapid in onset and may cause death, often underdiagnosed in infants, occurring when there is a sudden release of potent biologically active mediators from the mast cells and basophils.
50% of patients with severe Atopic Dermatitis have a Filaggrin gene mutation (FLG).
Systemic corticosteroids are anti-inflammatory medications that are used to treat various conditions by suppressing the immune response and reducing inflammation throughout the body.
IL-4 induces isotype switching for IgE synthesis, contributing to the allergic response in Atopic eczema.
Anaphylaxis is a severe, potentially life-threatening allergic reaction that occurs rapidly after exposure to an allergen.
Triggers are specific substances or environmental factors that provoke allergic reactions in susceptible individuals.
The coexistence of intensely pruritic papules, erythematous excoriated scaling papules, and lichenification indicates a complex and evolving presentation of chronic Atopic Dermatitis.
Epinephrine should be administered promptly in the event of an anaphylactic reaction.
A common disorder of unknown origin characterized by infiltrative hives with palpably elevated borders, varying in size and shape, but mostly rounded, and associated with normal routine laboratory values without evidence of systemic disease.
Pruritus is an intense itching sensation that can lead to scratching and skin damage.
Intensely pruritic erythematous papules are a characteristic feature of acute Atopic Dermatitis, indicating inflammation and irritation of the skin.
Erythematous excoriated scaling papules are indicative of subacute Atopic Dermatitis, showing signs of scratching and skin damage along with scaling.
A rare X-linked recessive condition characterized by eczema, recurrent infections, and thrombocytopenia.
A common skin condition that causes scaly patches, red skin, and stubborn dandruff, often affecting oily areas.
The EPIDEMIOLOGY indicates 42 cases per 100,000 person-years, totaling over 150,000 cases per year, with food allergens being the most common trigger in children.
Elevated levels of Immunoglobulin E (IgE) in the serum, commonly associated with allergic responses and conditions such as atopic dermatitis.
Urticarial Vasculitis is characterized by burning more than itching, lasting for more than 24 hours, not blanching or blistering, healing with scarring, and being associated with bleeding into the skin.
Quantitative IgE tests measure the level of Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies in the blood, which can indicate allergic sensitivities.
Medications are the most common cause of anaphylaxis in hospital settings.
Allergy to medications and latex are included in the etiology of food allergies.
The first-line treatment for anaphylaxis is the administration of epinephrine, which can rapidly reverse the symptoms.
A severe, potentially life-threatening allergic reaction that can occur rapidly, often involving multiple systems including respiratory distress.
An adverse physiologic response to certain foods that does not involve the immune system.
Atopic Dermatitis (AD) is the most common chronic relapsing skin disease seen in infancy, affecting 0 - 30% of children worldwide.
Acute urticaria is a sudden outbreak of hives, characterized by raised, itchy welts on the skin, often due to an allergic reaction.
Chronic idiopathic urticaria is increasingly associated with antithyroid antibodies, indicating a potential autoimmune component.
A food challenge is a controlled test where a patient consumes a suspected allergenic food under medical supervision to confirm or rule out food allergies.
Rapid onset of cough, choking, stridor, wheezing, dyspnea, apnea, and cyanosis.
Xerosis is a condition characterized by dry, rough, and scaly skin.
Cutaneous infections are infections that occur on the skin, often due to bacteria, viruses, or fungi.
Nonspecific dermatitis of hands and feet refers to inflammation of the skin in these areas that does not have a specific cause or trigger.
Ichthyosis is a skin disorder characterized by dry, scaly skin that resembles fish scales.
Treatment for urticaria typically includes antihistamines to relieve itching and swelling, and in severe cases, corticosteroids may be prescribed.
Periods of remission occur more frequently as patients grow older, with spontaneous resolution at age 5 years in 40-60% of cases. Additionally, 20% of children outgrow AD by adolescence, but more than 50% may relapse in adulthood.
Irritability, vomiting or spitting up, diarrhea, and poor weight gain.
The causes of non-IgE mediated urticaria include radiocontrast agents, viral agents (such as hepatitis and EBV), opiates, and NSAIDs.
Biphasic anaphylaxis refers to a recurrence of anaphylactic symptoms after an initial resolution, which can occur hours after the first reaction.
The skin has infiltrative hives with palpably elevated borders, varying in size and shape, but mostly rounded.
The specific food suspected of causing the allergic reaction and the quantity ingested.
The interval between ingestion of the food and the development of symptoms.
The specific types of symptoms that are elicited after consuming the suspected food.
Conditions caused by pathogens such as bacteria, fungi, or parasites, including impetigo, scabies, and dermatophyte infections.
A condition where food proteins cause inflammation and damage to the intestines, leading to malabsorption and gastrointestinal symptoms.
A food allergy is an immune system reaction that occurs soon after eating a certain food, where the body mistakenly identifies the food as harmful.
Appropriate identification and elimination of allergens.
The causes of IgE-mediated urticaria include foods, drugs, and stinging venoms.
Atopic dermatitis is characterized by dry, itchy skin, redness, and inflammation, often leading to chronic skin lesions.
A condition characterized by recurrent hives (urticaria) without an identifiable cause, often lasting more than six weeks.
Food elimination is a diagnostic approach where specific foods are removed from the diet to determine if they are causing allergic reactions or symptoms.
A positive autologous skin test, found in 35-40% of patients, suggests that the patient's own serum can induce hives, supporting an autoimmune mechanism.
Fillagrin genetic variants are associated with a compromised skin barrier function, which increases susceptibility to atopic dermatitis and other allergic conditions.
A condition where hives appear on the skin after it has been scratched or rubbed.
The presence of similar symptoms on other occasions when the same food was consumed.
The maximum dose of epinephrine that can be administered is 0.5 ml/kg.
Epinephrine should not be diluted before administration.
Adverse reactions to foods encompass a range of responses, including food allergies, food intolerances, and other non-immune mediated reactions.
An increase in air trapped in the lungs due to obstruction or other respiratory conditions.
A FOOD CHALLENGE is a test used to determine if a person has a food allergy, where suspected food is reintroduced after being eliminated from the diet for 10 to 14 days.
Atopic Dermatitis (AD) is a complex genetic disorder characterized by a defective skin barrier, reduced skin innate immune responses, and polarized adaptive immune responses to environmental allergens and microbes, leading to chronic skin inflammation.
A skin prick test is a diagnostic tool used to identify specific allergens by introducing small amounts of allergens into the skin and observing for allergic reactions.
Peanuts are the most common cause of anaphylaxis occurring outside the hospital settings.
IL-5 is involved in eosinophil development and survival, playing a role in the inflammatory response in Atopic eczema.
Symptoms include feelings of warmth, weakness, anxiety, apprehension, and impending doom, along with pruritus around the mouth, lips, tongue, palate, uvula, ears, and eyes, tingling, metallic taste, flushing, urticaria, and angioedema.
Irritants are non-allergic substances that can cause inflammation or exacerbate symptoms in individuals with allergies or sensitivities.
IL-10 is an anti-inflammatory cytokine that plays a crucial role in regulating immune responses; variations in the IL-10 gene can influence the severity and occurrence of atopic dermatitis.
A form of urticaria that occurs when pressure is applied to the skin, leading to localized hives.
Do not avoid hypoallergenic food during pregnancy and nursing.
Symptoms of angioedema include swelling of the skin, particularly in areas such as the face, lips, and throat, and may be accompanied by pain or discomfort.
A positive immediate-type allergy skin test indicates a hypersensitivity reaction to specific allergens.
The accumulation of fluid in the lung's air sacs, which can impair gas exchange and lead to respiratory distress.
Atopic eczema is associated with multiple phenotypes and endotypes, characterized by IgE mediated sensitization.
Severely dry skin is the hallmark of Atopic Dermatitis (AD).
A Typical Hive is an erythematous, pruritic, raised wheal that blanches with pressure, is transient, and resolves without residual lesion.
Approximately 50% of chronic urticaria cases are associated with angioedema.
A genetic disorder characterized by the disturbed development of functional T cells and B cells caused by numerous genetic mutations.
A group of disorders characterized by an abnormal increase in histiocytes, which are immune cells that can lead to tissue damage.
Cutaneous hydration refers to the process of maintaining moisture in the skin to prevent dryness and irritation, which is essential in managing skin conditions like atopic dermatitis.
Pruritus is an intense itching sensation that often accompanies various skin conditions, including atopic dermatitis.
Topical calcineurin inhibitors are non-steroidal medications used to reduce inflammation and immune responses in the skin, often used as an alternative to corticosteroids in treating atopic dermatitis.
Conditions that arise from a lack of essential nutrients in the diet, which can lead to various health issues, including skin problems.
Infections can exacerbate allergic symptoms or trigger new allergic responses, complicating the management of allergic disorders.
Urticaria is diagnosed based on clinical evaluation, including a detailed history of symptoms and potential triggers, often without the need for laboratory tests.
Irregular heartbeats that can occur due to various factors, including stress, electrolyte imbalances, or underlying heart conditions.
Pathogenesis refers to the biological mechanism that leads to the development of a disease or disorder, encompassing the sequence of events from the initial stimulus to the manifestation of clinical symptoms.
Avoiding triggering agents and educating individuals regarding early recognition of anaphylactic symptoms.
CHRONIC Urticaria lasts more than 6 weeks.
Normal routine laboratory values with no evidence of systemic disease.
The pathogenesis involves the activation of mast cells in the skin by allergens, leading to a self-limited process.
A type of urticaria triggered by physical stimuli such as pressure, temperature changes, or sunlight.
A form of urticaria that occurs in response to exposure to cold temperatures.
A type of urticaria characterized by hives that develop in response to increased body temperature, often due to exercise, heat, or stress.
Antihistamines are medications that block the action of histamine, a substance in the body that causes allergic symptoms.
Facial and extensor edema refers to swelling in the face and on the extensor surfaces of the body, which can be a clinical feature of atopic dermatitis.
Antihistamines are medications that block the action of histamine, a substance in the body that causes allergic symptoms, and are often used to relieve itching and discomfort in allergic skin conditions.
An adverse reaction to proteins found in cow's milk, which can manifest as gastrointestinal symptoms or allergic reactions.
A type of food allergy that causes itching or swelling in the mouth and throat after eating certain fruits and vegetables, due to cross-reactivity with pollen proteins.
Dennie lines are prominent folds or lines under the eyes, often associated with atopic dermatitis.
Cutaneous reactivity describes the skin's response to itching, which can lead to the development of a rash as a result of scratching or irritation.
A condition characterized by an increased number of eosinophils in the peripheral blood, often associated with allergic reactions or parasitic infections.
Atopic Keratoconjunctivitis is an allergic condition affecting the eyes, characterized by inflammation of the conjunctiva and eyelids, often associated with atopic dermatitis.
No, it is not a result of an allergic reaction.
The atopic march refers to the predisposition of individuals with Atopic Dermatitis to develop food allergies, allergic rhinitis, and asthma later in childhood.
Breastfeed exclusively for 4 - 6 months.
Epinephrine should be administered intramuscularly (IM) as soon as possible.
The dilution ratio for epinephrine is 1:1000, which means 1 gram of epinephrine per 1000 ml of solution or 1 mg/ml.
Hydroxyzine is an antihistamine used to treat anxiety, nausea, and allergic skin reactions.
Flexure eczema is a type of eczema that occurs in the flexural areas of the body, such as the elbows and knees, commonly seen in adolescents.
Chronic and relapsing dermatitis is characterized by persistent skin inflammation that can flare up periodically, often seen in atopic dermatitis.
Elevated serum IgE levels indicate an increased immune response, often associated with allergic conditions.
Anaphylaxis is a severe, potentially life-threatening allergic reaction that can occur rapidly after exposure to an allergen, such as certain foods.
Atopic Dermatitis, also known as Atopic Eczema, is a chronic inflammatory skin condition characterized by dry, itchy, and inflamed skin.
Urticaria is characterized by transient, pruritic, erythematous, raised wheals that may become tense and painful. Lesions can coalesce to form polymorphous, serpiginous, or annular shapes. Individual lesions usually last from 20 minutes to 3 hours and rarely more than 24 hours, often disappearing and reappearing at other sites.
Exfoliative Dermatitis can lead to severe skin barrier dysfunction, increased risk of infections, electrolyte imbalances, and systemic complications.
Increased levels of T helper 2 cytokines, such as IL-4 and IL-13, are associated with Atopic eczema and induce isotype switching for IgE synthesis.
Eczematous dermatitis is a type of inflammation of the skin characterized by redness, swelling, and itching, often associated with a chronic or relapsing course.
Chronic or chronically relapsing refers to a condition that persists over a long period or recurs frequently, often seen in skin disorders like dermatitis.
Common symptoms of anaphylaxis include difficulty breathing, swelling of the throat, hives, rapid heartbeat, and a drop in blood pressure.
A gastrointestinal allergic reaction to food proteins, characterized by severe vomiting and diarrhea, typically occurring in infants.
Certain foods can act as allergens, triggering immune responses in individuals with food allergies.
Angioedema is a condition similar to urticaria but involves deeper layers of the skin, leading to swelling, particularly around the eyes, lips, and throat.
Rapid onset of lethargy, hypotonia, and seizures.
An autoimmune disorder triggered by the ingestion of gluten, leading to damage in the small intestine and severe gastrointestinal symptoms.
A food allergy involves an immune response, while food intolerance does not involve the immune system and is often related to digestive issues.
A skin reaction characterized by raised, itchy welts, often due to an allergic response.
An adverse immunologic response to certain foods that involves the immune system.
Keratoconus is a progressive eye disorder where the cornea thins and bulges into a cone shape, leading to visual impairment and is sometimes associated with atopic conditions.
The observation period after administering one dose of epinephrine is 4 hours.
The observation period after administering two doses of epinephrine is 12 hours.
Lichenification refers to thickened, leathery skin that develops from chronic scratching, often accompanied by fibrotic papules in chronic Atopic Dermatitis.
Topical corticosteroids are anti-inflammatory medications applied directly to the skin to reduce inflammation, redness, and itching associated with various skin conditions, including atopic dermatitis.
Prevention of anaphylaxis involves avoiding known allergens and having an emergency action plan, including access to epinephrine auto-injectors.
Symptoms include presyncope, dizziness, blurred vision, and difficulty in hearing.
Common triggers of urticaria include allergens, medications, infections, stress, and physical stimuli such as heat or cold.
Dermatographism is a condition where the skin becomes raised and inflamed when scratched or rubbed.
Early age onset refers to the manifestation of atopic dermatitis symptoms in infancy or early childhood.
A deeper swelling of the skin and tissues, often affecting the face and airways, typically associated with allergic reactions.
Atopic Dermatitis frequently occurs in families with other atopic diseases, indicating a genetic predisposition.
Perioral dermatitis is a facial rash that tends to occur around the mouth, characterized by red bumps and sometimes pustules.
Rapid onset of hives and angioedema.
Introduce solid foods after 4 - 6 months of exclusive breastfeeding.
Introduce low-risk foods one at a time.
Introduce potentially high allergenic foods soon after the lower risk foods; there is no need to avoid or delay.
Diphenhydramine is an antihistamine commonly used to relieve symptoms of allergy, hay fever, and the common cold.
Loratadine is a non-sedating antihistamine used to relieve allergy symptoms such as runny nose and sneezing.
Oral corticosteroids are anti-inflammatory medications used to treat severe allergic reactions and other inflammatory conditions.
A sudden blockage of the bronchial tubes, leading to difficulty in breathing and reduced airflow.
Symptoms include nasal congestion, throat tightness, chest tightness, and shortness of breath.
Urticaria, commonly known as hives, is a skin condition characterized by raised, itchy welts or wheals that can appear suddenly and may vary in size.
The dosage of epinephrine is 0.01 mg/kg, which is equivalent to 0.01 ml/kg.
Other inciting factors that may contribute to the allergic reaction alongside the food.
Soy-based formulas do not prevent allergic disease.
A rapid allergic reaction affecting the gastrointestinal tract, often resulting in symptoms like nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain.
Sudden profuse vomiting.
STAT6 is a transcription factor that mediates IL-4 signaling; genetic variants in STAT6 can affect the immune response and are linked to increased risk of allergic disorders, including atopic dermatitis.
FOXP3 is a transcription factor critical for the development and function of regulatory T cells, which help maintain immune tolerance and prevent excessive allergic responses.
A rare condition where hives develop after contact with water, regardless of its temperature.
Avoidance of any identified trigger refers to the strategy of steering clear of substances or situations that provoke allergic reactions.
Swelling of the larynx, which can obstruct airflow and cause difficulty in breathing or speaking.
Symptoms include dysphagia, nausea, abdominal pain/cramping, vomiting or spitting up, and loose stools.
Weak pulse, arrhythmia, diaphoresis, and collapse/unconsciousness.
A rare type of urticaria triggered by exposure to sunlight, resulting in hives on sun-exposed areas of the skin.
Symptoms include presyncope, dizziness, and blurred vision.
Bleeding that occurs within the alveoli of the lungs, often resulting from injury or inflammation.
An allergic reaction in infants characterized by blood in the stool and inflammation of the rectum, often triggered by cow's milk or soy protein.
Aeroallergens are airborne substances, such as pollen or dust mites, that can trigger allergic reactions when inhaled.
General symptoms include pruritus around the mouth, lips, tongue, palate, uvula, ears, eyes, mouth tingling, metallic taste, flushing, urticaria, and angioedema.
Cetirizine is an antihistamine that helps relieve allergy symptoms and is known for causing less drowsiness than older antihistamines.
Common symptoms include hives, swelling, difficulty breathing, abdominal pain, and anaphylaxis in severe cases.
A sudden drop in blood pressure, which can lead to shock and is often caused by vasomotor dilation.
