p.7
General Visceral Efferent (GVE) Pathways
Which cranial nerves carry parasympathetic preganglionic fibers to the head?
Cranial nerves III, VII, and IX.
p.14
Sympathetic Nervous System Overview
What are the postganglionic sympathetic fibers that exit the upper thoracic chain ganglia called?
Direct thoracic cardiac nerves.
p.24
General Visceral Afferent (GVA) Pathways
Where are GVA sensory cell bodies located?
In the dorsal root ganglion.
p.15
Autonomic Plexuses in the Thorax and Abdomen
What supplies the lungs, respiratory tree, and visceral pleural membranes?
Visceral afferents and efferents distributed through the pulmonary autonomic plexus.
p.12
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Functions
What is the primary function of the autonomic nervous system in relation to the heart?
Regulating heart rate, force of contraction, and cardiac output.
p.20
Sympathetic Nervous System Overview
Where are the preganglionic cell bodies of the thoracic splanchnic nerves located?
In the intermediolateral cell column of spinal cord segments T5 - T12.
p.18
Sympathetic Nervous System Overview
What spinal cord segments correspond to the sympathetic innervation of the abdomen?
T5 - T12 for Thoracic Splanchnic Nerves and L1 - L2 for Lumbar Splanchnic Nerves.
p.3
Sympathetic Nervous System Overview
Where are the preganglionic cell bodies of the sympathetic system located?
In the spinal cord gray matter of the lateral horn.
p.19
General Visceral Efferent (GVE) Pathways
What do preganglionic sympathetic fibers innervate?
Visceral structures of the abdomen and pelvis.
p.4
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Functions
What are some effects of sympathetic activity?
Increased heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory output, and contraction of sphincters, along with depression of peristalsis.
p.15
Autonomic Motor Ganglia Types
What are sympathetic pulmonary branches?
Distinct fiber bundles that exit the sympathetic chain and join the pulmonary plexus.
p.8
Sympathetic Nervous System Overview
What are the differences noted in the sympathetic innervation targets?
Differences in the locations of the pre- and postganglionic cell bodies and in the types of ganglia involved.
p.24
General Visceral Afferent (GVA) Pathways
In which direction do pain GVA pathways travel?
In a retrograde direction following the GVE fibers.
p.10
Autonomic Plexuses in the Thorax and Abdomen
What types of fibers do autonomic nerve plexuses generally contain?
Visceral efferent (GVE) and visceral afferent (GVA) fibers.
p.9
Parasympathetic Nervous System Overview
Which cranial nerves are involved in the parasympathetic innervation of the smooth muscle and glands of the head?
Cranial Nerves III, VII, IX.
p.6
Sympathetic Nervous System Overview
From which spinal cord segments do preganglionic sympathetic fibers destined for the body wall and limbs arise?
From all 14 cord segments between T1 and L2.
p.18
Autonomic Plexuses in the Thorax and Abdomen
What are the main autonomic plexuses involved in innervation of the abdomen and pelvis?
Celiac, Superior Mesenteric, Aorticorenal, Inferior Mesenteric, Inferior Hypogastric.
p.14
Sympathetic Nervous System Overview
Are cervical cardiac nerves and direct thoracic cardiac nerves considered splanchnic nerves?
No, they are postganglionic and do not meet the definition of splanchnic nerves.
p.5
Autonomic Motor Ganglia Types
What types of motor ganglia does the sympathetic nervous system use?
Chain ganglia and collateral (or prevertebral) ganglia.
p.4
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Functions
What are the two long-held assumptions about the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?
They are functionally antagonistic and sympathetic reactions are mass responses while parasympathetic reactions are localized.
p.16
General Visceral Efferent (GVE) Pathways
What type of muscle is found in the upper portion of the esophagus?
Striated skeletal muscle.
p.4
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Functions
How is the sympathetic nervous system capable of activation?
It can be activated in both widespread and discrete patterns in response to various stimuli.
p.15
Autonomic Motor Ganglia Types
Where do preganglionic sympathetic fibers synapse?
In thoracic chain ganglia at or near the level of entry.
p.21
Sympathetic Nervous System Overview
What is the target distribution of the least thoracic splanchnic nerve?
Kidneys and gonads (T12).
p.12
Autonomic Motor Ganglia Types
How do postganglionic sympathetic fibers reach the cardiac plexus?
Through cervical cardiac nerves or direct thoracic cardiac nerves.
p.18
Parasympathetic Nervous System Overview
What spinal cord segments correspond to the parasympathetic innervation of the hindgut and pelvis/perineum?
S2 - S4 (Pelvic Splanchnic Nerves).
p.18
Autonomic Motor Ganglia Types
Where are the postganglionic cell bodies for both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation located?
Sympathetic: Collateral ganglia; Parasympathetic: Terminal ganglia on the surface of or within the wall of visceral structures.
p.1
General Visceral Afferent (GVA) Pathways
What does the GVA component of the ANS consist of?
Sensory input from visceral structures.
p.1
General Visceral Afferent (GVA) Pathways
Where are the cell bodies of GVA located?
In sensory ganglia of spinal or cranial nerves, specifically in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) for spinal nerves.
p.24
General Visceral Afferent (GVA) Pathways
What accompanies the sympathetic pathways in the abdomen?
General visceral afferent pain sensations.
p.24
General Visceral Afferent (GVA) Pathways
What do pain GVA pathways pass through to reach the spinal cord?
Sympathetic trunk, white rami, spinal nerve, and dorsal root of the spinal nerves.
p.24
General Visceral Afferent (GVA) Pathways
Which pathways do reflex GVA pathways usually follow?
Parasympathetic pathways via the vagus or pelvic splanchnic pathways.
p.20
Sympathetic Nervous System Overview
What is the role of thoracic splanchnic nerves?
They are responsible for sympathetic innervation to visceral structures of the foregut and midgut.
p.7
Autonomic Motor Ganglia Types
Where are the terminal motor ganglia of the thorax and abdomen typically located?
On or very near the wall of the target structure.
p.20
Autonomic Motor Ganglia Types
Where do thoracic splanchnic nerves synapse?
In collateral (or prevertebral) ganglia in the prevertebral plexus associated with the abdominal aorta.
p.20
General Visceral Efferent (GVE) Pathways
How do postganglionic sympathetic fibers reach their targets?
They exit their respective autonomic ganglia and travel along the distal branches of the abdominal aorta (perivascular plexus).
p.22
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Functions
What are the effects of activating the parasympathetic system in the abdomen/pelvis?
Increase peristalsis, decrease tone of sphincter muscles, and cause erection (both male and female).
p.7
General Visceral Efferent (GVE) Pathways
Which cranial nerve is responsible for parasympathetic innervation to the thorax and upper abdomen?
Cranial nerve X (vagus nerve).
p.18
Parasympathetic Nervous System Overview
What cranial nerve is associated with parasympathetic innervation to the thorax, foregut, and midgut?
Cranial Nerve X (Vagus Nerve).
p.5
General Visceral Efferent (GVE) Pathways
What do preganglionic sympathetic fibers entering the sympathetic chain via white rami communicans do?
They may exit without synapsing or synapse in one of the chain ganglia.
p.15
Autonomic Motor Ganglia Types
What do preganglionic parasympathetic fibers reach the pulmonary plexus through?
Parasympathetic pulmonary branches from the right and left vagus nerves.
p.19
General Visceral Efferent (GVE) Pathways
What is the primary function of splanchnic nerves?
To innervate visceral structures in the hindgut and pelvis.
p.19
Autonomic Motor Ganglia Types
What distinguishes thoracic and lumbar splanchnic nerves from pelvic splanchnic nerves?
Thoracic and lumbar splanchnic nerves are comprised of preganglionic sympathetic fibers, while pelvic splanchnic nerves are comprised of preganglionic parasympathetic fibers.
p.2
General Visceral Efferent (GVE) Pathways
Where is the preganglionic cell body located?
In the central nervous system.
p.24
General Visceral Afferent (GVA) Pathways
Which nerves do GVA's follow in the foregut?
Greater Splanchnic nerves T5 - T9.
p.2
General Visceral Efferent (GVE) Pathways
Where is the postganglionic cell body located?
In one of three types of autonomic motor ganglia.
p.14
Sympathetic Nervous System Overview
How do preganglionic sympathetic fibers enter the sympathetic chain?
Via a white rami communicans.
p.2
Autonomic Motor Ganglia Types
What are the two types of ganglia associated with the sympathetic nervous system?
Chain (paravertebral) and collateral (prevertebral) motor ganglia.
p.14
Sympathetic Nervous System Overview
Where do most preganglionic sympathetic fibers synapse?
In one of three cervical chain ganglia (superior, middle, inferior).
p.10
Autonomic Plexuses in the Thorax and Abdomen
What are autonomic nerve plexuses?
Collections of autonomic nerve fibers formed in association with visceral structures.
p.20
Sympathetic Nervous System Overview
What are the three sympathetic splanchnic nerves that arise from the thoracic spinal cord?
Greater, lesser, and least thoracic splanchnic nerves.
p.13
Parasympathetic Nervous System Overview
What type of fibers do the vagal cardiac nerves convey?
Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers.
p.14
Sympathetic Nervous System Overview
What are the names of the postganglionic sympathetic fibers that exit the cervical ganglia?
Superior, middle, and inferior cervical cardiac nerves.
p.9
Parasympathetic Nervous System Overview
What are the two major parasympathetic distributions in the body cavity?
To the thorax/proximal GI system (foregut and midgut) and to the distal GI system (hindgut)/pelvis & perineum.
p.7
Autonomic Motor Ganglia Types
Where do the parasympathetic preganglionic fibers synapse in the head?
In one of four named terminal motor ganglia.
p.2
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Functions
What are the three categories of visceral target structures?
Glands, smooth muscle, or cardiac muscle.
p.10
Autonomic Motor Ganglia Types
What types of autonomic motor ganglia can be found in nerve plexuses?
Collateral (sympathetic), terminal (parasympathetic), or a combination of both.
p.7
General Visceral Efferent (GVE) Pathways
What does the vagus nerve (CN X) innervate?
The thorax and upper abdomen (foregut & midgut).
p.19
Autonomic Nervous System Components
What are splanchnic nerves comprised of?
Preganglionic GVE fibers.
p.13
Sympathetic Nervous System Overview
What do the cervical cardiac nerves convey?
Postganglionic sympathetic fibers.
p.10
Autonomic Plexuses in the Thorax and Abdomen
Which autonomic plexuses are found in the thorax?
Cardiac, esophageal, and pulmonary plexuses.
p.14
Sympathetic Nervous System Overview
What are the two sources of sympathetic input to the cardiac plexus?
Cervical cardiac nerves and direct thoracic cardiac nerves.
p.22
General Visceral Efferent (GVE) Pathways
What segments of the spinal cord do parasympathetic splanchnic nerves arise from?
Spinal cord segments S2 - S4.
p.9
Autonomic Motor Ganglia Types
What are the names of the four terminal ganglia of the head?
Ciliary, submandibular, pterygopalatine, and otic.
p.24
General Visceral Afferent (GVA) Pathways
Which nerves do GVA's follow in the midgut?
Lesser Splanchnic nerves T10 - T11.
p.9
Parasympathetic Nervous System Overview
What spinal cord segments are involved in the parasympathetic innervation of the hindgut and pelvis?
S2 - S4 (Pelvic Splanchnic Nerves).
p.12
Autonomic Plexuses in the Thorax and Abdomen
What forms the cardiac autonomic plexus?
Branches from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.
p.7
General Visceral Efferent (GVE) Pathways
What areas do the sacral portion of the parasympathetic system target?
Lower abdomen (hindgut) and viscera of the pelvis/perineum.
p.6
Sympathetic Nervous System Overview
What structures do postganglionic sympathetic fibers innervate in the body wall and limbs?
Sweat glands, vascular smooth muscle, and arrector pili smooth muscle.
p.3
Sympathetic Nervous System Overview
Where are postganglionic cell bodies found in the sympathetic system?
In either chain or collateral motor ganglia.
p.8
Sympathetic Nervous System Overview
What is the primary focus of the sympathetic distributions discussed?
Thorax, proximal GI tract (foregut and midgut), and distal GI tract (hindgut)/pelvis & perineum.
p.3
Parasympathetic Nervous System Overview
Where are preganglionic parasympathetic cell bodies located?
In the brainstem motor nuclei of cranial nerves III, VII, IX, and X, and in the ventral horn gray matter of spinal cord segments S2 - S4.
p.3
Parasympathetic Nervous System Overview
Where are postganglionic cell bodies found in the parasympathetic system?
In terminal motor ganglia located near the target.
p.3
Parasympathetic Nervous System Overview
What regions receive parasympathetic innervation?
Visceral structures of the head, thorax, upper abdomen, lower abdomen, and pelvis/perineum.
p.1
General Visceral Afferent (GVA) Pathways
How many neurons are involved in the GVA pathway?
One neuron between the CNS and the receptor.
p.3
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Functions
What is the functional component of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems?
General Visceral Efferent (GVE).
p.16
Visceral Afferent Sensory Pathways
What type of pain information is relayed by visceral afferents passing through sympathetic trunks?
Esophageal pain to the CNS.
p.1
Parasympathetic Nervous System Overview
When is the parasympathetic system more active?
During times of rest, functioning to maintain internal homeostasis.
p.19
Autonomic Nervous System Components
What types of fibers can splanchnic nerves contain?
Either sympathetic or parasympathetic fibers.
p.10
Autonomic Plexuses in the Thorax and Abdomen
What does the prevertebral (or aortic) plexus supply?
Motor input to and sensory output from all viscera of the abdomen and pelvis/perineum.
p.15
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Functions
What happens when the sympathetic system is stimulated?
Vasoconstriction, dilates the bronchioles, and reduces secretion of bronchial mucous glands.
p.22
General Visceral Efferent (GVE) Pathways
What do pelvic splanchnic nerves innervate?
Hindgut, pelvis, and perineum including bladder, rectum, and erectile tissue of clitoris and penis.
p.15
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Functions
What is the effect of parasympathetic stimulation on the bronchioles?
Constricts the bronchioles and increases secretion of bronchial mucous glands.
p.22
General Visceral Efferent (GVE) Pathways
Which nerve provides preganglionic parasympathetic fibers to the foregut, midgut, kidneys, and gonads?
The vagus nerve, via the anterior and posterior vagal trunks.
p.15
Autonomic Motor Ganglia Types
How do preganglionic sympathetic fibers reach the pulmonary plexus?
Through branches from the sympathetic trunk via the white rami communicans.
p.13
General Visceral Afferent (GVA) Pathways
What type of fibers are present in the cardiac plexus but not illustrated in the images?
General Visceral Afferent (GVA) fibers.
p.22
General Visceral Efferent (GVE) Pathways
What is the point of transition between vagal and sacral parasympathetic innervation?
Indicated by the red bar near the distal third of the transverse colon.
p.6
Sympathetic Nervous System Overview
What is indicated by the blue shading in the figure mentioned?
The distribution zones for postganglionic sympathetic fibers exiting with specific spinal nerves.
p.4
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Functions
List three functions of the sympathetic system.
1. Stimulation of sweat glands 2. Increase heart rate and strength of contraction 3. Vasoconstriction.
p.4
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Functions
What is one function of the parasympathetic system?
Slow heart rate and decrease strength of contraction.
p.4
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Functions
What effect does the parasympathetic system have on the GI tract?
It increases peristalsis and tone in the GI tract.
p.23
General Visceral Afferent (GVA) Pathways
Where are the cell bodies of GVA fibers located?
In sensory ganglia of spinal or cranial nerves.
p.23
General Visceral Afferent (GVA) Pathways
Which rami do GVA fibers traveling with sympathetics traverse?
White rami (not gray) back into the spinal nerve.
p.1
Parasympathetic Nervous System Overview
What are the target distributions of the parasympathetic system?
Head, thorax, abdomen, and pelvis.
p.21
Sympathetic Nervous System Overview
What are sympathetic splanchnic nerves comprised of?
Preganglionic sympathetic fibers that enter the sympathetic chain via a white ramus communicans and exit without synapsing.
p.22
Autonomic Motor Ganglia Types
Where do parasympathetic splanchnic nerves synapse?
In terminal ganglia located in or near the wall of the target organ.
p.13
Sympathetic Nervous System Overview
What do the direct thoracic cardiac nerves convey?
Postganglionic sympathetic fibers.
p.6
Sympathetic Nervous System Overview
What do postganglionic sympathetic fibers destined for the body wall and limbs use to exit the sympathetic chain?
They use gray rami communicantes as unmyelinated fibers.
p.3
Sympathetic Nervous System Overview
How do preganglionic sympathetic fibers enter the sympathetic chain?
Via a white ramus communicans.
p.11
General Visceral Efferent (GVE) Pathways
What types of muscles and glands are targeted by sympathetic innervation in the thorax?
Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.
p.3
Sympathetic Nervous System Overview
What structures receive sympathetic innervation?
Visceral structures of the body wall, head, thorax, upper abdomen, lower abdomen, and pelvis/perineum.
p.16
General Visceral Efferent (GVE) Pathways
Where do preganglionic parasympathetic fibers synapse in the esophagus?
In terminal ganglia in the esophageal wall.
p.11
Autonomic Motor Ganglia Types
Where are the postganglionic cell bodies located for parasympathetic innervation?
Terminal ganglia on the surface of or within the wall of visceral structures.
p.15
General Visceral Afferent (GVA) Pathways
What sensory information do GVA fibers from the lungs and pleura carry?
Information from pressure receptors, stretch receptors, and sensations related to the cough reflex.
p.15
General Visceral Efferent (GVE) Pathways
What are the motor targets of the pulmonary plexus?
Bronchioles, mucous glands, and blood vessels.
p.12
Autonomic Motor Ganglia Types
What is the role of the cervical cardiac nerves?
To join the cardiac plexus and distribute fibers to the heart.
p.1
General Visceral Efferent (GVE) Pathways
Where is the preganglionic neuron located in the GVE pathway?
Somewhere within the CNS.
p.11
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Functions
What is the focus of the overview provided in the text?
Autonomic distribution to the viscera of the thorax.
p.19
General Visceral Efferent (GVE) Pathways
What structures do splanchnic nerves exclusively target?
Visceral structures of the abdomen and pelvis.
p.10
Autonomic Plexuses in the Thorax and Abdomen
What is the location of the prevertebral plexus?
Anterior to the descending abdominal aorta, extending along the lateral walls of the pelvis.
p.6
Sympathetic Nervous System Overview
What are the possible pathways for preganglionic sympathetic fibers after entering the sympathetic chain?
They may synapse at the level of entry, ascend to cervical ganglia, or descend to L4-Cx ganglia.
p.8
Sympathetic Nervous System Overview
Which ganglia are involved in the sympathetic innervation of the abdomen's foregut and midgut?
Collateral Ganglia (Celiac, Superior Mesenteric, Aorticorenal).
p.18
General Visceral Efferent (GVE) Pathways
What is the target of the sympathetic innervation from L1 - L2?
Smooth muscle and glands of the abdomen (Hindgut) & pelvis/perineum.
p.6
Sympathetic Nervous System Overview
What is unique about the sympathetic target areas for the body wall compared to those for visceral structures of the head and thorax?
The body wall uses gray rami and has preganglionic cell bodies in T1-L2, while the others do not use gray rami.
p.19
General Visceral Efferent (GVE) Pathways
What type of fibers do pelvic splanchnic nerves contain?
Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers.
p.16
Autonomic Plexuses in the Thorax and Abdomen
What are the two trunks formed by the esophageal plexus before reaching the diaphragm?
The anterior vagal trunk and the posterior vagal trunk.
p.5
General Visceral Efferent (GVE) Pathways
What are the three patterns of preganglionic sympathetic fibers within the chain?
1. Exit without synapsing. 2. Synapse at entrance level. 3. Ascend or descend and then synapse.
p.23
General Visceral Afferent (GVA) Pathways
What do General Visceral Afferent (GVA) fibers convey?
Visceral sensations from viscera and blood vessels.
p.1
General Visceral Efferent (GVE) Pathways
What does the GVE component of the ANS provide?
Motor input to glands, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle.
p.23
General Visceral Afferent (GVA) Pathways
What type of pain do GVA fibers primarily follow?
Visceral pain (referred pain) primarily follows sympathetics.
p.20
Sympathetic Nervous System Overview
What type of fibers comprise the thoracic splanchnic nerves?
Preganglionic sympathetic fibers.
p.21
Sympathetic Nervous System Overview
Where are the preganglionic cell bodies of sympathetic splanchnic nerves located?
In the intermediolateral cell column of spinal cord segments T5 - L2.
p.24
General Visceral Afferent (GVA) Pathways
Which nerves do GVA's follow in the hindgut?
Upper Lumbar Splanchnic nerves L1 - L2.
p.7
Splanchnic Nerves and Their Functions
What are the pelvic splanchnic nerves?
Discrete fiber bundles carrying sacral preganglionic parasympathetic fibers.
p.9
Autonomic Motor Ganglia Types
Where are the postganglionic cell bodies located for the smooth muscle and glands of the thorax, foregut, and midgut?
In terminal ganglia on the surface of or within the wall of visceral structures.
p.5
Autonomic Motor Ganglia Types
Where are the chain ganglia located?
In the sympathetic trunks that descend bilaterally from the cervical region through the thoracic and abdominal areas.
p.8
Sympathetic Nervous System Overview
What type of ganglia is involved in the sympathetic innervation of the smooth muscle and glands of the abdomen's hindgut?
Collateral Ganglia (Inferior Mesenteric, Inferior Hypogastric).
p.16
Autonomic Plexuses in the Thorax and Abdomen
Which nerves contribute to the formation of the esophageal plexus?
The right and left vagus nerves.
p.4
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Functions
What is the primary function of parasympathetic activity?
To conserve body energy stores and maintain general homeostasis.
p.21
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Functions
What are some effects of activating the sympathetic system in the abdomen/pelvis?
Vasoconstriction, inhibition of peristalsis, increased tone of sphincter muscles, adrenalin secretion, release of glucose, and ejaculation.
p.5
General Visceral Efferent (GVE) Pathways
What is the destination of fibers that synapse within chain ganglia?
They innervate the viscera of the body wall, thorax, or head.
p.16
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Functions
What is the role of the parasympathetic system in the esophagus?
Smooth muscle contractions to increase peristalsis and GI tone, and increased secretion of esophageal mucous glands.
p.6
Sympathetic Nervous System Overview
How do preganglionic sympathetic fibers enter the sympathetic chain?
Via the white rami communicantes at each spinal cord level.
p.21
Autonomic Motor Ganglia Types
Where do sympathetic splanchnic nerves synapse?
In collateral (or prevertebral) ganglia in the prevertebral plexus associated with the abdominal aorta.
p.10
Autonomic Plexuses in the Thorax and Abdomen
What components make up the autonomic (visceral) plexuses?
GVA fibers, GVE fibers, sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers, and a combination of ganglia.
p.18
General Visceral Efferent (GVE) Pathways
What is the target of the sympathetic innervation from T5 - T12?
Smooth muscle and glands of the abdomen (Foregut & Midgut).
p.9
Autonomic Motor Ganglia Types
What type of ganglia are involved in the innervation of the hindgut and pelvis?
Terminal ganglia on the surface of or within the wall of visceral structures.
p.16
General Visceral Efferent (GVE) Pathways
How is the lower portion of the esophagus innervated?
Via the esophageal plexus with autonomic innervation.
p.5
Autonomic Motor Ganglia Types
Where are collateral ganglia located?
Below the diaphragm in the abdominal and pelvic cavities.
p.13
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Functions
What is the function of the cardiac plexus?
To integrate sympathetic and parasympathetic input to the heart.
p.21
Sympathetic Nervous System Overview
What do lumbar splanchnic nerves target?
Hindgut, bladder, rectum, and male genital tract (L1 - L2).
p.1
Autonomic Nervous System Components
What are the two functional components of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?
General Visceral Afferent (GVA) and General Visceral Efferent (GVE).
p.11
General Visceral Efferent (GVE) Pathways
What structures are targeted by parasympathetic innervation in the thorax?
Smooth muscle and glands of the thorax, foregut, and midgut.
p.16
Visceral Afferent Sensory Pathways
What type of information do visceral afferents traveling with the vagus nerves relay?
Information about normal physiological processes and reflex activities.
p.1
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Functions
What are the two subdivisions of the GVE component?
Sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.
p.5
General Visceral Efferent (GVE) Pathways
What are splanchnic nerves?
Distinct fiber bundles that exit the chain ganglia without synapsing to reach collateral ganglia.
p.12
General Visceral Efferent (GVE) Pathways
What are vagal cardiac nerves responsible for?
Carrying preganglionic parasympathetic fibers to the cardiac plexus.
p.12
Visceral Afferent Sensory Pathways
What type of sensory information do visceral afferents from the heart provide?
Blood pressure, blood chemistry, and cardiac pain.
p.23
General Visceral Afferent (GVA) Pathways
What type of neuron pathway do GVA fibers use?
Single neuron pathway consisting of pseudounipolar neurons.
p.3
Parasympathetic Nervous System Overview
Is there parasympathetic distribution to the body wall?
No, there is no parasympathetic distribution to the body wall.
p.1
General Visceral Efferent (GVE) Pathways
How many neurons are involved in the GVE pathway?
Two neurons (pre- and postganglionic) between the CNS and the target.
p.1
Sympathetic Nervous System Overview
What are the target distributions of the sympathetic system?
Body wall, head, thorax, abdomen, and pelvis.
p.23
General Visceral Afferent (GVA) Pathways
How do peripheral sensory fibers travel back to the CNS?
Accompanying either sympathetic or parasympathetic pathways in a retrograde direction.
p.23
General Visceral Afferent (GVA) Pathways
What are GVA fibers a part of?
Autonomic visceral plexuses.
