p.16
Staphylococcus and Streptococcus Characteristics
What other infections is S. pyogenes responsible for?
Many skin and soft tissue infections.
p.16
Staphylococcus and Streptococcus Characteristics
How is Streptococcal Pharyngitis transmitted?
Through droplet transmission.
p.26
Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory System
What types of food are commonly associated with E. coli contamination?
Raw or undercooked ground meat products, contaminated fruits and vegetables, unpasteurized dairy products, and contaminated water.
p.19
Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory System
How is typical pneumonia transmitted?
Via droplet spread or close contact with patients.
p.48
Vaccination and Immunity
What is a recombinant vaccine and give an example?
A recombinant vaccine is made with a small portion of the viral protein; an example is the Hepatitis B vaccine.
p.48
Vaccination and Immunity
What is a toxoid vaccine and provide examples?
A toxoid vaccine is made with inactivated toxin produced by the pathogen; examples include Tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis vaccines.
p.51
Vaccination and Immunity
What is herd immunity?
A form of immunity that occurs when most people in a population are immune to a particular disease.
p.42
Vaccination and Immunity
What type of immunity does vaccination induce?
Artificially acquired active immunity.
p.46
Vaccination and Immunity
What is the main characteristic of an inactivated vaccine?
It is made of dead pathogens and has no ability to replicate.
p.12
Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory System
What is conjunctivitis?
Inflammation of the conjunctiva (eye membranes).
p.1
Staphylococcus and Streptococcus Characteristics
How are Streptococcus bacteria arranged?
Gram-positive spherical cocci arranged in long chains.
p.41
Vaccination and Immunity
What is one benefit of vaccines in relation to healthcare systems?
They reduce medical treatment after disease development, alleviating the burden on healthcare systems.
p.35
Vaccination and Immunity
What are the different types of vaccines?
Live attenuated, inactivated, subunit, recombinant, and mRNA vaccines.
p.23
Infectious Diseases in the Digestive System
What is dental caries?
A common infectious disease that affects the teeth.
p.33
Bacterial Skin Infections
Where is Clostridium botulinum commonly found?
Ubiquitous in soil and aquatic sediments.
p.37
Vaccination and Immunity
What do memory B cells differentiate into upon secondary exposure?
Plasma cells (antibody-producing cells).
p.16
Staphylococcus and Streptococcus Characteristics
What bacterium causes Streptococcal Pharyngitis (Strep Throat)?
Group A streptococci (S. pyogenes).
p.1
Staphylococcus and Streptococcus Characteristics
What is the shape and arrangement of Staphylococcus bacteria?
Spherical cells arranged in irregular clusters, resembling grape-like clusters.
p.17
Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory System
What are the most common viruses that cause the common cold?
Rhinoviruses and coronaviruses.
p.1
Staphylococcus and Streptococcus Characteristics
What are common examples of Staphylococcus?
S. epidermidis and S. aureus.
p.37
Vaccination and Immunity
What happens to most activated immune cells after an infection is cleared?
Most activated immune cells die.
p.12
Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory System
How can conjunctivitis be transmitted?
By improperly disinfected contact lenses.
p.33
Bacterial Skin Infections
What type of bacteria is Clostridium botulinum?
Gram-positive, endospore-forming, obligate anaerobe.
p.19
Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory System
What type of organism causes Mycoplasma pneumonia?
Mycoplasma pneumoniae, which do not have cell walls.
p.22
Vaccination and Immunity
What is the function of Hemagglutinin (HA) spikes?
Used for attachment to host cells.
p.38
Vaccination and Immunity
What is the status of memory cells during the primary immune response?
There are no memory cells at the time of infection.
p.48
Vaccination and Immunity
What is a polysaccharide vaccine and give an example?
A polysaccharide vaccine is made with the molecules found on a bacterial capsule; an example is the Pneumococcal vaccine.
p.30
Infectious Diseases in the Nervous System
What is botulism?
A rare but serious illness caused by a toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum.
p.27
Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory System
What toxin is produced by Vibrio cholerae?
Cholera toxin (an exotoxin).
p.21
Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory System
What types of epidemics can Type A Influenza cause?
Influenza pandemics and seasonal epidemics.
When do limited epidemics of HFMD typically occur?
During summer and fall, especially among children.
p.19
Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory System
What is the most common cause of typical pneumonia?
Streptococcus pneumoniae.
p.26
Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory System
How can E. coli be transmitted from person to person?
Through direct person-to-person transmission via the fecal-oral route.
p.40
Vaccination and Immunity
What is naturally acquired active immunity?
Antigens enter the body naturally, prompting the body to induce antibodies and specialized lymphocytes.
p.41
Vaccination and Immunity
How do vaccines contribute to public health?
They prevent the spread of disease.
p.30
Infectious Diseases in the Nervous System
What is meningitis?
An infection that causes inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord.
p.17
Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory System
How are rhinoviruses predominantly transmitted?
By airborne transmission or contact with mucus membranes.
p.41
Vaccination and Immunity
What ethical issue arose during the COVID-19 pandemic regarding patient care?
The sacrifice of older patients due to lack of resources.
p.23
Infectious Diseases in the Digestive System
What causes Staphylococcal food poisoning?
Toxins produced by Staphylococcus bacteria in contaminated food.
p.52
Vaccination and Immunity
What happens if a large portion of the population is vaccinated?
Disease outbreaks can be limited to sporadic cases.
p.41
Vaccination and Immunity
At what levels do vaccines work to improve health?
At both individual and public health levels.
p.10
Parasitic Skin Infections
How is scabies spread?
Through direct skin contact with an infested person.
p.52
Vaccination and Immunity
Why is prevention considered the most economical public health option?
Because it reduces the costs associated with treatment and disease outbreaks.
p.37
Vaccination and Immunity
What characterizes the secondary immune response?
It is faster and stronger than the primary immune response.
What is a characteristic symptom of Shingles?
Vesicular rash along affected cutaneous sensory nerves.
p.33
Bacterial Skin Infections
What is the effect of the neurotoxin produced by Clostridium botulinum?
It blocks the release of acetylcholine (ACh) across synapses.
p.26
Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory System
What is the primary mode of transmission for pathogenic E. coli?
Through consumption of contaminated foods.
p.44
Vaccination and Immunity
What characterizes an inactivated (killed) vaccine?
It contains a dead pathogen.
p.3
Bacterial Skin Infections
How does S. aureus invade the skin?
Through wounds, follicles, or glands.
p.40
Vaccination and Immunity
How is passive immunity acquired?
Antibodies pass from mother to fetus via the placenta or to an infant via the mother’s milk.
p.3
Bacterial Skin Infections
What do the symptoms of S. aureus infections result from?
The host’s response to the infection.
p.21
Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory System
What are the two types of spikes identified in Influenza virus strains?
Hemagglutinin (HA) spikes and Neuraminidase (NA) spikes.
What is a significant risk of rubella during early pregnancy?
It is teratogenic, leading to congenital rubella syndrome.
p.48
Vaccination and Immunity
What characterizes a virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine?
A VLP vaccine is made with a virus that has its genetic materials removed; an example is the HPV vaccine.
p.34
Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory System
How is rabies primarily transmitted?
Through saliva via the bite of an infected animal, especially dogs.
p.18
Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory System
What bacterium causes Tuberculosis (TB)?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
p.22
Vaccination and Immunity
What is the function of Neuraminidase (NA) spikes?
Used to release virus from the cell.
p.23
Infectious Diseases in the Digestive System
What is Escherichia coli gastroenteritis?
An intestinal infection caused by certain strains of E. coli bacteria.
p.42
Vaccination and Immunity
What are the outcomes of vaccination in terms of immune cells?
Production of antibodies and memory cells.
p.15
Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory System
What can cause infections in the upper respiratory system?
Several bacteria and viruses, often in combination.
p.9
Fungal Skin Infections
What is an example of a fungal disease affecting the skin?
Athlete’s foot (tinea pedis).
p.37
Vaccination and Immunity
What triggers the primary immune response?
The first infection by a specific pathogen.
p.44
Vaccination and Immunity
What is a subunit vaccine?
A vaccine that includes protein or other molecules (antigens) from a pathogen.
What virus causes Chickenpox and Shingles?
Varicella-zoster virus (VZV).
p.19
Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory System
What causes Haemophilus influenzae pneumonia?
The gram-negative coccobacillus Haemophilus influenzae.
p.17
Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory System
Where might rhinoviruses be found in the body?
In the upper respiratory system.
p.46
Vaccination and Immunity
What is an example of an inactivated vaccine?
Vaccines for polio, rabies, influenza, and COVID-19 (e.g., Sinovac).
p.3
Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome (SSSS)
What is Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome (SSSS)?
A condition caused by exfoliative toxin B that leads to separation of skin layers.
p.51
Vaccination and Immunity
How do vaccinated persons protect against disease?
They develop antibodies and a memory response against a specific pathogen.
p.20
Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory System
What event led to the naming of Legionnaires’ Disease?
An outbreak of chest infection at a Legion Convention in Philadelphia in 1976.
p.10
Parasitic Skin Infections
What organism causes scabies?
Scabies mites (Sarcoptes scabiei).
p.46
Vaccination and Immunity
Why are inactivated vaccines considered safer than attenuated vaccines?
Because they contain dead pathogens that cannot replicate.
p.35
Vaccination and Immunity
What is herd immunity?
A form of indirect protection from infectious diseases that occurs when a large percentage of a population becomes immune.
p.7
Vaccination and Immunity
What does the MMR vaccine protect against?
Measles, mumps, and rubella.
p.15
Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory System
What areas can become infected in the upper respiratory system?
Specific areas of the upper respiratory system.
p.20
Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory System
Where does Legionella pneumophila typically grow?
In water, such as pools, lakes, water systems of buildings, and air conditioning units.
p.28
Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory System
How is Norovirus primarily transmitted?
By consuming contaminated food or water, such as shellfish.
p.9
Fungal Skin Infections
What are the common areas of the body that fungi colonize?
Hair, nails, and stratum corneum (outer layer of epidermis).
What is measles?
An extremely contagious viral disease caused by the measles virus.
p.26
Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory System
What recreational activity can lead to exposure to pathogenic E. coli?
Swimming in contaminated water.
p.17
Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory System
At what temperature do rhinoviruses thrive?
Slightly below normal body temperature.
p.37
Vaccination and Immunity
Which cells survive after the primary immune response and form immune memory?
Memory T cells and memory B cells.
p.49
Vaccination and Immunity
What types of nucleic acid vaccines are mentioned?
DNA vaccine and mRNA vaccine.
p.38
Vaccination and Immunity
What occurs during the primary immune response?
The first encounter with a pathogen.
p.40
Vaccination and Immunity
What is passive immunity through immune serum?
Preformed antibodies in immune serum are introduced by injection.
p.42
Vaccination and Immunity
What is injected during vaccination?
Pathogen (inactivated or attenuated).
p.45
Vaccination and Immunity
What is a live attenuated vaccine?
A vaccine made with live pathogens that have reduced virulence.
p.34
Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory System
Can the rabies virus be transmitted through skin abrasions?
Yes, it can be transmitted through fresh skin abrasions.
p.12
Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory System
How does Chlamydia trachomatis behave?
It grows only as an obligate intracellular parasite.
p.30
Infectious Diseases in the Nervous System
What virus causes rabies?
Rabies virus, typically transmitted through the bite of an infected animal.
p.22
Vaccination and Immunity
What leads to antigenic shifts?
Mutations in Hemagglutinin (HA) and Neuraminidase (NA).
p.43
Vaccination and Immunity
What is the purpose of the website https://covid19.trackvaccines.org/types-of-vaccines/?
To track different types of COVID-19 vaccines.
What neurological conditions can accompany HFMD?
Encephalitis and meningitis.
p.27
Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory System
What is cholera?
One of the most serious gastrointestinal diseases.
p.49
Vaccination and Immunity
What is an example of a nucleic acid vaccine?
COVID-19 mRNA vaccine by BioNTech.
p.35
Vaccination and Immunity
What is the secondary immune response?
The immune response that occurs upon subsequent exposure to the same pathogen, which is faster and stronger.
p.12
Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory System
What is a common bacterial cause of conjunctivitis?
Haemophilus influenzae and Pseudomonas.
p.37
Vaccination and Immunity
What do memory cells do upon second exposure to the same pathogen?
They recognize the specific pathogen (antigen).
What happens to the varicella-zoster virus after the initial infection?
It can remain latent in nerve cells.
p.5
Sepsis and Septic Shock
What is sepsis?
A potentially life-threatening condition that arises when the immune system overreacts to an infection.
What condition can occur when the varicella-zoster virus reactivates?
Shingles (herpes zoster).
p.38
Vaccination and Immunity
How long does it take for the immune system to recognize a pathogen during the primary immune response?
Approximately 2 to 3 weeks.
p.24
Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory System
What is Salmonellosis commonly known as?
Salmonella Gastroenteritis.
p.13
Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory System
What is Otitis Media?
An infection of the middle ear.
p.34
Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory System
Where does the rabies virus proliferate in the body?
In the peripheral nervous system (PNS) before moving to the central nervous system (CNS).
p.5
Sepsis and Septic Shock
What is the effect of endotoxins on blood pressure?
They cause a severe drop in blood pressure along with associated signs and symptoms.
How is the varicella-zoster virus spread?
Through droplets/air or contact with discharges from infected persons.
How is Hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) spread?
By contact with mucous or saliva of an infected person.
p.1
Bacterial Skin Infections
What are frequent causes of skin-related diseases?
Staphylococcus and Streptococcus.
p.44
Vaccination and Immunity
What is a live attenuated vaccine?
A vaccine that contains a weakened pathogen.
p.41
Vaccination and Immunity
What is the primary purpose of vaccines?
To prevent disease and death or reduce disease severity.
p.12
Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory System
What are common symptoms of conjunctivitis?
Red eye, also known as pinkeye.
p.4
Staphylococcus and Streptococcus Characteristics
What is a key virulence factor of Streptococcal skin infections?
Secretion of toxins and enzymes.
p.35
Vaccination and Immunity
What is the primary immune response?
The initial response of the immune system when it first encounters a pathogen.
p.1
Staphylococcus and Streptococcus Characteristics
Are Streptococcus bacteria spore-forming?
No, they are non-spore forming.
p.40
Vaccination and Immunity
What is artificially acquired active immunity?
Antigens are introduced in vaccines, leading the body to produce antibodies and specialized lymphocytes.
p.41
Vaccination and Immunity
What was a significant issue during the COVID-19 outbreak in early 2020 in Europe?
There were lots of confirmed cases but insufficient respirators for severely ill patients.
p.27
Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory System
What is the shape and gram classification of Vibrio cholerae?
Slightly curved, gram-negative rod.
p.49
Vaccination and Immunity
What is the main component of a nucleic acid vaccine?
A portion of nucleic acid that encodes an antigen.
p.47
Vaccination and Immunity
What is a subunit vaccine?
A vaccine that contains only a small portion of selected antigen, not the whole pathogen.
p.4
Staphylococcus and Streptococcus Characteristics
What do hyaluronidases dissolve?
Hyaluronic acid in connective tissues.
p.19
Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory System
What can viral pneumonia occur as a complication of?
Influenza, measles, or chickenpox.
p.35
Vaccination and Immunity
How do vaccines provide immunity?
By stimulating the immune system to recognize and remember specific pathogens.
p.47
Vaccination and Immunity
What can a selected antigen in a subunit vaccine be?
A portion of protein, polysaccharides, or toxin from the pathogen.
How are measles and rubella transmitted?
Through droplet spread and direct contact with nasal/throat secretions of infected persons.
p.33
Bacterial Skin Infections
In what type of environments does Clostridium botulinum form exotoxin?
In anaerobic environments, such as sealed cans.
p.37
Vaccination and Immunity
What do memory T cells differentiate into during a secondary immune response?
T-helper cells and cytotoxic T cells.
p.51
Vaccination and Immunity
What effect does a highly vaccinated population have on disease spread?
It makes the spread of an infection difficult due to a lack of susceptible individuals.
p.5
Sepsis and Septic Shock
What triggers Gram-negative sepsis?
Gram-negative bacteria release endotoxins (cell wall LPS) upon cell lysis.
p.23
Infectious Diseases in the Digestive System
What is Salmonellosis?
An infection caused by Salmonella bacteria, often from contaminated food or water.
What type of damage does necrotizing fasciitis cause?
Extensive damage to connective tissue binding muscles.
p.45
Vaccination and Immunity
Give examples of diseases that have live attenuated vaccines.
Vaccines for chickenpox, measles, and mumps.
p.51
Vaccination and Immunity
Who benefits from herd immunity?
Those who are too young or too weak to take the vaccine.
p.30
Infectious Diseases in the Nervous System
What are prion diseases?
A group of neurodegenerative disorders caused by misfolded proteins called prions.
p.23
Infectious Diseases in the Digestive System
What disease is caused by Vibrio cholerae?
Cholera, characterized by severe diarrhea and dehydration.
p.5
Sepsis and Septic Shock
Which bacteria are examples of those that can cause Gram-negative sepsis?
Klebsiella spp., E. coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
p.20
Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory System
What sources have been traced to outbreaks of Legionnaires’ Disease?
Humidifiers, showers, and decorative fountains.
p.28
Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory System
How many hepatitis viruses are there?
At least 5 hepatitis viruses.
p.32
Bacterial Skin Infections
Where is Clostridium tetani commonly found?
In soil contaminated with animal fecal wastes.
p.50
Vaccination and Immunity
What must happen before a vaccine can be approved for use?
It must go through clinical trials to prove safety and effectiveness.
p.50
Vaccination and Immunity
Are vaccines 100% safe and effective?
No, no vaccine is 100% safe and 100% effective.
p.2
Staphylococcus and Streptococcus Characteristics
What types of diseases can Staphylococcus aureus cause?
Localized, systemic, and toxigenic diseases.
p.3
Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome (SSSS)
What does exfoliative toxin B do in SSSS?
Circulates to distant sites and causes exfoliation.
p.19
Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory System
Which coronaviruses are known to cause pneumonia?
SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, and MERS-CoV.
p.49
Vaccination and Immunity
What does the host cell machinery do in the context of nucleic acid vaccines?
Produces viral antigen to trigger an immune response.
p.51
Vaccination and Immunity
What is the role of global vaccination in public health?
It helps prevent the spread of infectious diseases.
p.10
Parasitic Skin Infections
What can carry scabies mites or eggs besides direct contact?
Clothing and bedding contaminated by an infested person.
p.52
Vaccination and Immunity
What is a significant concern regarding vaccination in the developing world?
The cost of prevention and treatment.
p.50
Vaccination and Immunity
What must a vaccine not cause after injection?
Disease or only very mild diseases.
p.38
Vaccination and Immunity
Why is IgM less effective in clearing pathogens?
It is less effective compared to other antibodies.
p.47
Vaccination and Immunity
What is a polysaccharide vaccine?
A vaccine that uses polysaccharides from the pathogen's surface.
p.23
Infectious Diseases in the Digestive System
What is Helicobacter peptic ulcer disease?
A condition caused by Helicobacter pylori bacteria leading to stomach ulcers.
p.15
Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory System
Which bacteria are commonly associated with laryngitis and tonsillitis?
S. pneumoniae and S. pyogenes.
p.23
Infectious Diseases in the Digestive System
What is viral gastroenteritis?
An inflammation of the stomach and intestines caused by viruses.
p.2
Staphylococcus and Streptococcus Characteristics
What type of infections is Staphylococcus epidermidis frequently involved in?
Nosocomial and opportunistic infections.
p.31
Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory System
What are the three major bacterial causes of meningitis?
Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Streptococcus pneumoniae.
p.36
Vaccination and Immunity
What does the second line of defense involve?
Non-specific elimination, such as phagocytosis.
p.36
Vaccination and Immunity
What characterizes the third line of defense in immunity?
Specific immunity, which includes antibody response and memory response.
p.25
Bacterial Skin Infections
What are the symptoms caused by Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)?
Inflammation and bleeding of the colon.
p.48
Vaccination and Immunity
What is a conjugated vaccine and provide an example?
A conjugated vaccine is made with some part of the polysaccharide combined with protein; an example is the Haemophilus influenzae vaccine.
p.46
Vaccination and Immunity
What is a potential drawback of inactivated vaccines?
They may be less immunogenic and induce a weak secondary immune response.
p.18
Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory System
How is Tuberculosis transmitted?
Through droplets when a person with infective pulmonary TB coughs or sneezes.
p.2
Staphylococcus and Streptococcus Characteristics
What is the most common skin microbiota?
Staphylococcus epidermidis.
p.36
Vaccination and Immunity
What is the concept of immunity?
Immunity is understood as 'resistance to disease'.
p.47
Vaccination and Immunity
What is a conjugated vaccine?
A vaccine that links polysaccharides to proteins to enhance immune response.
p.25
Bacterial Skin Infections
What are the five pathogenic varieties of Escherichia coli?
1. Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), 2. Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC), 3. Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), 4. Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC), 5. Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC).
p.18
Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory System
What occurs in most healthy individuals after infection with TB?
The infection is arrested, leading to latent TB.
p.18
Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory System
What happens if the body's defenses fail against TB?
The disease progresses, virulent bacilli are released into the airways, and can affect the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems.
p.32
Bacterial Skin Infections
What effect does tetanospasmin have on muscles?
It blocks the relaxation pathway in muscles.
p.32
Vaccination and Immunity
How can Tetanus be prevented?
By vaccination with tetanus toxoid (DTaP) and booster (dT).
p.25
Bacterial Skin Infections
How can antibiotic therapy affect EHEC infections?
It can worsen the attack.
p.28
Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory System
What is the predominant transmission method for Rotavirus?
Faecal-oral transmission.
What bacteria are commonly involved in necrotizing fasciitis?
Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio vulnificus, etc.
p.20
Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory System
How is Legionnaires’ Disease transmitted?
Through airborne transmission after being disseminated in the air.
p.28
Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory System
What are some ways Norovirus can spread?
Contact with vomitus or faeces from infected persons, contaminated objects, and aerosol spread from droplets of splashed vomitus.
p.46
Vaccination and Immunity
What is a concern regarding the inactivation process of vaccines?
Inactivation may be incomplete.
p.28
Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory System
What is hepatitis?
Inflammation of the liver.
p.45
Vaccination and Immunity
What is a potential risk associated with live attenuated vaccines?
The attenuated pathogen might mutate and increase in virulence.
p.42
Vaccination and Immunity
How does vaccination affect disease severity?
It reduces disease severity and prevents transmission.
p.45
Vaccination and Immunity
Who should avoid live attenuated vaccines?
People with weakened immune systems (immunocompromised individuals).
p.32
Bacterial Skin Infections
How does Clostridium tetani enter the central nervous system?
Via peripheral nerves or blood.
p.18
Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory System
What is the shape and Gram classification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis?
Gram-positive, rod-shaped, obligate aerobe.
p.7
Vaccination and Immunity
What type of vaccine is the MMR vaccine?
A live, attenuated viral vaccine.
p.12
Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory System
How can inclusion conjunctivitis be transmitted to infants?
During birth or through unchlorinated swimming water.
p.47
Vaccination and Immunity
What is a virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine?
A type of subunit vaccine that mimics the structure of a virus without containing its genetic material.
p.21
Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory System
What type of illness does Type C Influenza generally cause?
A mild respiratory illness.
p.52
Vaccination and Immunity
Are vaccines 100% safe and effective?
No, vaccines can have mild adverse effects and are not 100% effective.
p.34
Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory System
What is the typical incubation period for rabies?
Usually long enough to allow immunity to develop from post-exposure vaccination.
p.24
Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory System
What are common sources of Salmonellosis?
Inadequately cooked or raw eggs, milk, or drinking unboiled water.
p.50
Vaccination and Immunity
What must be carefully chosen to ensure a vaccine is effective?
The antigen for making the vaccine.
p.2
Staphylococcus and Streptococcus Characteristics
How can Staphylococcus aureus enter the body?
Through natural openings like hair follicles.
p.2
Staphylococcus and Streptococcus Characteristics
What is the significance of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)?
There is an increase in community- and hospital-acquired MRSA.
p.25
Bacterial Skin Infections
What happens when EHEC releases toxins?
Toxins are released upon cell lysis.
p.13
Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory System
What can cause Otitis Media?
It is a complication of nose and throat infections.
p.45
Vaccination and Immunity
What does attenuation mean in the context of vaccines?
Weakening of the pathogen.
p.50
Vaccination and Immunity
What are common adverse effects of vaccines?
Mild fever, muscle fatigue, etc.
p.24
Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory System
What are the characteristics of Salmonella?
It is a gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic rod.
p.2
Staphylococcus and Streptococcus Characteristics
When does Staphylococcus epidermidis become pathogenic?
When the skin barrier is broken or invaded by medical procedures.
p.39
Vaccination and Immunity
What is the summary of the secondary immune response compared to the primary response?
The secondary response is faster and stronger.
p.13
Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory System
Name two other bacterial causes of Otitis Media.
H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis.
p.25
Bacterial Skin Infections
What is the effect of Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC)?
Produces an enterotoxin causing watery diarrhoea.
p.31
Vaccination and Immunity
What vaccines are used to immunize against Streptococcus pneumoniae?
PCV - 7 or PCV - 23 vaccines.
p.5
Sepsis and Septic Shock
How little endotoxin is needed to cause symptoms?
Less than 10^-6 mg of endotoxin is enough to cause symptoms.
p.6
Vaccination and Immunity
Is there a vaccine available for Chickenpox and Shingles?
Yes, it is vaccine-preventable.
p.22
Vaccination and Immunity
What is the consequence of mutations in HA and NA?
Natural immunity and vaccination become obsolete.
p.20
Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory System
Has human-to-human transmission of Legionnaires’ Disease been demonstrated?
No, it has not been demonstrated.
p.23
Infectious Diseases in the Digestive System
What is a tapeworm infection?
An infection caused by parasitic flatworms that live in the intestines.
p.32
Bacterial Skin Infections
What type of bacteria is Clostridium tetani?
Gram-positive, endospore-forming, obligate anaerobe.
p.25
Bacterial Skin Infections
What is another name for Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)?
Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC).
p.34
Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory System
What happens once the rabies virus reaches the CNS?
It is fatal with 100% mortality once symptoms develop.
p.27
Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory System
How is cholera transmitted?
By consumption of food and water contaminated with V. cholerae.
p.13
Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory System
What happens due to pus accumulation in Otitis Media?
It causes pressure on the eardrum.
p.18
Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory System
What happens when a susceptible person inhales droplet nuclei containing M. tuberculosis?
The bacteria reach the alveoli of the lungs and are ingested by alveolar macrophages.
p.42
Vaccination and Immunity
What happens during a secondary immune response?
Faster elimination of pathogens and reduction of tissue damage.
p.50
Vaccination and Immunity
What types of pathogens are used to induce an immune response in vaccines?
Inactivated or attenuated pathogens.
p.31
Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory System
How does viral meningitis typically present compared to bacterial meningitis?
Viral meningitis tends to be a mild disease.
p.36
Vaccination and Immunity
What are the three lines of defense in human immunity?
First line (prevent entry), Second line (non-specific elimination), Third line (specific immunity).
p.10
Parasitic Skin Infections
How is pediculosis transmitted?
Through contact transmission.
p.31
Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory System
What can lead to death from bacterial meningitis?
Shock and inflammation caused by the release of endotoxins from gram-negative bacteria.
p.15
Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory System
Are most respiratory tract infections self-limiting?
Yes, most respiratory tract infections are self-limiting.
p.45
Vaccination and Immunity
What is a benefit of live attenuated vaccines regarding immunity?
They can lead to lifelong immunity without the need for a booster dose.
p.31
Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory System
What are the possible causes of meningitis?
Viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protozoa.
p.39
Vaccination and Immunity
Why is IgG more effective in clearing pathogens?
It is more effective in the immune response.
p.10
Parasitic Skin Infections
What are the two subspecies of Pediculus humanus?
Pediculus humanus capitis (head louse) and Pediculus humanus corporis (body louse).
p.36
Vaccination and Immunity
What are the two main types of immunity?
Innate immunity and Adaptive immunity.
p.13
Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory System
What type of antibiotics are used to treat Otitis Media?
Broad-spectrum antibiotics.
p.22
Vaccination and Immunity
What are antigenic drifts?
Minor changes for all types of viruses.
p.10
Parasitic Skin Infections
What causes pediculosis?
Louse (Pediculus humanus).
p.36
Vaccination and Immunity
What does immunity protect humans from?
Infectious diseases caused by pathogens and environmental agents.
p.13
Vaccination and Immunity
How has the incidence of Otitis Media changed?
It has been reduced by a conjugate vaccine to prevent S. pneumoniae pneumonia.
p.23
Infectious Diseases in the Digestive System
What is hepatitis?
An inflammation of the liver, often caused by viral infections.
p.31
Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory System
What are peptidoglycans?
Cell wall fragments from gram-positive bacteria.
p.2
Staphylococcus and Streptococcus Characteristics
What types of toxins can Staphylococcus aureus produce?
Exfoliative toxin and enterotoxin (affecting the GI tract).
