In the nucleus.
7.
Many covalent bonds.
4.
Only physical properties.
2.
3.
Loosely packed.
Easily reversible.
Production of energy.
Positive.
Takes the shape of the container.
Exothermic.
Fixed.
2.
2, 8, 8, 2.
Incompressible.
No fixed volume.
2, 8, 8.
Metals and nonmetals.
HCl.
Hydroxyl group (-OH).
Each oxygen atom is bonded to two silicon atoms.
NH3.
Atoms bond to gain extra stability by having a full outer shell of electrons.
As temperature increases, the kinetic energy of particles increases, leading to a higher rate of diffusion.
N2.
Ionic compounds have a giant ionic lattice arrangement.
The movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
Compounds are two or more elements combined together.
The number of protons or electrons in an atom.
I - 1- X - (S) (1) -> 1 = X 1- (l) (9)
The way that element bonds.
High melting and boiling points.
Yes, graphite can conduct electricity.
1.
Because the layers can slide over each other.
One pair.
The number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.
Because ions are tightly packed and cannot move.
Heteroatomic molecules.
14.
Yes, it has a high melting/boiling point.
It is also called the nucleon number.
It has a high melting and boiling point.
It increases, resulting in more random movement of particles.
Gas to liquid.
4 hydrogen atoms.
4 hydrogen atoms.
It is the condensation point.
CO₂.
They have the same atomic number.
The volume decreases.
Hexagonal layered arrangement.
It is denoted by the letter 'Z'.
1.
2, 8, 7.
Isotopes have the same number of valence electrons, leading to similar chemical properties.
Electrons, Neutrons, Protons.
H2O.
Metals donate electrons to form positive ions (cations).
B.P. is greater than RTP, while M.P. is less than RTP.
1.
+1.
2, 6.
12.
Atoms are the smallest basic units of any substance.
Two non-metallic atoms.
Atoms of the same element having the same proton number but different neutron numbers.
The lattice of positive ions in a sea of delocalised electrons.
Three carbon atoms.
Atoms achieve a more stable electronic configuration.
Their atomic mass number.
Boiling involves bubbling and occurs throughout the liquid.
11.
8 neutrons.
M.P. and B.P. are greater than RTP.
Due to weak intermolecular forces of attraction (Van der Waals forces) between the molecules.
6 protons.
Covalent bonding.
It is denoted by the letter 'A'.
M.P. and B.P. are both less than RTP.
No, they do not conduct electricity as they don't have free electrons.
Tetrahedral arrangement.
2, 8, 3.
It is used to make glass, lenses, and sandpaper.
Electrons have negligible mass, while neutrons and protons have a mass of 1.
Evaporation/Boiling.
Cutting and drilling.
The arrangement of electrons in the shells around the nucleus.
Very loosely packed.
2 electrons.
Sublimation.
18 electrons.
9.
2, 8, 1.
Endothermic.
Elements are substances that contain all atoms of the same kind.
CH3OH.
The volume increases as particles occupy more space.
The random motion of particles increases.
Molecules formed by the same type of atoms.
Because they are the same element and have the same number of valence electrons.
Strong electrostatic force of attraction.
2 oxygen atoms.
A regular arrangement of particles in a solid.
Metals have less than 4 electrons in their outer shell (except H & He).
16 valence electrons (4 from C and 12 from 2 O).
Covalent compounds have a low melting and boiling point due to weak intermolecular forces.
Nonmetals have 4 or more electrons in their outer shell.
As a lubricant.
7.
-1.
17.
Nonmetals accept electrons to form negative ions (anions).
4 carbon atoms.
8.
0.
Because NH3 has a lower molar mass.
Melting.
2, 6.
Giant ionic compounds have higher melting and boiling points than simple covalent compounds.
Freezing.
5.
No production of energy.
Negative.
No fixed shape.
Neutral (no charge).
C2H4.
CH₄.
Ionic bonding, covalent bonding, and metallic bonding.
Particles move closer together, occupying less space.
2.
4 hydrogen atoms.
It is a surface phenomenon with no bubbling.
NaCl.
It is the freezing point.
A regular arrangement of alternate positive and negative ions.
It changes.
2, 8, 1.
Due to strong electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged particles.
In electrolysis.
17 g/mol.
Yes, ionic compounds are soluble in water.
2, 8, 7.
Temporary change.
Ionic bond.
It has the same configuration as Neon, which is 1s² 2s² 2p⁶.
8.
It has gained two electrons, resulting in a -2 charge.
Irreversible.
Deposition.
29.
Fixed.
Endothermic.
7.
Least.
From higher concentration to lower concentration.
Atoms either give, take, or share electrons.
2 electrons.
The rate of diffusion increases with an increase in temperature.
Liquid to solid.
H2 (Hydrogen).
17.
3.
No, they do not conduct electricity in solid state.
Ammonium chloride (NHyCl).
2, 1.
In aqueous or molten state.
X-H, where X is Cl.
It remains the same.
8.
2, 5.
1s² 2s² 2p⁶.
36 g/mol.
It has lost one electron, resulting in a +1 charge.
Chemical properties.
The atomic mass number of the element.
The number of electrons equals the number of protons.
The number of protons equals the number of electrons.
In its nucleus.
By subtracting the atomic number (Z) from the atomic mass number (A): Neutrons = A - Z.
20.
It indicates the temperature at which a solid becomes a liquid.
Liquid to gas.
It indicates the temperature at which a liquid becomes a gas.
2, 6.
In solids, particles are packed closely together, allowing heat to distribute faster, leading to quicker melting. In liquids, particles are farther apart, causing slower heat distribution, which makes boiling take longer.
As the atomic number.
Heat distributes faster in solids due to closely packed particles, while in liquids, the particles are farther apart, slowing down heat distribution.
NH3 (ammonia) diffuses faster than HCl.
Due to free electrons.
No, covalent compounds are insoluble in water.
Permanent change.
Each silicon atom is covalently bonded to four oxygen atoms.
13.
O > O.
It has no free electrons.
That ammonia diffused faster than HCl.
Tightly packed.
The atomic number of the element.
3.
1.
Solid to liquid.
3.
Fixed.
Incompressible.
2, 5.
Moderate.
High.
It has the same configuration as Neon, which is 1s² 2s² 2p⁶.
The changes in temperature and state as heat is added.
Electrons revolve around the nucleus in shells.
8 electrons.
9.
12.
Exothermic.
Exothermic.
2, 8, 2.
Compressible.
2, 8, 7.
