p.23
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) and Associated Cancers
How is Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) infection initiated?
Through the nasopharyngeal epithelium.
p.13
Oncogenesis and Genetic Changes
What is the role of HPV DNA in cervical cancer?
It integrates into the host DNA, leading to cell transformation.
p.17
Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN) Classification
Why do abnormal areas appear white when using acetic acid?
Due to decreased glycogen in the cells.
p.13
Oncogenesis and Genetic Changes
What is a key characteristic of cancer cells?
They divide uncontrollably to form a tumor.
p.25
Oncogenesis and Genetic Changes
What genetic changes are associated with EBV infection?
Mutations in human proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes.
p.8
Viral Etiology of Cancer
What cancer is associated with Hepatitis B virus?
Hepatocellular carcinoma.
p.24
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) and Associated Cancers
What role do memory B cells play in EBV infection?
They can infect more memory B cells and epithelial cells.
p.2
Viral Etiology of Cancer
Does being infected with a virus guarantee that you will get cancer?
No, being infected does not mean you will definitely get cancer.
p.3
Oncogenesis and Genetic Changes
What role do proto-oncogenes play in oncogenesis?
They undergo mutations that can lead to uncontrolled cell growth.
p.13
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and Cervical Cancer
What type of infection is linked to cervical cancer?
Persistent/chronic infection.
p.3
Oncogenesis and Genetic Changes
What is oncogenesis?
The result of genetic changes that alter the expression or function of proteins critical for cell growth and division.
p.3
Oncogenesis and Genetic Changes
What are the key steps involved in oncogenesis?
Mutation in proto-oncogenes and mutation in tumor suppressor genes.
p.6
Viral Etiology of Cancer
What role does chronic inflammation play in cancer caused by oncogenic viruses?
It leads to chronic activation of the inflammatory response, contributing to cancer development.
p.6
Viral Etiology of Cancer
What is one way oncogenic viruses cause cancer?
By expressing viral oncogenes.
p.19
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and Cervical Cancer
What is the significance of viral DNA in cervical cancer?
It plays a role in the development of cervical cancer.
p.18
Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN) Classification
What does CIN stand for in cervical lesion classification?
Cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia.
p.4
Oncogenesis and Genetic Changes
How can alterations in oncogenes occur?
Alterations can be inherited or caused by environmental exposure to carcinogens.
p.16
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and Cervical Cancer
What is the primary cause of almost all cervical cancers?
Persistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) types.
p.2
Oncogenesis and Genetic Changes
What is required for the development of tumors besides viral infection?
Additional genetic alterations/mutations and an immuno-weakened host.
p.9
Viral Etiology of Cancer
How common is the papilloma virus?
It is ubiquitous, meaning common everywhere.
p.9
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and Cervical Cancer
What is the role of human papilloma virus (HPV) in cervical cancer?
Persistent HPV infections are recognized as the cause of essentially all cervical cancer.
p.15
Role of Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes
What is the effect of E6 and E7 binding to p53 and pRB?
It disrupts their function.
p.26
Kaposi Sarcoma and HIV
What is another name for human herpesvirus 8?
Kaposi Sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV).
p.8
Viral Etiology of Cancer
What types of cancer are associated with Human papillomaviruses?
Genital tumors, squamous cell carcinoma, and oropharyngeal carcinoma.
p.19
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and Cervical Cancer
What virus is related to cervical cancer development?
Human Papillomavirus (HPV).
p.5
Role of Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes
What is the role of a tumor suppressor gene?
To keep cell division in check and suppress or block the development of cancer.
p.18
Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN) Classification
What characterizes CIN 1?
Mild dysplasia (abnormal cells).
p.26
Kaposi Sarcoma and HIV
What virus was discovered to cause Kaposi Sarcoma in 1994?
Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8).
p.17
Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN) Classification
What does the aceto-white change indicate?
It is consistent with high-grade CIN.
p.8
Viral Etiology of Cancer
What is the cancer associated with Human immunodeficiency viruses?
AIDS-associated tumors (due to impaired T cell response).
p.14
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and Cervical Cancer
What happens to the HPV genome in infected human cells?
The HPV genome is integrated into human chromosomes.
p.24
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) and Associated Cancers
How is EBV infection maintained in the body?
By staying in memory B cells within lymphoid tissue, leading to persistent infection.
p.12
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and Cervical Cancer
What is a potential risk for some females with pre-cancerous changes due to HPV?
Some may progress rapidly to cancer over years.
p.25
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) and Associated Cancers
What is released from reactivated infected memory B cells?
Virus that infects other memory B cells and nasopharyngeal epithelium.
p.9
Viral Etiology of Cancer
What does the papilloma virus cause in animals?
Natural cancer and benign warts.
p.12
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and Cervical Cancer
What can happen to females with persistent high-risk HPV infection in the cervix?
They may develop pre-cancerous changes.
p.5
Oncogenesis and Genetic Changes
How can a mutated tumor suppressor gene contribute to cancer development?
By allowing uncontrolled cell growth to occur.
p.21
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) and Associated Cancers
What is a notable cancer associated with EBV that affects the nasopharynx?
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
p.14
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and Cervical Cancer
What are the two main regions of the HPV genome mentioned?
Late Region and Early Region.
p.6
Viral Etiology of Cancer
How do oncogenic viruses alter the human genome?
By integrating into the genome, affecting human proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes.
p.12
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and Cervical Cancer
What happens to the majority of pre-cancerous changes caused by high-risk HPV?
They will regress to normal.
p.5
Oncogenesis and Genetic Changes
What is the result of a functional loss in a tumor suppressor gene?
It can lead to the development of cancer.
p.25
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) and Associated Cancers
What types of malignancies can result from EBV infection?
B cell lymphoid and epithelial malignancies.
p.21
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) and Associated Cancers
How widespread is the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)?
It is widespread in all human populations.
p.7
Viral Etiology of Cancer
What are the major classes of tumor viruses?
Oncovirus, DNA oncogenic virus, RNA oncogenic virus.
p.4
Role of Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes
What is a proto-oncogene?
A normal gene that provides signals leading to cell division, with strictly regulated gene expression.
p.17
Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN) Classification
What is the purpose of using acetic acid in colposcopy?
To dehydrate cells, making abnormal areas appear white.
p.17
Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN) Classification
What is a characteristic of normal cervical epithelium?
It is abundant with glycogen.
p.10
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and Cervical Cancer
What distinguishes low-risk HPV types from high-risk HPV types?
Low-risk types are less frequently found in cervical cancer, while high-risk types are more frequently found.
p.21
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) and Associated Cancers
What types of cancers are associated with EBV?
Lymphoid and epithelial cancers.
p.2
Viral Etiology of Cancer
Do viruses evolve specifically to cause cancer?
No, viruses do not specifically evolve with the need to cause cancer.
p.4
Role of Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes
What is an oncogene?
A gene that can promote or allow the uncontrolled growth of cancer.
p.13
Oncogenesis and Genetic Changes
What happens to normal cells during the process of tumor formation?
They are transformed into cancer cells that keep reproducing.
p.21
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) and Associated Cancers
What is the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) known for?
It is the most potent transforming agent.
p.8
Viral Etiology of Cancer
What cancer is associated with Hepatitis C virus?
Hepatocellular carcinoma.
p.16
Epidemiology of HPV Infection
In which population is HPV infection usually found?
Persons who have ever been sexually active.
p.22
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) and Associated Cancers
What type of cancer is associated with Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)?
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC).
p.5
Role of Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes
What happens when a tumor suppressor gene is mutated?
It is unable to perform its function, leading to uncontrolled cell growth.
p.15
Role of Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes
Which tumor suppressor genes do E6 and E7 interact with?
p53 and retinoblastoma (pRB).
p.13
Oncogenesis and Genetic Changes
What is the result of cell transformation due to HPV?
Formation of pre-cancerous tumor lesions.
p.15
Oncogenesis and Genetic Changes
What happens to infected cells due to the action of E6 and E7?
They transform into tumors.
p.12
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and Cervical Cancer
What is the common outcome for most people with HPV infection?
They do not have any symptoms and will clear the infection on their own.
p.3
Oncogenesis and Genetic Changes
What is the function of tumor suppressor genes in oncogenesis?
They help control cell growth, and mutations can lead to cancer.
p.24
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) and Associated Cancers
Where does EBV persist in the body?
In memory B cells located in lymphoid tissue.
p.4
Oncogenesis and Genetic Changes
What type of mutation is associated with oncogenes?
Functional gain mutations.
p.18
Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN) Classification
What are pre-cancerous changes in cervical lesions referred to?
Cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia (CIN).
p.24
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) and Associated Cancers
What triggers the reactivation of EBV infection?
Other infections or worsening health conditions that activate memory B cells.
p.15
Oncogenesis and Genetic Changes
What are the consequences of the disruption of p53 and pRB function?
Increased proliferation and genomic instability.
p.25
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) and Associated Cancers
What happens to infected memory B cells during reactivation?
They become plasma cells, allowing viral production.
p.17
Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN) Classification
What appearance do abnormal areas have during acetic acid colposcopy?
They appear white (aceto-white).
p.10
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and Cervical Cancer
What are the two main classifications of HPV?
Mucosal type and cutaneous type.
p.18
Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN) Classification
What does CIN 3 indicate?
Severe dysplasia; includes carcinoma in situ (CIS) / non-invasive cancer.
p.8
Viral Etiology of Cancer
What type of lymphoma is associated with Epstein-Barr virus?
B cell lymphoma and African Burkitt's lymphoma.
p.11
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and Cervical Cancer
Which HPV types are commonly associated with anogenital warts?
6, 11, 42, 44 and others.
p.11
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and Cervical Cancer
What condition is associated with more than 15 types of HPV?
Epidermodysplasia verruciformis.
