p.1
Definition of Fractures
What is a fracture?
A break in the continuity of a bone.
p.1
Complete vs Incomplete Fractures
What are the two main types of fractures?
Complete and incomplete fractures.
p.1
Displacement in Fractures
What does displacement in fractures refer to?
The misalignment of bone fragments after a fracture.
p.1
Pathological Fractures
What is a pathological fracture?
A fracture that occurs in a bone weakened by disease.
p.1
Stress and Insufficiency Fractures
What are stress fractures?
Small cracks in the bone caused by repetitive force or overuse.
p.23
Fracture Location and Specific Features
Where do greenstick fractures typically occur?
Usually in the mid-diaphyseal region.
p.39
Salter-Harris Classification
What characterizes a Type 1 fracture in the Salter-Harris classification?
The fracture is isolated to the growth plate and causes epiphyseal separation, without adjacent bone fracture.
p.43
Salter-Harris Classification
What type of force causes a Type V fracture?
A compressive force that crushes the growth plate.
What is a buckle fracture?
A fracture where distinct fracture lines are not seen, often with subtle deformity or buckle of the cortex.
p.8
Complete vs Incomplete Fractures
What defines a complete fracture?
Complete fractures are where the parts of the bone that have been fractured are completely separated from each other.
p.52
Definition of Fractures
What defines a fracture?
A fracture involves two orthogonal planes and two joints, superior and inferior.
p.7
Fracture Location and Specific Features
What are specific features to consider in a fracture?
Features such as tubercle, epicondyle, etc.
p.7
Fracture Location and Specific Features
Why is it important to state involvement of the articular surface in a fracture?
Because it may alter management of the fracture.
p.24
Displacement in Fractures
What does translation refer to in the context of fractures?
Movement of the fractured bones away from each other.
p.23
Complete vs Incomplete Fractures
What is a greenstick fracture?
An incomplete fracture with a cortical breach on only one side of the bone.
p.5
Clinical Implications of Fractures
What is the significance of the two orthogonal planes mentioned?
They are essential for understanding spatial relationships in a given context.
p.5
Clinical Implications of Fractures
What does the picture of William at the Lindo Wing appear to show?
It appears to show him giving the middle finger.
p.9
Complete vs Incomplete Fractures
What characterizes a transverse fracture?
It is perpendicular to the axis of the bone.
p.9
Complete vs Incomplete Fractures
What defines a comminuted fracture?
It consists of more than two parts.
p.6
Displacement in Fractures
What is meant by 'Displacement' in fracture terminology?
The movement of the fractured bone ends away from their normal alignment.
p.38
Salter-Harris Classification
What is unique about Type V fractures in the Salter-Harris classification?
They involve a compression injury to the growth plate without a clear fracture line.
p.3
Pathological Fractures
What can weaken a bone and lead to fractures?
A lesion such as metastasis or a bone cyst.
p.8
Complete vs Incomplete Fractures
How does an incomplete fracture differ from a complete fracture?
An incomplete fracture does not cross the bone completely.
p.17
Complete vs Incomplete Fractures
What characterizes a buckle fracture?
The cortex is buckled, often occurring in the distal radius.
What can result from the chronic application of abnormal stresses, such as running?
Accumulation of microfractures leading to macroscopic failure.
p.24
Displacement in Fractures
What does it mean if translation is described as 'off-ended'?
It means the translation is further away than the width of the bone.
p.7
Fracture Location and Specific Features
What factors determine the location of a fracture?
The specific bone fractured and the part of the bone affected.
What are the two main types of fractures?
Complete and Incomplete fractures.
p.2
Definition of Fractures
What is a fracture?
A breach or break in the anatomic continuity of the bone cortex.
p.24
Displacement in Fractures
What is angulation in the context of fractures?
Changes in the axis of the bone, usually described as dorsal/palmar or varus/valgus or radial/ulnar.
p.38
Salter-Harris Classification
What does Type IV in the Salter-Harris classification involve?
A fracture that crosses through the growth plate, metaphysis, and epiphysis.
p.42
Salter-Harris Classification
Where are Type IV fractures most commonly seen?
In the distal humerus and tibia.
p.8
Complete vs Incomplete Fractures
What is a key characteristic of a complete fracture?
There is complete separation of the cortex circumferentially.
p.17
Complete vs Incomplete Fractures
What is a bowing fracture?
A type of incomplete fracture that does not break the bone completely.
p.8
Complete vs Incomplete Fractures
In which population are incomplete fractures usually encountered?
Usually encountered in children.
p.19
Pathological Fractures
What causes torus fractures?
Trabecular compression due to an axial loading force along the long axis of the bone.
What does 'Type' indicate in the context of fractures?
The classification of the fracture based on its characteristics, such as complete or incomplete.
p.38
Salter-Harris Classification
What is a Type III fracture in the Salter-Harris classification?
A fracture that goes through the growth plate and extends into the epiphysis.
p.3
Definition of Fractures
What is the most common cause of fractures?
Acute overwhelming force, usually in the setting of trauma.
p.7
Fracture Location and Specific Features
What are the general parts of a bone that can be affected by a fracture?
Epiphysis, physis, metaphysis, and diaphysis.
p.40
Salter-Harris Classification
In which age group is Type II growth plate fracture usually seen?
Children between the ages of 10 and 16.
p.40
Salter-Harris Classification
What causes a Type II growth plate fracture?
Shearing or avulsive force.
p.17
Complete vs Incomplete Fractures
What is a greenstick fracture?
A fracture where the cortex is broken, but only on one side.
p.24
Displacement in Fractures
How is translation quantified?
Using the width of the bone as context (e.g., translation of 25% of the width of the bone).
p.38
Salter-Harris Classification
What is the Salter-Harris classification used for?
To categorize fractures in children that involve the growth plate.
p.44
Salter-Harris Classification
What is indicated by the 'A' in SMACK?
Articular - epiphyseal (type III).
What are the visible characteristics of a buckle fracture?
Distinct fracture lines are not seen; there may be subtle deformity or buckle of the cortex.
p.43
Salter-Harris Classification
When is the diagnosis of a Type V fracture often made?
Retrospectively, when growth arrest is discovered at a later date.
p.9
Complete vs Incomplete Fractures
How is an oblique fracture oriented?
It is oriented obliquely across the bone.
p.9
Complete vs Incomplete Fractures
What is a longitudinal fracture?
A fracture that runs along the long axis of the bone.
p.41
Salter-Harris Classification
What characterizes a Type III fracture?
The fracture line passes through the epiphysis and horizontally across the growth plate.
p.52
Displacement in Fractures
What does 'displacement' refer to in fractures?
The movement of bone fragments away from their normal alignment.
p.52
Salter-Harris Classification
What classification system is used for pediatric fractures?
Salter and Harris classification.
p.9
Complete vs Incomplete Fractures
What is a spiral fracture?
A helical fracture path usually found in the diaphysis of long bones.
p.6
Fracture Location and Specific Features
What does the 'Location' aspect refer to in fracture studies?
The specific site or area of the fracture in the bone.
p.42
Salter-Harris Classification
What characterizes a Type IV fracture?
It is a vertically oriented fracture involving both the epiphysis and metaphysis, crossing the growth plate.
p.18
Definition of Fractures
What is a bowing fracture?
A bowing fracture occurs when a loaded bone undergoes plastic deformation, resulting in a bowing of the bone without a discernible fracture.
p.19
Complete vs Incomplete Fractures
What type of fracture is a torus fracture?
An incomplete fracture of the shaft of a long bone.
p.9
Complete vs Incomplete Fractures
What is a complete fracture?
A fracture that completely breaks the bone.
p.1
Salter-Harris Classification
What is the Salter-Harris classification used for?
To categorize fractures in children involving the growth plate.
p.38
Salter-Harris Classification
What does Type I in the Salter-Harris classification indicate?
A fracture that goes through the growth plate without involving the bone.
p.44
Salter-Harris Classification
What does the 'C' in SMACK refer to?
Complete - metaphysis and epiphysis (type IV).
p.39
Salter-Harris Classification
Where does the fracture line pass in a Type 1 fracture?
Through the hypertrophic layer of the physis.
p.17
Complete vs Incomplete Fractures
What is an incomplete fracture?
A fracture that does not cross the bone completely, usually encountered in children.
p.18
Complete vs Incomplete Fractures
Is there a discernible fracture in a bowing fracture?
No, the bone is bowed but there is no discernible fracture.
p.24
Displacement in Fractures
Why is rotation in fractures usually difficult to appreciate?
Because it is usually difficult to see on an x-ray.
p.18
Definition of Fractures
What happens to the bone under greater force in a bowing fracture?
The bone undergoes plastic deformation, leading to clinically evident and radiographically proven bowing.
p.4
Pathological Fractures
What can cause the entire skeleton to be weak and prone to fractures?
Metabolic abnormalities like osteoporosis or genetic abnormalities like osteogenesis imperfecta.
p.40
Salter-Harris Classification
What happens to the growth plate in a Type II fracture?
The fracture splits the growth plate and passes into the metaphysis, separating a small fragment of bone.
p.6
Fracture Location and Specific Features
What are the key aspects studied in fractures?
Location, Type, and Displacement.
p.5
Clinical Implications of Fractures
What is the actual gesture William is making in the picture?
He is holding up three fingers to indicate he now has three children.
p.24
Displacement in Fractures
How is displacement described in fractures?
In terms of the distal fragment to the body (e.g., anterior/posterior).
p.38
Salter-Harris Classification
What characterizes Type II fractures in the Salter-Harris classification?
A fracture that goes through the growth plate and extends into the metaphysis.
