p.15
Structural Properties of Lipids
What is the core structure of steroids called?
Cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene.
p.40
Role of RNA in Protein Synthesis
How is RNA made?
From DNA through transcription.
p.1
Structural Properties of Nucleic Acids
What are the building blocks of life?
Molecules such as nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates.
p.23
Types and Functions of Carbohydrates
How does sucrose differ from maltose and lactose in terms of ring structure?
Sucrose contains one six-membered ring and one five-membered ring, while maltose and lactose contain only six-membered rings.
p.26
Types and Functions of Carbohydrates
What is glycogen?
The major form in which polysaccharides are stored in animals.
p.41
Role of RNA in Protein Synthesis
How does rRNA assist in protein synthesis?
It helps translate mRNA information into a protein.
p.9
Triacylglycerol and Its Role in Energy Storage
What are the products of triacylglycerol hydrolysis?
Glycerol and fatty acids.
p.36
Structural Properties of Nucleic Acids
What nitrogenous bases are found in DNA?
Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Thymine (T), and Cytosine (C).
p.10
Triacylglycerol and Its Role in Energy Storage
What is the primary function of triacylglycerol in metabolism?
To serve as a major form of energy storage in the body.
p.34
Structural Properties of Proteins
How are globular proteins structured?
They are coiled into compact shapes with hydrophilic outer surfaces.
p.26
Types and Functions of Carbohydrates
What happens when glucose is needed for energy in the cell?
Glucose units are hydrolyzed from the ends of the glycogen polymer and then further metabolized with the release of energy.
p.17
Types and Functions of Carbohydrates
What are carbohydrates?
Polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones, or substances that produce these compounds when hydrolyzed.
p.6
Fatty Acids and Their Characteristics
What happens to the melting point as the number of double bonds in a fatty acid increases?
The melting point decreases.
p.23
Types and Functions of Carbohydrates
What two rings does sucrose contain?
One glucose ring and one fructose ring.
p.5
Fatty Acids and Their Characteristics
What are fatty acids?
Carboxylic acids (RCOOH) with hydrocarbon chains.
p.7
Fatty Acids and Their Characteristics
What part of a fatty acid molecule is hydrophilic?
The polar part of the molecule.
p.5
Fatty Acids and Their Characteristics
What characterizes saturated fatty acids?
They are unbranched and fully saturated (no double bonds).
p.36
Structural Properties of Nucleic Acids
What are the three components of a nucleotide?
A nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group.
p.11
Phospholipids and Membrane Structure
What is the core structure of Sphingophosphatide?
Amino alcohol sphingosine.
p.20
Types and Functions of Carbohydrates
What is the general formula for monosaccharides?
CnH2nOn, where n is typically 3 or more.
p.27
Structural Properties of Proteins
How do amino acids interact at physiological pH?
They interact with water.
p.35
Protein Structure: Primary to Quaternary
How do enzymes function as proteins?
They act as catalysts to speed up biochemical reactions.
p.42
Role of RNA in Protein Synthesis
What are the three main types of RNA?
Messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA).
p.4
Structural Properties of Lipids
What is one function of lipids related to hormones?
They act as hormones and intracellular messengers.
p.33
Protein Structure: Primary to Quaternary
What is the quaternary structure of a protein?
The shape adopted when two or more folded polypeptide chains come together into one protein complex.
p.37
Structural Properties of Nucleic Acids
How does a phosphodiester linkage affect the structure of nucleic acids?
It creates a directional structure with a 5' to 3' orientation.
p.9
Triacylglycerol and Its Role in Energy Storage
What role does hydrolysis of triacylglycerol play in the body?
It provides energy by releasing fatty acids for metabolism.
p.20
Types and Functions of Carbohydrates
What are some common examples of monosaccharides?
Glucose, fructose, and galactose.
p.34
Structural Properties of Proteins
Why are globular proteins water soluble?
Due to their hydrophilic outer surfaces.
p.13
Phospholipids and Membrane Structure
What role do phospholipids play in blood-borne lipid particles?
They stabilize the particles in the aqueous medium.
p.37
Structural Properties of Nucleic Acids
What are the components of a phosphodiester linkage?
A phosphate group and two sugar molecules.
p.1
Structural Properties of Lipids
What are lipids primarily used for in the body?
Energy storage and forming cell membranes.
p.27
Structural Properties of Proteins
What two functional groups do amino acids contain?
An amino group (NH2) and a carboxyl group (COOH).
p.27
Structural Properties of Proteins
What is the state of amino acids in aqueous solution?
They are ionized (zwitterion).
p.5
Fatty Acids and Their Characteristics
What is the significance of the 9th carbon in fatty acids?
It is the position where the first double bond is often found in unsaturated fatty acids.
p.4
Structural Properties of Lipids
What role do lipids play in digestion?
They act as emulsifying agents in the digestive tract.
p.2
Structural Properties of Carbohydrates
What are the structural properties of carbohydrates?
Carbohydrates are composed of sugar molecules (monosaccharides) that can form disaccharides and polysaccharides through glycosidic bonds.
p.24
Structural Properties of Carbohydrates
What type of polymer is cellulose?
An unbranched polymer composed of repeating glucose units.
p.46
Protein Structure: Primary to Quaternary
What forms the secondary structure of a protein?
The formation of α-helix and β-pleated sheet due to hydrogen bonds between atoms in the polypeptide.
p.22
Types and Functions of Carbohydrates
How are the monosaccharides in lactose joined?
By a glycosidic bond from galactose to glucose.
p.41
Role of RNA in Protein Synthesis
What is a clinical relevance of mRNA vaccines?
They do not enter the nucleus and do not alter DNA.
p.36
Role of RNA in Protein Synthesis
What specifies the amino acid sequence of every protein in a cell?
The nucleotide sequence of DNA.
p.32
Protein Structure: Primary to Quaternary
What types of forces are involved in the tertiary structure of proteins?
Different kinds of intramolecular forces.
p.4
Structural Properties of Lipids
What are the main types of biological lipids?
Fatty acids, triacylglycerol (triglyceride), phospholipid, steroids.
p.8
Triacylglycerol and Its Role in Energy Storage
What are the components of triacylglycerol?
Glycerol and three fatty acids linked by ester bonds.
p.17
Types and Functions of Carbohydrates
What elements compose carbohydrates?
Carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen atoms.
p.39
Role of RNA in Protein Synthesis
What occurs during the process of translation in the Central Dogma?
RNA is used to synthesize proteins.
p.13
Phospholipids and Membrane Structure
What is a key function of phospholipids in cell and organelle membranes?
They serve as a conduit for the passage of water-soluble and fat-soluble materials across the membrane.
p.25
Types and Functions of Carbohydrates
Are starch forms water soluble?
Yes, both amylose and amylopectin are water soluble.
p.39
Role of RNA in Protein Synthesis
What is the role of ribosomes in the Central Dogma?
Ribosomes facilitate the translation of mRNA into proteins.
p.45
Types and Functions of Carbohydrates
What is a disaccharide?
Two monosaccharides joined together through a glycosidic bond.
p.43
Structural Properties of Lipids
Are lipids considered macromolecules?
Yes, although they are not polymers, they are considered macromolecules.
p.47
Structural Properties of Nucleic Acids
What are the nitrogenous bases in RNA?
Adenine (A), Uracil (U), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C).
p.11
Phospholipids and Membrane Structure
What do phospholipids contain?
Phosphate and one or more fatty acid residues.
p.1
Structural Properties of Nucleic Acids
Which molecule is primarily responsible for genetic information?
Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA).
p.32
Protein Structure: Primary to Quaternary
What is the tertiary structure of a protein?
The overall three-dimensional shape of a protein formed by the folding of its polypeptide chain.
p.41
Role of RNA in Protein Synthesis
What does Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) form?
A ribosome, which synthesizes proteins.
p.7
Fatty Acids and Their Characteristics
In a lipid, which portion is larger: hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
The hydrophobic portion is always much larger.
p.13
Phospholipids and Membrane Structure
How do phospholipids compare in polarity to triacylglycerol and sterols?
Phospholipids are more polar than triacylglycerol and sterols.
p.36
Structural Properties of Nucleic Acids
What is the pairing rule for adenine in DNA?
Adenine (A) must pair with Thymine (T) using 2 hydrogen bonds.
p.8
Triacylglycerol and Its Role in Energy Storage
What is a monoacylglycerol?
Glycerol plus one fatty acid.
p.46
Protein Structure: Primary to Quaternary
What is the tertiary structure of a protein?
The folding, twisting, and/or bending of the amino acid chain and secondary structure into a 3D shape.
p.35
Protein Structure: Primary to Quaternary
What is the role of signaling proteins?
They facilitate communication between cells.
p.47
Structural Properties of Nucleic Acids
What are the nitrogenous bases in DNA?
Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C).
p.22
Types and Functions of Carbohydrates
What two monosaccharides make up lactose?
One galactose ring and one glucose ring.
p.7
Fatty Acids and Their Characteristics
What part of a fatty acid molecule is hydrophobic?
The nonpolar part, comprised of C—C and C—H bonds.
p.11
Phospholipids and Membrane Structure
What are the two groups of phospholipids?
Glycerophosphatide and Sphingophosphatide.
p.42
Role of RNA in Protein Synthesis
What is the primary function of RNA?
To act as a messenger carrying instructions from DNA for controlling the synthesis of proteins.
p.2
Structural Properties of Lipids
What are the structural properties of lipids?
Lipids are hydrophobic molecules that include fats, oils, and phospholipids, characterized by long hydrocarbon chains or rings.
p.13
Phospholipids and Membrane Structure
Where are phospholipids commonly expressed?
On the surface of blood-borne lipid particles such as chylomicrons.
p.25
Types and Functions of Carbohydrates
What type of structure does amylose have?
An unbranched skeleton of glucose molecules with glycosidic bonds.
p.8
Triacylglycerol and Its Role in Energy Storage
What is a diacylglycerol?
Glycerol plus two fatty acids.
p.17
Types and Functions of Carbohydrates
What are simple carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides and disaccharides.
p.44
Structural Properties of Lipids
How are lipids defined?
Based on their physical property of not dissolving in water.
p.47
Structural Properties of Nucleic Acids
What are the two main types of nucleic acids?
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic acid (RNA).
p.41
Role of RNA in Protein Synthesis
What is the primary function of Messenger RNA (mRNA)?
Necessary for protein production.
p.1
Structural Properties of Proteins
What role do proteins play in living organisms?
They serve as enzymes, structural components, and signaling molecules.
p.37
Structural Properties of Nucleic Acids
What is the significance of phosphodiester linkages in nucleic acids?
They form the backbone of DNA and RNA strands.
p.2
Structural Properties of Nucleic Acids
What are the structural properties of nucleic acids?
Nucleic acids are polymers made of nucleotide monomers, which consist of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
p.34
Structural Properties of Proteins
What roles do fibrous proteins serve?
They provide strength and protection to tissues and cells.
p.40
Role of RNA in Protein Synthesis
What are the three types of RNA?
Messenger RNA (mRNA), Ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and Transfer RNA (tRNA).
p.35
Protein Structure: Primary to Quaternary
What role do antibodies play in protein function?
They help in the immune response by identifying and neutralizing pathogens.
p.20
Types and Functions of Carbohydrates
What role do monosaccharides play in the body?
They serve as a primary source of energy.
p.13
Phospholipids and Membrane Structure
What additional role do phospholipids serve in the body?
They serve as physiologically active compounds.
p.17
Types and Functions of Carbohydrates
What are complex carbohydrates?
Oligosaccharides and polysaccharides.
p.44
Fatty Acids and Their Characteristics
What distinguishes saturated fatty acids from unsaturated fatty acids?
Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds, while unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds.
p.47
Structural Properties of Nucleic Acids
What is the structure of DNA?
Double helix with two strands joined by hydrogen bonds through complementary base pairing.
p.16
Structural Properties of Lipids
What is cholesterol a precursor for?
Other physiologically active substances in the human body.
p.30
Protein Structure: Primary to Quaternary
What is the primary structure of a protein composed of?
A sequence of amino acids.
p.31
Protein Structure: Primary to Quaternary
What are the two main types of secondary protein structures?
Alpha-helix and Beta-pleated sheet.
p.31
Protein Structure: Primary to Quaternary
What causes the formation of secondary structures in proteins?
Hydrogen bonding between the N—H proton of one amide and the C==O oxygen of another.
p.9
Triacylglycerol and Its Role in Energy Storage
What is hydrolysis of triacylglycerol?
It is the chemical process that breaks down triacylglycerol into glycerol and fatty acids.
p.41
Role of RNA in Protein Synthesis
What is the role of Transfer RNA (tRNA)?
It links the mRNA molecule to the growing chain of amino acids.
p.2
Structural Properties of Proteins
What are the structural properties of proteins?
Proteins are made up of amino acids linked by peptide bonds, and they have four levels of structure: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary.
p.46
Structural Properties of Proteins
What are the main components of an amino acid?
An amino group (-NH2), a carboxyl group (-COOH), a hydrogen atom (-H), and a side group (-R) joined to a carbon atom.
p.13
Phospholipids and Membrane Structure
What property of phospholipids allows them to attract water molecules?
Their hydrophilic property.
p.9
Triacylglycerol and Its Role in Energy Storage
Under what conditions does hydrolysis of triacylglycerol typically occur?
In the presence of water and enzymes like lipase.
p.10
Triacylglycerol and Its Role in Energy Storage
What happens to free fatty acids released from triacylglycerol?
They can be oxidized for energy or re-esterified to form new triacylglycerols.
p.43
Structural Properties of Macromolecules
What is a monomer?
A small molecule that can join together to form a polymer.
p.42
Role of RNA in Protein Synthesis
What is the function of tRNA?
To transport amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis.
p.25
Types and Functions of Carbohydrates
How does the water solubility of starch compare to cellulose?
Starch is more soluble than cellulose.
p.44
Triacylglycerol and Its Role in Energy Storage
What is the structure of triacylglycerol?
Three fatty acids joined to a glycerol molecule.
p.47
Role of RNA in Protein Synthesis
What role does rRNA play in protein synthesis?
It is a structural component of the ribosome.
p.34
Structural Properties of Proteins
What is a key characteristic of fibrous proteins?
They are insoluble in water.
p.26
Types and Functions of Carbohydrates
How does the structure of glycogen compare to amylopectin?
Glycogen has a branched structure similar to amylopectin, but with much more extensive branching.
p.39
Role of RNA in Protein Synthesis
What is the Central Dogma of molecular biology?
The process by which the information in genes flows into proteins: DNA -> RNA -> Protein.
p.20
Types and Functions of Carbohydrates
How do monosaccharides differ from disaccharides?
Monosaccharides consist of single sugar units, while disaccharides are composed of two monosaccharides linked together.
p.27
Structural Properties of Proteins
What are some dietary sources of amino acids?
Animal products like meat, poultry, eggs, fish; plant products like grains, legumes, and vegetables.
p.24
Types and Functions of Carbohydrates
Can humans digest cellulose?
No, humans do not possess the enzyme to digest cellulose.
p.25
Types and Functions of Carbohydrates
How does amylopectin differ from amylose?
Amylopectin contains considerable branching along the chain.
p.40
Role of RNA in Protein Synthesis
What is the structural characteristic of RNA?
Single-stranded and less stable than DNA.
p.43
Structural Properties of Proteins
What is the monomer for proteins?
Amino acids (20 different types).
p.43
Phospholipids and Membrane Structure
What components make up phospholipids?
Fatty acids, glycerol, phosphate, and an alcohol.
p.48
Structural Properties of Carbohydrates
What are the elements that make up carbohydrates?
Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), and Oxygen (O).
p.47
Structural Properties of Nucleic Acids
How do RNA molecules achieve secondary structure?
By forming hydrogen bonds between bases within the molecule, creating structures like hairpin loops.
p.48
Role of RNA in Protein Synthesis
What is the function of RNA?
It plays roles in protein synthesis.
p.5
Fatty Acids and Their Characteristics
What characterizes unsaturated fatty acids?
They contain one or more double bonds.
p.1
Types and Functions of Carbohydrates
What is the primary function of carbohydrates?
To provide energy and serve as structural components.
p.24
Structural Properties of Carbohydrates
What role does cellulose play in plants?
It provides support and rigidity to wood, plant stems, and grass.
p.27
Structural Properties of Proteins
What are the two categories of amino acids?
Essential and non-essential amino acids.
p.43
Structural Properties of Macromolecules
What are macromolecules?
Large molecules formed by joining many units of small molecules, known as monomers, together to form a polymer.
p.39
Role of RNA in Protein Synthesis
What is the first step in the Central Dogma?
Transcription, where DNA is converted into RNA.
p.35
Protein Structure: Primary to Quaternary
What is the function of transport proteins?
They carry substances across cell membranes and throughout the body.
p.40
Role of RNA in Protein Synthesis
What is the primary role of RNA?
Involved in protein biosynthesis.
p.42
Role of RNA in Protein Synthesis
What is the role of rRNA in the cell?
It forms the core of the ribosome's structure and catalyzes protein synthesis.
p.46
Structural Properties of Proteins
What is a polypeptide?
A long chain of amino acids.
p.44
Structural Properties of Lipids
What is the structure of steroids?
All steroids are derived from cholesterol and contain the characteristic cholesterol ring.
p.48
Protein Structure: Primary to Quaternary
What determines the function of a protein?
Its 3D confirmation, determined by its primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures.
p.48
Phospholipids and Membrane Structure
What is the role of phospholipids in cells?
They form the cell membrane.
p.47
Structural Properties of Nucleic Acids
What are the three components of a nucleotide?
Nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, and phosphate group.
p.34
Structural Properties of Proteins
What are fibrous proteins composed of?
Long linear polypeptide chains bundled together to form rods or sheets.
p.20
Types and Functions of Carbohydrates
What are monosaccharides?
The simplest form of carbohydrates, consisting of single sugar molecules.
p.24
Structural Properties of Carbohydrates
Where is cellulose primarily found?
In the cell walls of nearly all plants.
p.20
Types and Functions of Carbohydrates
Can you name a characteristic of monosaccharides?
They are sweet-tasting and soluble in water.
p.35
Protein Structure: Primary to Quaternary
What is the primary function of proteins in the body?
To serve as building blocks for tissues and organs.
p.4
Structural Properties of Lipids
How do biological lipids contribute to biological membranes?
They serve as structural elements.
p.10
Triacylglycerol and Its Role in Energy Storage
How are triacylglycerols broken down in the body?
Through a process called lipolysis, where they are hydrolyzed into glycerol and free fatty acids.
p.46
Structural Properties of Proteins
How many different amino acids are there?
20 different amino acids.
p.10
Triacylglycerol and Its Role in Energy Storage
What role does glycerol play in metabolism after the breakdown of triacylglycerol?
Glycerol can be converted into glucose through gluconeogenesis.
p.36
Structural Properties of Nucleic Acids
What is the pairing rule for guanine in DNA?
Guanine (G) must pair with Cytosine (C) using 3 hydrogen bonds.
p.42
Role of RNA in Protein Synthesis
What role does mRNA play in protein synthesis?
It carries the genetic information from DNA to the ribosome.
p.4
Structural Properties of Lipids
What is a nonpolar characteristic of lipids?
They are nonpolar compounds.
p.35
Protein Structure: Primary to Quaternary
How do structural proteins contribute to the body?
They provide support and shape to cells and tissues.
p.10
Triacylglycerol and Its Role in Energy Storage
What is the significance of triacylglycerol metabolism during fasting?
It provides a crucial energy source when glucose levels are low.
p.46
Protein Structure: Primary to Quaternary
What is quaternary protein structure?
Found only in proteins consisting of more than one polypeptide chain, where subunits interact to form the final shape.
p.46
Structural Properties of Proteins
How do the functions of proteins relate to their structure?
The functions are determined by their 3D structures, which are influenced by the arrangement of amino acid sequences.
p.45
Types and Functions of Carbohydrates
What is glycogen and where is it made and stored?
A polysaccharide made and stored in the liver and skeletal muscles.
p.45
Types and Functions of Carbohydrates
What is cellulose and where is it found?
A polysaccharide found in plant cell walls.
p.44
Phospholipids and Membrane Structure
What components make up phospholipids?
Two fatty acids, a glycerol molecule, a phosphate group, and an alcohol.
p.47
Role of RNA in Protein Synthesis
What is the role of tRNA in protein synthesis?
To carry amino acids to the ribosome.
p.46
Protein Structure: Primary to Quaternary
What is the primary structure of a protein?
The specific sequence of a chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
p.2
Types and Functions of Carbohydrates
What are the basic building blocks of life?
The basic building blocks of life include nucleotides, amino acids, fatty acids, and monosaccharides.
p.43
Structural Properties of Macromolecules
What are the four main types of macromolecules?
Nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids.
p.42
Role of RNA in Protein Synthesis
How does RNA differ from DNA?
RNA is single-stranded and contains uracil instead of thymine.
p.45
Types and Functions of Carbohydrates
What are examples of disaccharides?
Lactose, Maltose, Sucrose.
p.48
Structural Properties of Lipids
What are the main components of lipids?
Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), and Phosphorus (P) in phospholipids.
p.43
Structural Properties of Macromolecules
What is a polymer?
A large molecule formed from many monomers joined together by covalent bonds.
p.45
Types and Functions of Carbohydrates
What are monosaccharides?
The simplest carbohydrates that cannot be further hydrolyzed.
p.34
Structural Properties of Proteins
What types of proteins are typically globular?
Enzymes and transport proteins.
p.43
Triacylglycerol and Its Role in Energy Storage
What are the monomers that make up triacylglycerol?
Fatty acids and glycerol.
p.44
Structural Properties of Lipids
What is the structure of a fatty acid?
A long hydrophobic hydrocarbon chain with a hydrophilic carboxyl group (-COOH) at the end.
p.44
Phospholipids and Membrane Structure
What do two layers of phospholipids form?
Biological membranes like the plasma membrane.
p.24
Types and Functions of Carbohydrates
How does cellulose affect the digestive system?
It passes through without being metabolized.
p.43
Types and Functions of Carbohydrates
What is the monomer for carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides (e.g., glucose).
p.44
Triacylglycerol and Its Role in Energy Storage
What is the function of free fatty acids released from triacylglycerol?
They circulate in the blood and are taken up by cells to be metabolized for energy to form ATP.
p.44
Structural Properties of Lipids
What are some diverse functions of steroids?
Hormones (e.g., sex hormones, aldosterone, cortisol), vitamin D for intestinal absorption of Ca2+, and bile salts that aid digestion of lipids in the intestine.
p.47
Role of RNA in Protein Synthesis
What is the primary function of nucleic acids?
To serve as hereditary material and contain genetic codes for protein production.
p.34
Structural Properties of Proteins
Why are globular proteins important in blood?
They need to be soluble in blood and other aqueous environments.
p.47
Structural Properties of Nucleic Acids
Where is RNA located in the cell?
In the cytoplasm, associated with ribosomes.
p.47
Role of RNA in Protein Synthesis
What is the function of mRNA?
To carry the codes for protein synthesis from the nucleus to the ribosome.
