What does MRD1 measure?
Distance from the upper lid margin to the corneal reflex.
What is the winking phenomenon sign associated with?
Head tilting backwards (chin up).
p.4
Eyelid Abnormalities and Conditions
What is epicanthus?
A skin fold of the upper eyelid that covers the inner cornea.
p.24
Differential Diagnosis of Eyelid Disorders
What are the signs of Kaposi’s sarcoma on the eyelid?
Red-to-purple elevations on skin surfaces.
p.35
Lacrimal System Disorders
Which glands are primarily affected by Sjögren syndrome?
Salivary glands and tear glands.
p.9
Ectropion and Entropion
What are the symptoms of ectropion?
Tearing, as tears cannot be held and kept.
What does MRD2 measure?
Distance from the pupillary light reflex to the lower eyelid margin, normal being 4mm to 5.5mm.
p.1
Coloboma and Incomplete Eyelid Formation
What is a potential concern with incomplete eyelid formation?
Lack of protection of the conjunctiva.
p.11
Blepharitis and Its Management
What is blepharitis?
Inflammation of the lid margin.
p.2
Trichiasis and Eyelash Direction Issues
What is a secondary cause of trichiasis?
Acquired abnormal lid margin position.
p.11
Blepharitis and Its Management
How is blepharitis classified?
As anterior and posterior, and as infectious or non-infectious.
p.10
Eyelid Abnormalities and Conditions
What is Floppy Eyelid Syndrome characterized by?
A very loose and elastic upper eyelid that is easily pliant and everted.
Which nerves supply the pupil and eyelid?
Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves (motor branch of trigeminal and oculomotor nerve for the ptotic levator muscle).
p.9
Ectropion and Entropion
What causes cicatricial ectropion?
Burning of tissue, shrinkage, and scar formation around the eyelid.
p.13
Blepharitis and Its Management
What are common symptoms of Demodex blepharitis?
Eyelids stuck together on waking and itchiness.
p.4
Differential Diagnosis of Eyelid Disorders
What is a concern associated with epicanthus?
It can appear like esotropia.
p.20
Differential Diagnosis of Eyelid Disorders
What type of material is found in the central core of the bumps?
Cheese-like or waxy material that may discharge spontaneously.
p.13
Blepharitis and Its Management
What causes Demodex blepharitis?
Demodex mite infestation.
p.23
Differential Diagnosis of Eyelid Disorders
What is the appearance of squamous cell carcinoma?
Elevated at the edge with a depression at the center, resembling a volcano.
p.8
Eyelid Abnormalities and Conditions
What is dermatochalasis?
Excess skin on the upper eyelid that can cause a discrepancy in MRD measurements.
p.22
Eyelid Abnormalities and Conditions
Where is basal cell carcinoma usually found on the eyelid?
Usually at the lower lid margin.
p.18
Eyelid Abnormalities and Conditions
What are the characteristics of the eyelid that make it susceptible to dermatitis?
Thin, small amount of fat, and high vascularity.
p.10
Eyelid Abnormalities and Conditions
What is the etiology of Floppy Eyelid Syndrome?
Laxity of upper eyelid tissues.
p.22
Eyelid Abnormalities and Conditions
What is the common appearance of the anterior surface of the eyelid in elderly individuals?
Yellowish, wrinkled patches on the skin.
What is a common surgical management for ptosis?
Resection of levator aponeurosis or superior tarsal muscle.
p.32
Dry Eye Disease and Its Causes
What does it mean if a patient is asymptomatic?
They do not make any complaints despite potential ocular issues.
p.13
Blepharitis and Its Management
What is a management recommendation for Demodex blepharitis?
Refer to a general practitioner for medicated shampoos.
p.22
Eyelid Abnormalities and Conditions
What are the signs of actinic keratosis?
Reddish-brown scaly patches.
What does MRD2 measure?
Distance from the lower lid margin to the corneal reflex.
p.10
Eyelid Abnormalities and Conditions
What are the common signs and symptoms of Floppy Eyelid Syndrome?
Easily everted upper eyelid, chronic ocular irritation, papillary conjunctivitis, dryness, redness, and photosensitivity.
p.32
Dry Eye Disease and Its Causes
What does it mean if a patient has neuropathic pain?
They are sensitive to pain.
What can cause lagophthalmos?
Facial nerve problems, muscle problems, cicatrices, proptosis, enophthalmos, and floppy eyelid syndrome.
p.1
Goldenhar Syndrome and Limbal Dermoid
How is Goldenhar syndrome related to eyelid abnormalities?
It may be associated with coloboma and incomplete eyelid formation.
p.14
Blepharitis and Its Management
What is the primary treatment for posterior blepharitis?
Use of forceps for removal and tea tree oil.
p.17
Eyelid Abnormalities and Conditions
What symptoms may occur with a meibomian gland blockage?
Asymptomatic or symptomatic, tender to touch, and may cause blurred vision due to compression of the cornea.
p.29
Lacrimal System Disorders
What are the common treatments for dacryocystitis?
Systematic antibiotics, surgical rupture of abscess and drainage of pus, and dacryocystorhinostomy (external or endoscopic).
p.31
Dry Eye Disease and Its Causes
What is the purpose of implants that block the canaliculus?
To treat dry eye by avoiding evaporation.
p.11
Blepharitis and Its Management
What are common signs and symptoms of blepharitis?
Lid margin touching the ocular surface, foamy tears, and dry eye.
p.2
Trichiasis and Eyelash Direction Issues
What are the risks associated with trichiasis?
Inflammation, infection, scar formation, and corneal ulceration/erosions.
p.16
Eyelid Abnormalities and Conditions
Why might oral antibiotics be necessary for a stye?
Limited effect from topical antibiotics due to deep tissue involvement.
p.34
Dry Eye Disease and Its Causes
What environmental factors can exacerbate dry eye symptoms?
Air conditioning, reading, and fall/winter seasons.
p.35
Lacrimal System Disorders
What is Sjögren syndrome?
An autoimmune disease affecting the salivary and tear glands.
p.2
Trichiasis and Eyelash Direction Issues
When should a child be referred to a cosmetic surgeon for surgical repair of trichiasis?
Usually delayed until the child is several years old or above.
p.32
Dry Eye Disease and Its Causes
What are common symptoms associated with ocular conditions?
Discomfort and visual disturbances.
How is levator function assessed?
By measuring the amount of excursion when the eyelid moves from extreme downgaze to extreme upgaze, with normal being 13mm to 16mm.
p.7
Differential Diagnosis of Eyelid Disorders
What are some differential diagnoses for ptosis?
Dermatochalasis, chalazion, preseptal/orbital cellulitis.
p.25
Lacrimal System Disorders
What infections can lead to acute lacrimal system issues in children?
Following mumps and measles.
p.28
Lacrimal System Disorders
What is a common cause of acute dacryocystitis?
Bacterial infection, specifically Staphylococcus aureus, secondary to obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct.
What is lagophthalmos?
Incomplete closure of the eyelid, even with utmost voluntary effort.
p.21
Differential Diagnosis of Eyelid Disorders
What is a squamous cell papilloma?
A type of tumor that appears as several lumps grouped together, resembling raspberries.
p.5
Differential Diagnosis of Eyelid Disorders
What are two conditions included in the differential diagnosis of eyelid disorders?
Epicanthus and entropion.
p.9
Ectropion and Entropion
What is ectropion?
A condition where the eyelid turns outward, especially the lid margin.
What is MRD1 in eyelid assessment?
Distance from the upper lid margin to the corneal reflex, with a normal range of 4mm to 5mm.
p.25
Lacrimal System Disorders
What are the symptoms of dacryoadenitis?
Swollen and red eyelid, with inflammation of the skin next to the lacrimal gland.
p.26
Differential Diagnosis of Eyelid Disorders
What are common signs of an acute lid infection?
Acute lid sign, enlarged and inflamed gland, motility problems, and swollen lymph nodes.
p.3
Eyelid Abnormalities and Conditions
What is advised for asymptomatic patients regarding eyelid conditions?
To maintain good lid hygiene.
p.34
Blepharitis and Its Management
What is a common symptom of blepharitis upon waking?
Itching due to debris at the lid margin.
p.13
Blepharitis and Its Management
What are the risk factors for Demodex blepharitis?
Rosacea, corticosteroids, diabetes, and age.
p.30
Lacrimal System Disorders
What associated diseases are linked to congenital lacrimal fistula?
Dacryocystitis, lacrimal tract stenosis, and infection of the lower eyelid.
What happens to the lid margin in ptosis?
The lid margin can still be viewed despite the drooping.
p.33
Dry Eye Disease and Its Causes
What conditions related to goblet cells can lead to aqueous-deficient dry eye?
Cicatricial pemphigoid, trachoma, and Stevens-Johnson syndrome.
p.11
Blepharitis and Its Management
What are the signs of anterior blepharitis?
Involvement of the eyelash and secretory glands, yellow dry scales, dilation of capillaries, and inflammation.
p.24
Differential Diagnosis of Eyelid Disorders
Are most pigmented lesions on the lid skin melanomas?
No, most are not melanomas.
p.2
Trichiasis and Eyelash Direction Issues
What is an immediate referral condition in trichiasis?
If the cornea is at risk.
p.25
Lacrimal System Disorders
What is the concern level for acute lacrimal system issues?
Greater concern compared to chronic issues.
p.30
Lacrimal System Disorders
What is a common sign of a congenital lacrimal fistula?
Appearing as small orifices or pits that may go undetected.
p.15
Blepharitis and Its Management
What assessment technique is used during a slit lamp exam for eyelid disorders?
Gentle digital pressure to the center of the lower lid for a few seconds.
p.12
Eyelid Abnormalities and Conditions
What are the signs of a Staphylococcal infection at the lash base?
Yellow, brittle fibrinous scales formed by Staphylococcal debris and WBC.
p.23
Differential Diagnosis of Eyelid Disorders
What is the typical treatment for squamous cell carcinoma?
Surgical treatment, specifically excision and removal.
p.11
Blepharitis and Its Management
What distinguishes acute blepharitis from chronic blepharitis?
Acute is quick, while chronic is long-lasting.
p.2
Trichiasis and Eyelash Direction Issues
What is a method of treatment for trichiasis?
Mechanical epilation (removal of misdirected eyelashes).
p.28
Lacrimal System Disorders
What are the symptoms of dacryocystitis?
Very tender sac, epiphora, severe local pain of the inner canthus.
p.33
Dry Eye Disease and Its Causes
What medications can cause aqueous-deficient dry eye?
Parasympatholytic drugs, antihistamines, antipsychotics, and beta-blockers.
p.21
Differential Diagnosis of Eyelid Disorders
What are some differential diagnoses for eyelid tumors?
Chalazion, hordeolum, molluscum contagiosum, xanthelasma, lid carcinoma.
p.20
Differential Diagnosis of Eyelid Disorders
In which age group are papillomas usually found?
Typically in middle-aged and elderly individuals.
p.3
Eyelid Abnormalities and Conditions
What is distichiasis?
An extra row of eyelashes from the meibomian gland.
p.17
Eyelid Abnormalities and Conditions
What is lipogranulomatous inflammation of the meibomian gland?
It is inflammation caused by blockage of the orifice of the meibomian gland, leading to accumulated and solidified material.
p.1
Goldenhar Syndrome and Limbal Dermoid
What are elevated lumps with eye follicles associated with?
Goldenhar syndrome or limbal dermoid.
p.2
Trichiasis and Eyelash Direction Issues
What characterizes congenital trichiasis?
Eyelashes directed posteriorly towards the eye with a normal lid margin position.
p.32
Dry Eye Disease and Its Causes
What is a sign of ocular disease that may occur without symptoms?
Predisposition to dry eye.
p.4
Eyelid Abnormalities and Conditions
What is epiblepharon?
A congenital disorder where the pretarsal orbicularis and skin override the lid margin, causing lashes to assume a vertical position.
What is a concern related to ptosis?
Amblyopia due to insufficient visual stimulus.
p.15
Blepharitis and Its Management
What is hypersecretion in the context of eyelid disorders?
Excessive amounts of poor quality meibum.
p.20
Differential Diagnosis of Eyelid Disorders
What is the management for the skin lesions?
Referral for surgical removal, incision and curettage, or cryotherapy.
What should be assessed in a patient with suspected ptosis?
History and MRD measurements.
p.23
Differential Diagnosis of Eyelid Disorders
How does squamous cell carcinoma spread?
It spreads to regional lymph nodes via the lymphatic system.
p.18
Eyelid Abnormalities and Conditions
What is a common source of allergy in eyelid dermatitis?
Benzalkonium chloride (BAK) from ophthalmic solutions.
p.26
Differential Diagnosis of Eyelid Disorders
What are the signs of chronic lid infections?
Swollen eyelid (tender and sensitive to touch) and motility problems.
p.31
Dry Eye Disease and Its Causes
What is the management option for canaliculitis?
Surgical intervention (canaliculotomy).
p.33
Dry Eye Disease and Its Causes
What physiological factors can contribute to aqueous-deficient dry eye?
Aging and reduced androgen levels.
p.33
Dry Eye Disease and Its Causes
What is Sjögren's syndrome?
An autoimmune disease that decreases tear production.
What surgical option involves implanting a weight to assist eyelid closure?
Gold weight implantation.
p.35
Lacrimal System Disorders
Is Sjögren syndrome a type of autoimmune disease?
Yes, it is an autoimmune disease.
p.17
Eyelid Abnormalities and Conditions
What are the signs of a meibomian gland blockage?
Immobile, hard, nodular swelling within 5mm from the lid margin, with an elevated area seen upon everted eyelid.
p.20
Differential Diagnosis of Eyelid Disorders
What is the typical appearance of the bumps described?
Pearl-like and dome-shaped with a central crater (umbilication).
p.4
Eyelid Abnormalities and Conditions
What symptoms can occur due to epiblepharon?
Itchiness of the eye and potential corneal rubbing.
p.21
Differential Diagnosis of Eyelid Disorders
What should be asked regarding seborrheic keratosis during patient evaluation?
Onset, any changes in pigment, and any associated blood vessels.
What happens to the strength of the lid in dermatochalasis?
The lid loses strength to hold lipid tissue, making the lid margin less visible.
p.20
Differential Diagnosis of Eyelid Disorders
What type of tumor is a haemangioma of the eyelid?
A benign tumor of blood vessels.
p.11
Blepharitis and Its Management
What treatments are available for blepharitis?
Antibiotics (gel or ointment), antibiotic/steroid combinations, and possibly oral medications if unresponsive.
p.10
Eyelid Abnormalities and Conditions
How does obesity contribute to Floppy Eyelid Syndrome?
Adipose cells secrete leptin, which increases the activation of MMP-7 & 9, damaging elastin fibers of the tarsal plate.
p.3
Eyelid Abnormalities and Conditions
What condition can cause the inside of the eyelid to scar severely?
Trachomatous conjunctival scarring.
p.14
Blepharitis and Its Management
What is a sign of meibomian gland dysfunction?
Waxy blockage with telangiectasia (dilated papillae).
p.26
Differential Diagnosis of Eyelid Disorders
What is the management approach for chronic lid infections?
Treat the underlying cause.
p.14
Blepharitis and Its Management
What supplementary treatments can be used for posterior blepharitis?
Omega-3 supplements and tetracycline.
p.17
Eyelid Abnormalities and Conditions
What results from the blockage of a meibomian gland?
A nodular cyst, which is a lump commonly found at the upper eyelid.
p.2
Trichiasis and Eyelash Direction Issues
Who should perform the surgical repair for trichiasis?
A plastic surgeon, not just a general ophthalmologist.
p.4
Eyelid Abnormalities and Conditions
In which population is epicanthus most common?
Common in Asia due to a lower nose bridge.
p.26
Differential Diagnosis of Eyelid Disorders
What is the usual origin of lid infections?
Usually infectious, especially of viral origin such as mumps, herpes simplex, and herpes zoster.
p.1
Coloboma and Incomplete Eyelid Formation
What risk does an incomplete eyelid pose to the cornea?
The cornea is at risk of exposure keratitis and scarring.
What usually causes bilateral ptosis?
A systemic problem, often dermatochalasis.
p.31
Dry Eye Disease and Its Causes
What is a sign of a swollen punctal orifice?
Turning outward (pouting).
p.12
Eyelid Abnormalities and Conditions
What symptom is commonly associated with Staphylococcal infection?
Pain sensation in the lid margin.
p.12
Eyelid Abnormalities and Conditions
What is the management for Staphylococcal infection?
Refer to a general practitioner for topical antibiotic ointment.
What is ptosis?
An abnormal position of the upper eyelid.
p.10
Eyelid Abnormalities and Conditions
What ocular problems can arise from Floppy Eyelid Syndrome?
Corneal scarring, ulceration, dry eye syndrome, and blepharitis.
p.12
Eyelid Abnormalities and Conditions
What are the signs of seborrhea around the eyelashes?
Greasy appearance and scaly material collecting along the lashes.
p.18
Ectropion and Entropion
What are the types of entropion?
Senile, spastic, and cicatricial.
p.14
Blepharitis and Its Management
What bacteria are involved in causing tear film disturbance in posterior blepharitis?
Staphylococcus epidermidis and S. aureus.
p.33
Dry Eye Disease and Its Causes
What are the causes of evaporative dry eye?
Issues with meibomian glands, lid problems, conjunctival problems, contact lenses, and thyroid issues.
p.27
Lacrimal System Disorders
What is stenosis of the lacrimal sac?
Blockage at the nasal lacrimal duct causing tears to not drain away, leading to inflammation.
What should be checked whenever there is ptosis?
Pupil size, as there may be anisocoria.
p.9
Ectropion and Entropion
What is a potential complication of ectropion?
Cornea may dry up due to insufficient tear nourishment on the ocular surface.
p.9
Ectropion and Entropion
What are the risks associated with ectropion?
Exposure keratitis, epiphora, and irritation.
What indicates poor levator function?
An excursion of 4mm or less.
p.12
Eyelid Abnormalities and Conditions
What type of infection is associated with madarosis?
Staphylococcal infection.
What happens to the upper eyelid in dermatochalasis?
It loses tension and cannot carry the tissue, mechanically pulling the lid down.
p.20
Differential Diagnosis of Eyelid Disorders
What are some differential diagnoses for the described skin lesions?
Warts (verruca vulgaris), chicken pox (varicella), and papilloma.
How does ptosis differ from dermatochalasis?
Ptosis involves a problem with the levator muscle or Miller's muscle, while dermatochalasis is excess skin.
p.29
Lacrimal System Disorders
What are the signs of dacryocystitis?
Swollen sac and watering/discharge from punctum due to obstruction.
p.11
Blepharitis and Its Management
What is seborrheic blepharitis?
A type of blepharitis with active secretory glands causing excessive secretion and inflammation.
p.2
Trichiasis and Eyelash Direction Issues
Why might short new hairs have a stronger scratching force in trichiasis?
Because they regrow after mechanical epilation.
p.28
Lacrimal System Disorders
What happens during canalicular obstruction in dacryocystitis?
Tears begin to accumulate, leading to inflammation and infection.
p.14
Blepharitis and Its Management
What happens when the opening of the meibomian gland orifice is blocked?
It affects the lipid layer of the tear film, leading to evaporation and dry eye.
p.33
Dry Eye Disease and Its Causes
What is a neurotrophic cause of dry eye?
Damage to corneal nerves leading to decreased reflex tearing, often post-refractive surgery.
p.31
Dry Eye Disease and Its Causes
What are neurosensory abnormalities?
Symptoms present without signs.
p.14
Blepharitis and Its Management
What is hyposecretion in the context of meibomian gland dysfunction?
Low production of meibum.
p.25
Lacrimal System Disorders
What is a key difference between acute and chronic lacrimal system issues?
Acute is usually unilateral, while chronic is usually bilateral.
p.4
Eyelid Abnormalities and Conditions
Where are epicanthal folds commonly found?
At the inner canthus, covering the caruncle.
What is the purpose of upper eyelid blepharoplasty?
To remove fatty tissue and tighten the upper eyelid.
p.21
Differential Diagnosis of Eyelid Disorders
What is seborrheic keratosis?
A benign tumor involving basal cells, common in middle-aged and older individuals.
p.23
Differential Diagnosis of Eyelid Disorders
What is a characteristic growth pattern of squamous cell carcinoma?
Grows slowly, no metastasis but may invade adjacent tissues.
p.28
Lacrimal System Disorders
What are the signs of dacryocystitis?
Eye displaced inferiorly and nasally, swollen sac, abscess formation with pus, tearing, secondary conjunctivitis, mucoid discharge in the morning.
p.16
Eyelid Abnormalities and Conditions
What is the initial treatment for a stye?
Warm compression for 5 to 10 minutes, bid or qid.
p.26
Differential Diagnosis of Eyelid Disorders
What is a common management strategy for acute lid infections?
Local warm compress and referral for antibiotics to prevent secondary infection.
p.33
Dry Eye Disease and Its Causes
What is aqueous-deficient dry eye?
A condition characterized by decreased quantity or poor quality of tears.
p.32
Dry Eye Disease and Its Causes
What is a pre-clinical state in ocular conditions?
A very mild stage with symptoms but no signs.
What visual issue may occur due to ptosis?
The pupil may be blocked, although good visual acuity may still be present due to a pinhole effect.
p.3
Differential Diagnosis of Eyelid Disorders
What are some differential diagnoses for eyelid disorders?
Blepharitis, distichiasis, trachoma.
What complications can arise from lagophthalmos?
Exposure keratitis due to corneal exposure.
p.29
Lacrimal System Disorders
What is the typical management for blockage in newborns?
Blockage usually resolves within the first 6 months; otherwise, nasolacrimal probing at 12 months may be necessary.
p.31
Dry Eye Disease and Its Causes
What does NEI stand for in the context of dry eye?
Eye not producing tears properly or evaporating too quickly.
p.19
Eyelid Abnormalities and Conditions
What are the signs of Molluscum Contagiosum?
Bumps on the skin, including the eyelids and eyelid margins.
p.18
Ectropion and Entropion
What are the risks associated with entropion?
Lid margin turning towards the globe, eyelashes touching the cornea, and potential infection.
p.33
Dry Eye Disease and Its Causes
What symptoms are associated with dry eye?
Grittiness, irritation, itching (worse during the day), and photophobia.
p.9
Ectropion and Entropion
What type of ectropion is common in the elderly?
Senile ectropion, which is age-related (involutional).
p.22
Eyelid Abnormalities and Conditions
What condition is related to hyperlipidemia affecting the eyelids?
Cholesterol deposits on the skin.
p.17
Eyelid Abnormalities and Conditions
What is a common treatment for a meibomian gland blockage?
Increased temperature with warm compress to melt hardened meibum, and possibly antibiotics for severe cases.
p.17
Eyelid Abnormalities and Conditions
What management options are available for persistent chalazion?
Referral for intralesional steroid injection or surgical intervention if the condition persists.
p.15
Blepharitis and Its Management
What are common symptoms of eyelid disorders?
Foreign body sensation, epiphora, glare, tired eyes, and excessive blinking.
p.21
Differential Diagnosis of Eyelid Disorders
What are the typical characteristics of seborrheic keratosis?
Flatly elevated, usually brown but can also be black.
p.20
Differential Diagnosis of Eyelid Disorders
What are some ocular symptoms associated with the skin lesions?
Redness, watering, photophobia, and blurring of vision.
p.13
Blepharitis and Its Management
What is a sign of Demodex blepharitis?
Cylindrical crusting around the base of eyelashes.
p.18
Eyelid Abnormalities and Conditions
What are the symptoms of allergic eyelid dermatitis?
Redness, edema, pain, and itching.
p.10
Eyelid Abnormalities and Conditions
What are some risk factors associated with Floppy Eyelid Syndrome?
Obesity, stomach sleepers, obstructive sleep apnea, and keratoconus.
p.32
Dry Eye Disease and Its Causes
What is the significance of referral in ocular disease management?
It is part of the differential diagnosis process.
What are the characteristics of congenital ptosis?
Usually unilateral and may be associated with other cranial nerve III muscle issues.
p.28
Lacrimal System Disorders
What role do inflammatory cytokines play in dacryocystitis?
They induce changes in the mucosal cellular structure, contributing to infection.
p.34
Dry Eye Disease and Its Causes
What does the Phenol red test measure?
Tear production using a cotton thread.
p.14
Blepharitis and Its Management
What indicates that no secretion is expressed in meibomian gland dysfunction?
No secretion is expressed under gentle digital pressure of the central lower lid.
p.17
Eyelid Abnormalities and Conditions
What is a concern with recurrence in the same location of a meibomian gland blockage?
It raises concern for potential cancer, specifically sebaceous gland carcinoma.
p.30
Lacrimal System Disorders
What are the symptoms of a congenital lacrimal fistula?
Often asymptomatic, but may include drainage of a mucoid discharge or epiphora.
p.26
Differential Diagnosis of Eyelid Disorders
What symptoms are associated with motility problems in lid infections?
Local pain and diplopia at particular gaze.
p.30
Lacrimal System Disorders
What is the management for a congenital lacrimal fistula?
Surgical excision of the fistula.
p.15
Blepharitis and Its Management
What signs indicate thickened meibum?
Meibum is thicker, opaque, and has a more yellow color; frothy tears are also present.
p.21
Differential Diagnosis of Eyelid Disorders
What are the management options for eyelid tumors like seborrheic keratosis?
Referral for surgical excision.
p.20
Differential Diagnosis of Eyelid Disorders
What is a characteristic of the regression of a haemangioma?
It can resolve itself with only cosmetic concerns.
p.23
Differential Diagnosis of Eyelid Disorders
What are the signs of sebaceous gland carcinoma?
Red thickening of the upper eyelid with loss of eyelashes and swelling.
p.12
Eyelid Abnormalities and Conditions
Is there bacteria involved in seborrhea?
No, there is no bacteria involved.
p.23
Differential Diagnosis of Eyelid Disorders
What is the treatment for swelling associated with eyelid conditions?
Warm compress and lid scrub.
p.33
Dry Eye Disease and Its Causes
What are some signs of dry eye?
Bulbar redness, punctate epithelial erosion, and filamentary keratitis.
p.27
Lacrimal System Disorders
What is a benign mixed-cell tumor of the lacrimal gland?
A slow-growing tumor more common in males aged 20 to 50, excised with good prognosis.
p.32
Dry Eye Disease and Its Causes
What is indicated by hypoaesthesia of the corneal nerve?
Increased staining due to corneal sensitivity issues.
p.4
Eyelid Abnormalities and Conditions
What is the treatment for epiblepharon?
Usually resolves spontaneously with age; epilation is not recommended due to potential changes in lid morphology.
p.4
Trichiasis and Eyelash Direction Issues
What is the secondary cause of trichiasis related to epiblepharon?
The lashes rub the cornea due to their vertical position.
p.30
Lacrimal System Disorders
What can cause an acquired lacrimal fistula?
It may be a complication of dacryocystitis when the inflamed area with pus ruptures.
p.23
Differential Diagnosis of Eyelid Disorders
What type of surgeon is involved in the treatment of eyelid cancers?
Plastic surgeon for reconstructing facial features.
p.16
Eyelid Abnormalities and Conditions
What is the cause of a stye?
Infectious bacterial infection of the secretory gland of eyelashes.
p.21
Differential Diagnosis of Eyelid Disorders
What is xanthelasma?
A tumor of new tissue growth, often associated with cholesterol deposits.
p.10
Eyelid Abnormalities and Conditions
What are the treatment options for Floppy Eyelid Syndrome?
Lubrication, eyelid taping, and upper eyelid blepharoplasty.
p.15
Blepharitis and Its Management
What does internal hordeolum refer to?
Infection of the meibomian gland.
p.18
Differential Diagnosis of Eyelid Disorders
What are some differential diagnoses for entropion?
Trachoma, trichiasis, distichiasis, and dermatochalasis.
p.16
Eyelid Abnormalities and Conditions
What is a common external sign of a stye?
Developed quickly and painful.
p.26
Differential Diagnosis of Eyelid Disorders
What is a common infectious cause of chronic lid infections?
Syphilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Tuberculosis.
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Lacrimal System Disorders
What is the treatment for dacryocystitis?
Surgical excision with good prognosis.
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Blepharitis and Its Management
What should a patient do to help diagnose Demodex blepharitis?
Look down to observe the tail of the Demodex mite on the eyelashes.
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Lacrimal System Disorders
What are the causes of lacrimal canaliculitis?
Blockage by intracanalicular concretions (primary canaliculitis) or by an intracanalicular plug (secondary canaliculitis), leading to bacterial infection.
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Ectropion and Entropion
Which eyelid is usually affected by entropion?
Usually the lower eyelid.
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Eyelid Abnormalities and Conditions
What is Molluscum Contagiosum?
A localized dermal infection caused by a poxvirus, commonly seen in children and immunocompromised patients.
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Differential Diagnosis of Eyelid Disorders
What is suspected when a chalazion or hordeolum recurs at the same location?
Sebaceous gland carcinoma.
What are some syndromes associated with neurogenic ptosis?
Cranial nerve III palsy, Horner’s syndrome, and Marcus Gunn syndrome.
What is nocturnal lagophthalmos?
Lagophthalmos that occurs only during sleep.
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Lacrimal System Disorders
What is lacrimal canaliculitis?
Inflammation of the canaliculus.
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Blepharitis and Its Management
Why are eye drops not recommended for blepharitis?
Because they can't stay in the lid margin for long.
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Dry Eye Disease and Its Causes
Which diseases can affect the lacrimal gland and cause aqueous-deficient dry eye?
Tuberculosis (TB), leukemia, sarcoidosis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis, and CN7 issues.
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Blepharitis and Its Management
What is a hordeolum?
An infectious infection (staphylococcal) of lid glands, which may occur with blepharitis.
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Eyelid Abnormalities and Conditions
What are the two types of distichiasis?
Congenital (autosomal dominant) and acquired (due to chronic inflammation).
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Eyelid Abnormalities and Conditions
What are some treatment options for distichiasis?
Surgical everting the lid, mechanical epilation, electrolysis, cryotherapy, laser photoablation.
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Ectropion and Entropion
What is the management for entropion?
Plastic surgery to reform the orientation of the lid margin.
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Lacrimal System Disorders
What are the treatment options for lacrimal sac stenosis?
Dilation of punctum, Dacryocystoplasty, and Dacryocystorhinostomy.
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Blepharitis and Its Management
What is a characteristic appearance associated with Demodex blepharitis?
Lid margin telangiectasia.
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Lacrimal System Disorders
What diagnostic tests are used for dacryocystitis?
Do Jones test in adults, Schirmer testing, and phenol red thread test.
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Ectropion and Entropion
What is entropion?
A condition where the lid margin turns inward, causing eyelashes to rub on the cornea.
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Lacrimal System Disorders
What is a lacrimal fistula?
An opening between the sac or canaliculus on the skin (extra opening).
What is aponeurotic ptosis?
Caused by involutional changes, repetitive eyelid traction, or muscle connection problems.
What is mechanical ptosis?
Caused by lid edema or hematoma making the eyelid too heavy.
What is neurogenic ptosis related to?
The nerve supply innervating the eyelid.
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Lacrimal System Disorders
What is Dacryocystorhinostomy?
Creation of an artificial channel for tears to drain through.
What can be suspected after upper eyelid surgery?
Ptosis may be suspected post-surgery.
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Lacrimal System Disorders
What genetic pattern may lacrimal canaliculitis follow?
May be autosomal dominant.
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Dry Eye Disease and Its Causes
What is DEWS in relation to dry eye?
A multi-factorial disease characterized by loss of homeostasis of the tear film.
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Lacrimal System Disorders
What is epiphora?
Tearing due to blockage in the nasal lacrimal passages.
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Blepharitis and Its Management
What characterizes infectious anterior blepharitis?
Red lid margin and severe inflammation.
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Ectropion and Entropion
What are common symptoms of entropion?
Foreign body sensation and epiphora (tearing).
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Blepharitis and Its Management
What are some treatments for posterior blepharitis?
Lid scrubs, warm compress, and antibiotic ointment (chloramphenicol).
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Lacrimal System Disorders
What is Dacryocystoplasty?
Enlargement of the nasal lacrimal duct to facilitate tear flow.
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Differential Diagnosis of Eyelid Disorders
What are some differential diagnoses for Floppy Eyelid Syndrome?
Blepharitis and dry eye syndrome.
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Differential Diagnosis of Eyelid Disorders
What conditions can be confused with distichiasis?
Trichiasis and entropion.
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Blepharitis and Its Management
What is a sign of reduced tear break-up time (TBUT) in meibomian gland dysfunction?
Reduced TBUT (<10 seconds).
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Lacrimal System Disorders
What are the signs of a benign lacrimal gland tumor?
Painless proptosis and eye displacement inferiorly and nasally.
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Lacrimal System Disorders
What characterizes carcinoma of the lacrimal gland?
Affects adults aged 40 to 50, is rapid, and can metastasize via blood and lymph.
