Department of Pharmacy.
Dr. Omeed Jalil.
202 4.
Pharmacology.
The effects of drugs on the body and the effects of the body on drugs.
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.
Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion.
The mechanisms and effects of drugs on the body.
Pharmacology I.
3rd Semester.
Any substance that can be introduced into a living organism to produce a biological effect.
Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion.
As enhancers or inhibitors.
Metabolism.
Absorption.
Panadol, Calpol, Adol.
Absorption.
Metabolism.
n-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamide.
To increase the polarity of drugs for excretion by the kidney or bile.
To convert the drug to a more water-soluble form for easier excretion.
Increased chance of toxicity due to prolonged drug action.
They decrease the rate of metabolism of other drugs.
Only a free drug will produce a biological effect and be metabolized.
Portal circulation, then the liver, followed by systemic circulation.
Absorption.
Drug biotransformation.
Excretion.
Human insulin.
Morphine-6-glucuronide, which is more potent than morphine.
Drugs typically have small-sized molecules that can be filtered easily.
Metabolism.
Distribution.
Acid drugs.
They enhance enzyme activity, leading to an increased metabolic rate and decreased activity of the drug.
It should be sufficiently water soluble (polar).
It can decrease metabolism, potentially leading to drug toxicity.
The breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones, releasing energy.
Drugs with high PPB have low Vd.
The removal of a drug from the body.
It becomes ionised.
Distribution.
Antihypertensive.
Most drugs are weak organic acids or bases.
It needs to reach its site of action by crossing more than one membrane.
Cytochrome P450 enzymes.
Paracetamol.
The drug needs to reach the stomach.
The process by which substances are expelled from a cell, often involving large molecules.
Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
Majority of drugs.
100%.
Ionised.
They tend to be ionised and unable to penetrate cell membranes.
Absorption.
Morphine and digoxin.
Penicillin and streptomycin.
A mechanism through which drugs cross cell membranes without energy expenditure.
Basic drugs, such as opioids.
The study of how drugs move through the body.
The time required to eliminate 50% of a given amount or to decrease plasma level to 50% of a former level.
The synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones, requiring energy.
Carbon dioxide and water.
Bioavailability.
In the small intestine.
Distribution.
Distribution.
Metabolism.
Excretion.
Kidney.
Some drugs may need only Phase I, while others may need both Phase I and II.
Catabolism and anabolism.
The activity of the drug decreases.
The process through which administered drugs reach the bloodstream (plasma).
Less than 100%.
Ionised drugs are polar, water-soluble, and have low diffusion through cell membranes.
To treat, prevent, or diagnose a disease and to improve the lifestyle of a patient.
Insulin and heparin.
Excretion.
Drug activity may increase, decrease, be inactivated, or not changed.
It is important for researchers who work with the drug at a chemical level.
Phase I and Phase II.
Carbamazepine and Phenytoin.
Renal diseases due to decreases in GFR.
Pharmacokinetics focuses on how the body affects a drug, while pharmacodynamics focuses on how the drug affects the body.
The dispersion of a drug throughout the fluids and tissues of the body.
Breast milk.
They are difficult to remove by hemodialysis.
Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion.
The majority of drugs (ligands) have a specific shape that allows them to bind to specific sites called 'receptors'.
Generic or Non-proprietary Name.
Hepatotoxicity may occur.
Usually inactive, with some exceptions.
A form of endocytosis used to transport very large drug molecules into cells.
Cimetidine and Chloramphenicol.
Solution > Suspension > Tablet.
Morphine.
Unionised.
The specific biochemical interaction through which a drug produces its effects.
It traps aspirin, increasing its diuresis.
Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion.
Iron and Zinc.
Excretion.
Acetaminophen.
Glucuronic acid, sulfuric acid, acetic acid, and others.
It can make the drug less active, inactive, or more active.
A mechanism that requires energy to move drugs against a concentration gradient across cell membranes.
Neonates have an incomplete liver system, affecting metabolism.
Pharmacokinetics focuses on drug movement, while pharmacodynamics focuses on drug effects.
Energy and movement against the concentration gradient.
They catalyze biochemical reactions, speeding up metabolic processes.
Only the free drug is available for excretion.
Low albumin levels can result in a high level of free drug, leading to potential toxicity.
Distribution.
Barbiturates are weak acids, and amphetamines are weak bases.
Aspirin and paracetamol.
They increase the rate of metabolism of other drugs.
It binds reversibly to plasma proteins like Albumin until equilibrium is achieved between free and bound drug.
To the intestine.
CYP450.
IV > IM > SC > Oral > Skin.
PPB delays the metabolism of drugs.
Drugs with high PPB have a longer duration of action.
In the stomach.
They inhibit enzyme activity, leading to a decreased metabolic rate and prolonged drug action.
A process that allows drugs to cross cell membranes with the help of carrier proteins, without using energy.
Yes, some drugs may be excreted directly without needing Phase I or II.
The effects of drugs on the body and their mechanisms of action.
It helps in determining the appropriate dosage and frequency of administration.
Stools.
Nitrous oxide and Halothane.
Drugs with higher affinity can displace drugs with lower affinity, causing a sudden increase in the level of the free drug with lower affinity.
The conversion of food into energy and building blocks for growth.
Carrier proteins and transmembrane carrier proteins.
The process by which a drug enters the bloodstream.
The chemical alteration of a drug by the body.
Unintended and harmful effects of a drug.
They are uncharged, lipid-soluble, and have better diffusion through cell membranes.
Only to a small extent.
The pH of the media.
It remains unionised.
