p.21
Epidermal Layers and Differentiation
What is the junction between the epidermis and dermis called?
Epidermal ridge (rete ridge).
p.9
Epidermal Layers and Differentiation
What is the stratum lucidum?
A clear, translucent layer present only in thick skin, such as the palm and sole.
p.9
Epidermal Layers and Differentiation
Where is the stratum lucidum found?
In thick skin, like the palm and sole.
p.33
Hair Follicle Anatomy and Function
What type of tissue is found in the dermal papilla?
Vascularized loose connective tissue.
p.13
Epidermal Layers and Differentiation
What type of cells are basal cells in the stratum basale?
Cuboidal to low columnar cells.
p.13
Keratinocyte Function and Structure
What is the characteristic of basal cells regarding ribosomes?
They are basophilic due to free ribosomes.
p.36
Types of Sweat Glands
What are the two main types of sweat glands?
Eccrine sweat glands and apocrine sweat glands.
p.12
Cells of the Epidermis
Where do keratinocytes originate?
In the basal layer of the epidermis.
p.28
Epidermal Skin Appendages
What are the main types of epidermal skin appendages?
Hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and nails.
p.34
Epidermal Skin Appendages
Where is the arrector pili located?
From the dermis to the deep-lying hair follicle.
p.36
Types of Sweat Glands
What is the primary function of eccrine sweat glands?
To regulate body temperature through sweat production.
What are dermal papillae?
Structures that form fingerprints (dermatoglyphics) and enhance grip.
What type of epithelium is the epidermis composed of?
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
p.6
Epidermal Layers and Differentiation
What is the process of differentiation in the epidermis?
A specialized form of apoptosis.
p.10
Epidermal Layers and Differentiation
What are the characteristics of thick skin?
It has all five epidermal layers but no hair follicles, arrector pili muscle, or sebaceous glands.
p.32
Hair Follicle Anatomy and Function
What is the function of the cortex in hair?
It consists of cuboidal cells filled with hard keratin, determining the texture, elasticity, and color of hair.
p.35
Epidermal Skin Appendages
What is the sebaceous gland an outgrowth of?
The external root sheath.
p.8
Cells of the Epidermis
What types of cells are found in the stratum spinosum?
Prickle (spinous) cells and Langerhans’ cells.
p.14
Keratinocyte Function and Structure
What are tonofilaments?
Keratin filaments found in keratinocytes.
p.28
Types of Sweat Glands
What is the primary function of sweat glands?
To regulate body temperature through perspiration.
p.16
Keratinocyte Function and Structure
What are tonofibrils?
Keratin fibrils that form soft keratin.
p.25
Sensory Receptors of the Skin
What type of sensation does Ruffini’s corpuscle respond to?
Sustained pressure and skin stretch.
p.41
Epidermal Skin Appendages
What is the function of the matrix in the nail?
Cells for nail development.
p.26
Sensory Receptors of the Skin
What type of sensory receptor is Meissner’s corpuscle?
An encapsulated nerve ending.
What are Langer lines?
Orientation of fibers in the reticular layer.
p.34
Epidermal Skin Appendages
What is the function of arrector pili?
It is a smooth muscle that connects from the dermis to the deep-lying hair follicle.
p.33
Hair Follicle Anatomy and Function
What is the external root sheath?
A continuation of the epidermis.
p.35
Epidermal Skin Appendages
What are the main cell types found in the sebaceous gland?
Sebocytes and basal cells.
p.27
Sensory Receptors of the Skin
What type of sensory receptor is the Pacinian corpuscle?
An encapsulated nerve ending.
p.41
Epidermal Skin Appendages
What is the nail plate composed of?
Keratinized epithelial cells (hard keratin).
p.3
Epidermal Layers and Differentiation
What are the three main layers of the skin?
Epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis (subcutaneous fascia).
p.19
Cells of the Epidermis
What is the primary function of Langerhans' cells?
They are antigen-presenting cells.
What types of collagen fibers are present in the papillary layer?
Type I and type III collagen fibers.
p.16
Epidermal Layers and Differentiation
What is desquamation?
Proteolytic degradation of desmosomes.
p.39
Epidermal Skin Appendages
What type of epithelium is found in the duct segment of eccrine sweat glands?
Stratified cuboidal epithelium.
What type of collagen fibers are predominant in the reticular layer?
Bundles of type I collagen fibers.
p.42
Functions of the Integumentary System
What is the primary function of the integumentary system?
To protect the body and regulate temperature.
p.38
Epidermal Skin Appendages
What do clear cells in eccrine sweat glands produce?
The watery component of sweat.
What is the role of sweat glands?
To produce sweat for thermoregulation and excretion.
p.32
Hair Follicle Anatomy and Function
What is the medulla in the hair shaft?
A keratinized cell with soft keratin, found only in thick hairs.
p.32
Hair Follicle Anatomy and Function
What is the cuticle in the hair structure?
The outermost layer of hair that provides protection.
p.11
Cells of the Epidermis
What is the function of Merkel's cell in the epidermis?
It is involved in the sensation of touch.
p.25
Sensory Receptors of the Skin
What type of sensory receptor is a free nerve ending?
It detects fine touch, temperature, and pain.
p.8
Epidermal Layers and Differentiation
What happens to cells as they move from the stratum spinosum to the surface?
They mature, increase in size, and become flattened.
What is the primary function of the dermis?
To provide structural support and nourishment to the skin.
p.26
Sensory Receptors of the Skin
Where are Pacinian corpuscles located?
In the deep dermis and hypodermis.
p.7
Epidermal Layers and Differentiation
What is the deepest layer of the epidermis called?
Stratum basale (stratum germinativum).
p.39
Epidermal Skin Appendages
What types of cells are present in the secretory segment of eccrine sweat glands?
Clear cells and dark cells.
p.10
Epidermal Layers and Differentiation
What is a key feature of thin skin?
It has a thin stratum corneum and no definite stratum lucidum.
What type of cells are primarily found in the dermis?
Fibroblasts, macrophages, and mast cells.
p.4
Functions of the Integumentary System
How does the integumentary system contribute to homeostasis?
By regulating body temperature and water.
p.33
Hair Follicle Anatomy and Function
What is the function of the dermal papilla in hair follicles?
It provides vascularized loose connective tissue.
p.9
Cells of the Epidermis
What is the characteristic of the cells in the stratum lucidum?
They are anucleate and lack organelles.
p.26
Sensory Receptors of the Skin
What type of sensory receptor is the Pacinian corpuscle?
An encapsulated nerve ending.
p.12
Keratinocyte Function and Structure
What structure do keratinocytes form?
Keratin intermediate filaments.
p.41
Epidermal Skin Appendages
What does the nail bed continue with?
Stratum basale and stratum spinosum.
p.12
Functions of the Integumentary System
What is the function of the epidermal water barrier?
To prevent water loss from the skin.
p.27
Sensory Receptors of the Skin
What is the structure of a Pacinian corpuscle?
A spiral nerve fiber with Schwann cell and fibrous capsule.
p.30
Hair Follicle Anatomy and Function
What is the cuticle in hair follicles composed of?
It is composed of squamous cells.
What type of collagen fibers are predominant in the reticular layer?
Bundles of type I collagen fibers.
p.39
Epidermal Skin Appendages
What is the function of eccrine sweat glands regarding sodium and water?
Resorption of sodium and water.
What is the basal lamina?
A layer that the stratum basale rests on.
p.31
Hair Follicle Anatomy and Function
What is the cuticle in the hair follicle?
It is a layer of squamous cells.
p.41
Epidermal Skin Appendages
What is the hyponychium?
The skin beneath the free edge of the nail.
p.31
Hair Follicle Anatomy and Function
What are the two main sheaths associated with hair follicles?
Internal root sheath and external root sheath.
p.18
Cells of the Epidermis
What is malignant melanoma?
A type of skin cancer originating from melanocytes.
p.37
Epidermal Skin Appendages
What is the primary function of thermoregulatory sweating?
To regulate body temperature.
p.39
Epidermal Skin Appendages
What type of epithelium is found in the secretory segment of eccrine sweat glands?
Pseudostratified epithelium.
p.28
Epidermal Skin Appendages
What is the role of nails in the integumentary system?
To protect the tips of fingers and toes.
What structures are found in the dermis?
Larger blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves.
p.38
Epidermal Skin Appendages
What type of epithelium is found in the secretory segment of eccrine sweat glands?
Pseudostratified epithelium.
What structures connect the cells in the stratum basale?
Desmosomes and hemidesmosomes.
p.10
Epidermal Layers and Differentiation
What structures are absent in thick skin?
Hair follicles, arrector pili muscle, and sebaceous glands.
What structures are embedded within the dermis?
Hair follicles, sweat glands, and blood vessels.
p.15
Epidermal Skin Appendages
What is the function of lamellar bodies in the epidermis?
Formation of the epidermal water barrier.
p.38
Epidermal Skin Appendages
What is abundant in dark cells of eccrine sweat glands?
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) and secretory granules.
p.40
Epidermal Skin Appendages
What does the secretion of apocrine sweat glands contain?
Protein-rich secretion and pheromones.
p.29
Hair Follicle Anatomy and Function
What is the glassy membrane in hair follicles?
A thin layer that surrounds the hair follicle.
p.37
Epidermal Skin Appendages
What type of gland is the eccrine sweat gland?
A simple coiled tubular gland.
p.8
Epidermal Layers and Differentiation
What is the primary characteristic of the stratum spinosum in the epidermis?
Cytoplasmic processes meet at desmosomes.
p.9
Cells of the Epidermis
What type of cells are found in the stratum lucidum?
Flattened, anucleate cells filled with keratin.
p.25
Sensory Receptors of the Skin
Where are mechanoreceptors located in relation to hair follicles?
They surround hair follicles in the dermis.
What is the significance of dermatoglyphics?
They are unique patterns of ridges on the skin surface, used for identification.
What types of collagen fibers are present in the papillary layer?
Type I and type III collagen fibers.
What is the hypodermis primarily composed of?
Fat-containing loose connective tissue.
What additional structures are found in the papillary layer of the dermis?
Blood vessels and nerve endings.
What additional structures are found in the papillary layer of the dermis?
Blood vessels and nerve endings.
p.31
Hair Follicle Anatomy and Function
What is the function of the hair matrix in the hair follicle?
It is responsible for hair growth.
p.41
Epidermal Skin Appendages
What is the eponychium?
The skin covering the nail root (cuticle).
p.20
Cells of the Epidermis
What do Merkel's cells associate with to form Merkel's corpuscle?
Unmyelinated sensory nerves.
p.20
Sensory Receptors of the Skin
What is the function of Merkel's corpuscle?
It acts as a mechanoreceptor.
p.15
Epidermal Skin Appendages
What do the cell and lipid envelopes contribute to?
The epidermal water barrier.
p.33
Hair Follicle Anatomy and Function
What is the glassy membrane?
A thick basal lamina between the hair follicle and dermis.
p.28
Epidermal Skin Appendages
What do sebaceous glands secrete?
Sebum, an oily substance that lubricates the skin and hair.
p.36
Types of Sweat Glands
Where are apocrine sweat glands primarily located?
In areas such as the armpits and groin.
p.30
Hair Follicle Anatomy and Function
What is the function of the hair matrix?
It is responsible for hair growth.
p.27
Sensory Receptors of the Skin
Where are Meissner’s corpuscles located?
In the dermal papilla of hairless skin.
p.39
Epidermal Skin Appendages
Where are eccrine sweat glands located?
Deep in the dermis or hypodermis.
p.7
Cells of the Epidermis
What types of cells are found in the stratum basale?
Basal cells, stem cells, melanocytes, and Merkel's cells.
p.26
Sensory Receptors of the Skin
What surrounds the nerve ending of a Pacinian corpuscle?
Lamella (connective tissue).
p.3
Epidermal Skin Appendages
What is the function of sebaceous glands?
To secrete oil (sebum) that lubricates the skin and hair.
p.41
Epidermal Skin Appendages
What is the lunula?
The white crescent at the proximal end of the nail plate.
p.4
Functions of the Integumentary System
What endocrine functions are associated with the integumentary system?
Hormones, cytokines, growth factors, and conversion of vitamin D.
p.40
Epidermal Skin Appendages
What type of epithelium lines the secretory portion of the apocrine sweat gland?
Simple cuboidal to low columnar epithelium with myoepithelial cells.
p.1
Epidermal Skin Appendages
What are the main components of the Integumentary System?
Skin, hair, nails, and glands.
p.19
Cells of the Epidermis
What are the characteristics of Langerhans' cells?
They have dendritic processes and an indented nucleus.
p.33
Hair Follicle Anatomy and Function
What is the internal root sheath?
A structure associated with the hair follicle.
p.36
Types of Sweat Glands
What type of secretion do apocrine sweat glands produce?
A thicker, milky secretion that can lead to body odor.
p.30
Hair Follicle Anatomy and Function
What type of cell is a melanocyte associated with in hair follicles?
It is associated with the hair bulb.
p.36
Types of Sweat Glands
How do eccrine sweat glands differ from apocrine sweat glands in terms of activation?
Eccrine glands are activated by heat, while apocrine glands are activated by stress or hormonal changes.
p.2
Epidermal Skin Appendages
What are the appendages that arise from the epidermis?
Hair follicles, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands.
What type of connective tissue is found in the reticular layer of the dermis?
Dense irregular connective tissue.
p.38
Epidermal Skin Appendages
Where are eccrine sweat glands located?
Deep in the dermis or hypodermis.
p.29
Hair Follicle Anatomy and Function
What is a hair follicle?
An invagination of the epidermis that extends into the dermis and hypodermis.
p.10
Epidermal Layers and Differentiation
What is the main difference between thick skin and thin skin?
Thick skin has all five epidermal layers, while thin skin has a thinner stratum corneum and lacks a definite stratum lucidum.
p.30
Hair Follicle Anatomy and Function
What characterizes Henle’s layer in hair follicles?
It is the outer single layer of cuboidal cells.
p.31
Hair Follicle Anatomy and Function
What characterizes Henle's layer in the hair follicle?
It is the outer single layer of cuboidal cells.
p.29
Hair Follicle Anatomy and Function
What are the two types of root sheaths in hair follicles?
Internal root sheath and external root sheath.
p.37
Epidermal Skin Appendages
What are the two segments of the eccrine sweat gland?
Secretory segment and duct segment.
p.8
Epidermal Layers and Differentiation
What is a key feature of the stratum granulosum?
Presence of keratohyaline granules.
What are the main components of the dermis?
Collagen, elastin, and connective tissue.
p.30
Hair Follicle Anatomy and Function
What does the internal root sheath of a hair follicle end with?
It ends where the sebaceous gland enters the hair follicle.
p.6
Epidermal Layers and Differentiation
What are the layers of the epidermis in order from deepest to outermost?
Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum.
p.42
Epidermal Skin Appendages
What are the appendages that arise from the epidermis?
Hair follicles, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands.
p.15
Keratinocyte Function and Structure
What are the key components of keratohyalin granules?
Filaggrin and trichohyaline.
p.26
Sensory Receptors of the Skin
What type of sensory receptor is Ruffini’s corpuscle?
An encapsulated nerve ending.
p.29
Hair Follicle Anatomy and Function
What is the hair shaft?
The visible part of the hair that extends above the skin.
p.18
Cells of the Epidermis
What is the significance of pigment donation by melanocytes?
It contributes to skin color and protection against UV radiation.
p.8
Cells of the Epidermis
What is the function of desmosomes in the stratum spinosum?
They connect cytoplasmic processes of cells.
What type of connective tissue is found in the reticular layer of the dermis?
Dense irregular connective tissue.
p.3
Epidermal Skin Appendages
What are the appendages of the integumentary system?
Hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, nails, and mammary glands.
p.4
Functions of the Integumentary System
What type of information does the integumentary system provide related to the immune system?
Immunological information.
p.30
Hair Follicle Anatomy and Function
What is the Huxley layer in hair follicles?
It consists of one or two flattened cells.
p.31
Hair Follicle Anatomy and Function
What type of cell is a melanocyte in the hair follicle?
It is involved in pigment production.
p.20
Cells of the Epidermis
What type of granules do Merkel's cells contain?
Dense cored neurosecretory granules.
p.3
Epidermal Skin Appendages
What is the significance of nails in the integumentary system?
To protect the tips of fingers and toes and assist in grasping.
p.40
Epidermal Skin Appendages
What influences the development of apocrine sweat glands?
Sex hormones, with function starting at puberty.
p.40
Epidermal Skin Appendages
What type of gland is the apocrine sweat gland?
A coiled tubular gland connected with hair follicles.
p.7
Epidermal Layers and Differentiation
What is the primary function of the cells in the stratum basale?
To generate new cells for the epidermis.
p.31
Hair Follicle Anatomy and Function
What is the Huxley layer?
It consists of one or two flattened cells.
p.1
Functions of the Integumentary System
What is the primary focus of the Integumentary System?
It includes the skin and its appendages, serving protective and regulatory functions.
p.1
Functions of the Integumentary System
What is the significance of the Integumentary System in homeostasis?
It helps maintain the body's internal environment by regulating temperature and fluid balance.
What is a key feature of the blood vessels in the reticular layer?
They are larger blood vessels.
p.40
Epidermal Skin Appendages
Where is the secretory portion of the apocrine sweat gland located?
Deep in the dermis or hypodermis.
p.24
Epidermal Skin Appendages
What are some epidermal derivatives associated with the dermis?
Sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and hair follicles.
p.29
Hair Follicle Anatomy and Function
What is the role of the dermal papilla in hair follicles?
It provides nutrients and signals for hair growth.
p.1
Functions of the Integumentary System
What is the role of the skin in the Integumentary System?
To protect the body from external damage and regulate temperature.
p.40
Epidermal Skin Appendages
Where are apocrine sweat glands specifically located?
In the axilla, areola of the nipple, and skin around the anus.
p.15
Epidermal Skin Appendages
What is the composition of the epidermal water barrier?
A heterogeneous mixture of various lipids and enzymes.
p.40
Epidermal Skin Appendages
What type of epithelium lines the duct portion of the apocrine sweat gland?
Stratified cuboidal epithelium without myoepithelial cells.
