p.17
Prevalence and Demographics of Mood Disorders
What do the odds ratios in depression diagnoses express?
The comparative likelihood of women experiencing a major depressive episode in the past year, relative to men.
p.33
Social and Cultural Influences on Mood Disorders
How does the extent of social support relate to depression?
The extent of social support is related to depression.
p.16
Diagnostic Criteria for Mood Disorders
What is Persistent Depressive Disorder (dysthymia)?
A chronic form of depression with less severe but longer-lasting symptoms than major depressive disorder.
p.21
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder
What feature do PMS and PMDD share?
Both share the feature of symptom expression during the premenstrual phase of the menstrual cycle and the presence of somatic or behavioral symptoms.
p.38
Depressive Disorders Overview
Which of the following statements about depression is correct?
a) Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia) can appear with Major Depressive Disorder.
b) The therapy of evening light is more effective than morning light for Winter Depression (Seasonal Affective Disorder).
c) Low recurrence rate of depression.
d) Bipolar Disorder I require a hypomanic episode; Bipolar Disorder II requires at least one manic episode.
a) Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia) can appear with Major Depressive Disorder.
p.39
Bipolar Disorders Overview
What is the primary difference between Bipolar I Disorder and Bipolar II Disorder?
Presence of at least one manic episode
p.30
Psychological Dimensions of Mood Disorders
How are stressful life events related to mood disorders?
Stress is strongly related to mood disorders.
p.20
Diagnostic Criteria for Mood Disorders
What kind of impact do the symptoms of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) have on daily life?
The symptoms cause clinically significant distress or interference with work, school, usual social activities, or relationships with others.
p.20
Diagnostic Criteria for Mood Disorders
How should Criterion A for Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) be confirmed?
Criterion A should be confirmed by prospective daily ratings during at least two symptomatic cycles.
p.10
Diagnostic Criteria for Mood Disorders
What should be carefully considered when symptoms of intense sadness, rumination, insomnia, poor appetite, and weight loss occur in response to a significant loss?
The presence of a major depressive episode in addition to the normal response to the significant loss.
p.33
Social and Cultural Influences on Mood Disorders
How are marital relations related to depression?
Marital dissatisfaction is strongly related to depression.
p.32
Psychological Dimensions of Mood Disorders
What is arbitrary inference in the context of depression?
Overemphasizing the negative aspects of a mixed situation.
p.13
Life Span Developmental Influences on Mood Disorders
What mood disorder may be misdiagnosed as ADHD in children?
Mood disorders may be misdiagnosed as ADHD in children.
p.14
Bipolar Disorders Overview
What is the focus of the study by Duffy et al. (2019) in the American Journal of Psychiatry?
The trajectory of emerging bipolar disorder in a high-risk group.
p.16
Diagnostic Criteria for Mood Disorders
What is Double Depression?
A condition where a person experiences both a major depressive episode and persistent depressive disorder.
p.29
Etiological Models of Mood Disorders
What role does serotonin play in the regulation of other neurotransmitters?
It regulates norepinephrine and dopamine.
p.22
Diagnostic Criteria for Mood Disorders
What are the criteria for core PMDs?
Symptoms arise in the 14-day luteal phase, affect normal daily functioning, and resolve with the onset of menstruation.
p.15
Bipolar Disorders Overview
What are the different mood states that can be experienced in Bipolar I disorder?
Mania, Hypomania, Euthymia, Subthreshold depression, Mixed features, Major depression.
p.27
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder
Which comorbid psychiatric disorders are most commonly reported in patients with DMDD?
Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and depressive disorders.
p.3
Diagnostic Criteria for Mood Disorders
What is necessary for a diagnosis of bipolar I disorder according to DSM-5-TR?
Meeting the criteria for a manic episode, which may have been preceded by and may be followed by hypomanic or major depressive episodes.
p.40
Bipolar Disorders Overview
How many manic or depressive episodes within a year are considered rapid cycling in bipolar disorder patients?
Four manic or depressive episodes within a year are regarded as rapid cycling.
p.34
Etiological Models of Mood Disorders
What is the core concept of the learned helplessness model in depression?
The belief that 'Nothing I do will change the situation.'
p.30
Psychological Dimensions of Mood Disorders
Why does the context of life events matter in relation to mood disorders?
Because the context can influence how stress impacts an individual.
p.32
Psychological Dimensions of Mood Disorders
What does overgeneralization mean in depressive cognitive errors?
Applying negative outcomes to all situations.
p.21
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder
Does PMS require a minimum of five symptoms or mood-related symptomatology?
No, PMS does not require a minimum of five symptoms nor mood-related symptomatology.
p.28
Etiological Models of Mood Disorders
How does having a relative with a mood disorder affect one's risk?
The risk is higher if a relative has a mood disorder.
p.22
Diagnostic Criteria for Mood Disorders
What are core premenstrual disorders (PMDs)?
Psychological or somatic symptoms that arise in the 14-day luteal phase, affect normal daily functioning, and resolve with the onset of menstruation.
p.16
Diagnostic Criteria for Mood Disorders
What is Recurrent Major Depression without Full Interepisode Recovery?
A condition where a person experiences multiple episodes of major depression without fully recovering between episodes.
p.24
Diagnostic Criteria for Mood Disorders
What is the mood like between temper outbursts in individuals with DMDD?
The mood is persistently irritable or angry most of the day, nearly every day, and is observable by others (e.g., parents, teachers, peers).
p.36
Psychological Dimensions of Mood Disorders
How does IPT help with role transitions?
IPT helps individuals leave old roles and mourn their loss, while developing new skills and support for the transition.
p.15
Bipolar Disorders Overview
What are the different mood states that can be experienced in Bipolar II disorder?
Hypomania, Euthymia, Subthreshold depression, Major depression, Mixed features.
p.12
Prevalence and Demographics of Mood Disorders
Which group has a higher prevalence of mood disorders compared to the general population?
Native Americans, with four times the rate of the general population.
p.13
Life Span Developmental Influences on Mood Disorders
Do young children typically show classic mania or bipolar symptoms?
No, young children typically don't show classic mania or bipolar symptoms.
p.10
Diagnostic Criteria for Mood Disorders
What do Criteria A-C constitute?
A major depressive episode.
p.14
Etiological Models of Mood Disorders
What familial risk factors are associated with the emergence of bipolar disorder?
Familial risk includes non-mood disorders, anxiety, and sleep disorders.
p.29
Etiological Models of Mood Disorders
How is REM sleep affected in depressed patients?
Depressed patients have quicker and more intense REM sleep.
p.24
Diagnostic Criteria for Mood Disorders
What is the maximum period an individual with DMDD can go without symptoms to still meet the diagnostic criteria?
The individual must not have a period lasting 3 or more consecutive months without all of the symptoms in Criteria A-D.
p.7
Diagnostic Criteria for Mood Disorders
What distinguishes a hypomanic episode from a manic episode in terms of severity?
A hypomanic episode is not severe enough to cause marked impairment in social or occupational functioning or to necessitate hospitalization. If there are psychotic features, the episode is, by definition, manic.
p.7
Diagnostic Criteria for Mood Disorders
Why is caution indicated when diagnosing a hypomanic episode following antidepressant use?
Caution is indicated so that one or two symptoms (particularly increased irritability, edginess, or agitation following antidepressant use) are not taken as sufficient for diagnosis of a hypomanic episode, nor necessarily indicative of a bipolar diathesis.
p.27
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder
Do the majority of patients with DMDD have comorbid psychiatric disorders?
Yes, the majority of patients with DMDD have at least one other comorbid psychiatric disorder.
p.6
Diagnostic Criteria for Mood Disorders
What symptom involves distractibility during a hypomanic episode?
Attention too easily drawn to unimportant or irrelevant external stimuli.
p.34
Etiological Models of Mood Disorders
What are automatic thoughts in the cognitive model of depression?
Spontaneous, often negative thoughts that occur in response to specific situations.
p.5
Diagnostic Criteria for Mood Disorders
What is required for a mood disturbance to be classified as a manic episode according to DSM-5-TR?
The mood disturbance must be sufficiently severe to cause marked impairment in social or occupational functioning, necessitate hospitalization to prevent harm to self or others, or include psychotic features.
p.5
Diagnostic Criteria for Mood Disorders
What must be ruled out to diagnose a manic episode?
The episode must not be attributable to the physiological effects of a substance (e.g., a drug of abuse, medication, other treatment) or another medical condition.
p.5
Diagnostic Criteria for Mood Disorders
What are some specifiers for a manic episode according to DSM-5-TR?
Specifiers include: with anxious distress, with mixed features, with rapid cycling, with melancholic features, with atypical features, with mood-congruent psychotic features, with mood-incongruent psychotic features, with catatonia, with peripartum onset, and with seasonal pattern.
p.20
Diagnostic Criteria for Mood Disorders
Are the symptoms of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) attributable to the physiological effects of a substance or another medical condition?
No, the symptoms are not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance (e.g., a drug of abuse, a medication, other treatment) or another medical condition (e.g., hyperthyroidism).
p.13
Life Span Developmental Influences on Mood Disorders
How does the gender imbalance in mood disorders change after 65 years of age?
There is less gender imbalance in mood disorders after 65 years of age.
p.35
Etiological Models of Mood Disorders
What role do social cues play in the social zeitgeber theory?
Social cues act as 'zeitgebers' that help regulate circadian rhythms, which are crucial for maintaining stable mood states.
p.29
Etiological Models of Mood Disorders
How does elevated cortisol affect the hippocampus?
It decreases neurogenesis in the hippocampus.
p.28
Etiological Models of Mood Disorders
How do heritability rates for mood disorders compare between females and males?
Heritability rates are higher for females compared to males.
p.25
Diagnostic Criteria for Mood Disorders
In how many settings must Criteria A and D be present for Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder?
At least two of three settings (i.e., at home, at school, with peers) and severe in at least one of these.
p.9
Diagnostic Criteria for Mood Disorders
What is a significant indicator of a Major Depressive Episode related to weight?
Significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain (a change of more than 5% of body weight in a month), or decrease or increase in appetite nearly every day.
p.26
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder
Can Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD) coexist with oppositional defiant disorder or bipolar disorder?
No, DMDD cannot coexist with oppositional defiant disorder or bipolar disorder.
p.4
Diagnostic Criteria for Mood Disorders
What does 'flight of ideas' refer to in the context of a manic episode?
A subjective experience that thoughts are racing.
p.21
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder
Which is more common, PMS or PMDD?
PMS is more common than PMDD.
p.10
Diagnostic Criteria for Mood Disorders
What does Criterion C state about the cause of a major depressive episode?
The episode must not be attributable to the physiological effects of a substance or another medical condition.
p.14
Diagnostic Criteria for Mood Disorders
What types of mood disorders are mentioned in the study?
Minor mood disorder, adjustment and minor mood disorder, major depressive disorder (single or recurrent), and bipolar disorder.
p.31
Psychological Dimensions of Mood Disorders
What are stable attributions in the context of depression?
Stable attributions involve believing that future negative outcomes will also be one's fault.
p.12
Prevalence and Demographics of Mood Disorders
How does the prevalence of mood disorders among U.S. subcultures compare?
The prevalence is similar among U.S. subcultures, but the experience of symptoms may vary.
p.27
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder
Are symptoms of Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD) unique to children referred for psychiatric services?
No, symptoms of DMDD are not unique to children referred for psychiatric services.
p.4
Diagnostic Criteria for Mood Disorders
How long must the symptoms of a manic episode last to meet the diagnostic criteria?
At least 1 week, present most of the day nearly every day (or any duration if hospitalization is necessary).
p.9
Diagnostic Criteria for Mood Disorders
What kind of feelings are associated with Major Depressive Episode?
Feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt nearly every day.
p.30
Psychological Dimensions of Mood Disorders
What is gene-environment correlation in the context of depression?
It is the concept that people who are vulnerable to depression might be more likely to enter situations that will lead to stress.
p.21
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder
How is PMS generally considered in terms of severity compared to PMDD?
PMS is generally considered to be less severe than PMDD.
p.35
Etiological Models of Mood Disorders
What does the social rhythm theory propose?
The social rhythm theory proposes that disruptions in daily social rhythms can lead to mood disorders.
p.28
Etiological Models of Mood Disorders
What is the likelihood of relatives of bipolar probands having unipolar depression?
Relatives of bipolar probands are more likely to have unipolar depression.
p.24
Diagnostic Criteria for Mood Disorders
What are the manifestations of severe recurrent temper outbursts in Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD)?
Temper outbursts can be manifested verbally (e.g., verbal rages) and/or behaviorally (e.g., physical aggression toward people or property) that are grossly out of proportion in intensity or duration to the situation or provocation.
p.24
Diagnostic Criteria for Mood Disorders
How often do temper outbursts occur in individuals with DMDD?
On average, three or more times per week.
p.15
Bipolar Disorders Overview
Can mixed features occur in both Bipolar I and Bipolar II disorders?
Yes, mixed features can occur in both disorders.
p.7
Diagnostic Criteria for Mood Disorders
What characterizes the change in functioning during a hypomanic episode?
The episode is associated with an unequivocal change in functioning that is uncharacteristic of the individual when not symptomatic.
p.36
Management and Treatment Approaches for Mood Disorders
What type of therapy is Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT) specifically used for?
Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT) is specifically used for treating depression.
p.27
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder
Why is irritability considered a nonspecific indicator in the context of DMDD?
Because it is related to several other psychiatric disorders.
p.9
Diagnostic Criteria for Mood Disorders
What is a common symptom of Major Depressive Episode related to energy levels?
Fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day.
p.26
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder
Are the symptoms of DMDD attributable to the physiological effects of a substance or another medical or neurological condition?
No, the symptoms are not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance or another medical or neurological condition.
p.17
Prevalence and Demographics of Mood Disorders
What is the general trend in depression diagnoses between men and women worldwide?
Women are more likely to experience a major depressive episode compared to men.
p.34
Etiological Models of Mood Disorders
What are intermediate beliefs in the cognitive model of depression?
Attitudes, rules, and assumptions that influence how one interprets situations.
p.32
Psychological Dimensions of Mood Disorders
What are the components of the depressive cognitive triad?
Thinking negatively about oneself, the world, and the future.
p.33
Social and Cultural Influences on Mood Disorders
What does substantial social support predict for individuals with depression?
Substantial social support predicts recovery from depression.
p.10
Diagnostic Criteria for Mood Disorders
What impact must symptoms of a major depressive episode have to meet Criterion B?
The symptoms must cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
p.5
Diagnostic Criteria for Mood Disorders
What is the significance of a full manic episode that emerges during antidepressant treatment?
If a full manic episode emerges during antidepressant treatment and persists at a fully syndromal level beyond the physiological effect of that treatment, it is sufficient evidence for a manic episode and a bipolar I diagnosis.
p.2
Bipolar Disorders Overview
What are the main types of Bipolar and related disorders?
Bipolar I Disorder, Bipolar II Disorder, Cyclothymic Disorder.
p.28
Etiological Models of Mood Disorders
What is the genetic contribution to severe mood disorders?
Severe mood disorders have a strong genetic contribution.
p.31
Psychological Dimensions of Mood Disorders
How do internal, stable, and global attributions contribute to depression?
All three domains contribute to a sense of hopelessness.
p.36
Psychological Dimensions of Mood Disorders
What is the goal of IPT when addressing interpersonal deficits?
The goal is to build social skills.
p.4
Diagnostic Criteria for Mood Disorders
What defines a manic episode?
A distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and abnormally and persistently increased activity or energy, lasting at least 1 week and present most of the day nearly every day (or any duration if hospitalization is necessary).
p.6
Diagnostic Criteria for Mood Disorders
What symptom involves having an inflated self-esteem or grandiosity during a hypomanic episode?
Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity.
p.9
Diagnostic Criteria for Mood Disorders
What are the recurrent thoughts associated with Major Depressive Episode?
Recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt or a specific plan for committing suicide.
p.19
Diagnostic Criteria for Mood Disorders
What symptom of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) involves anxiety?
Marked anxiety, tension, and/or feelings of being keyed up or on edge.
p.30
Psychological Dimensions of Mood Disorders
What does the learned helplessness theory of depression propose?
It proposes that a lack of perceived control over life events leads to decreased attempts to improve one's situation.
p.13
Life Span Developmental Influences on Mood Disorders
Are children being diagnosed with bipolar disorders at increasingly high rates?
Yes, children are being diagnosed with bipolar disorders at increasingly high rates.
p.35
Etiological Models of Mood Disorders
What is the social zeitgeber theory?
The social zeitgeber theory suggests that social cues, or 'zeitgebers,' help regulate circadian rhythms, which in turn influence mood.
p.36
Psychological Dimensions of Mood Disorders
What does the Interpersonal Theory of Depression emphasize?
It emphasizes interpersonal elements in the development, maintenance, and alteration of psychological problems, especially grief, role disputes, role transitions, and interpersonal deficits.
p.14
Life Span Developmental Influences on Mood Disorders
At what stages of life does the study track the illness trajectory of bipolar disorder?
Childhood, adolescence, and early adulthood.
p.8
Diagnostic Criteria for Mood Disorders
What does 'markedly diminished interest or pleasure' refer to in the context of a Major Depressive Episode?
A significant reduction in interest or pleasure in all, or almost all, activities most of the day, nearly every day.
p.7
Diagnostic Criteria for Mood Disorders
What is the significance of a hypomanic episode that emerges during antidepressant treatment?
A full hypomanic episode that emerges during antidepressant treatment but persists at a fully syndromal level beyond the physiological effect of that treatment is sufficient evidence for a hypomanic episode diagnosis.
p.6
Diagnostic Criteria for Mood Disorders
What is the minimum duration for a hypomanic episode according to DSM-5-TR?
At least 4 consecutive days.
p.4
Diagnostic Criteria for Mood Disorders
What is an example of decreased need for sleep in a manic episode?
Feeling rested after only 3 hours of sleep.
p.19
Diagnostic Criteria for Mood Disorders
When do the symptoms of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) start to improve?
Within a few days after the onset of menses.
p.40
Bipolar Disorders Overview
What is a common misconception about patients with bipolar disorder?
A common misconception is that they experience rapid mood swings between happiness and sadness over a very short period, such as a few hours. In reality, depressed and manic episodes in bipolar disorder typically last for longer periods.
p.34
Etiological Models of Mood Disorders
What are core beliefs in the cognitive model of depression?
Fundamental beliefs about oneself, the world, and the future.
p.21
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder
Does PMS require affective symptoms?
No, PMS does not require affective symptoms.
p.16
Diagnostic Criteria for Mood Disorders
What is Major Depressive Disorder (recurrent, nonchronic)?
A type of depression characterized by multiple episodes of depression without chronic symptoms.
p.23
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder
What are the key characteristics of Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD)?
Non-episodic anger or irritability and frequent severe temper outbursts over a period of at least one year.
p.31
Psychological Dimensions of Mood Disorders
What are internal attributions in the context of depression?
Internal attributions involve believing that negative outcomes are one's own fault.
p.15
Bipolar Disorders Overview
What characterizes Bipolar II disorder?
At least one hypomanic and one depressive episode.
p.36
Psychological Dimensions of Mood Disorders
What is the focus of IPT when dealing with role disputes?
The focus is on dispute resolution, modifying communication styles, and managing expectations.
p.8
Diagnostic Criteria for Mood Disorders
How is 'depressed mood' typically indicated in individuals?
By subjective report (e.g., feels sad, empty, or hopeless) or observation made by others (e.g., appears tearful).
p.22
Diagnostic Criteria for Mood Disorders
What is Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD)?
A severe form of premenstrual syndrome characterized by significant mood disturbances.
p.26
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder
Can the behaviors of Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD) occur exclusively during an episode of major depressive disorder?
No, the behaviors do not occur exclusively during an episode of major depressive disorder.
p.26
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder
What diagnosis should be given if an individual's symptoms meet criteria for both DMDD and oppositional defiant disorder?
The diagnosis of disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD) should be given.
p.3
Diagnostic Criteria for Mood Disorders
What is necessary for a diagnosis of bipolar II disorder according to DSM-5-TR?
Meeting the criteria for a current or past hypomanic episode and the criteria for a current or past major depressive episode.
p.32
Psychological Dimensions of Mood Disorders
What are negative coping styles associated with?
Depressed persons engaging in cognitive errors and interpreting life events negatively.
p.23
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder
Why was the diagnosis of Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD) endorsed by DSM-5 work groups?
To address concerns that children with pathological irritability and temper outbursts/anger were being inappropriately diagnosed with bipolar disorder.
p.20
Diagnostic Criteria for Mood Disorders
Can the diagnosis of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) be made provisionally?
Yes, the diagnosis may be made provisionally prior to confirmation by prospective daily ratings.
p.15
Bipolar Disorders Overview
What characterizes Bipolar I disorder?
At least one episode of mania.
p.36
Psychological Dimensions of Mood Disorders
What assumption does Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT) make about psychiatric problems?
IPT assumes that psychiatric problems are often related to difficulties in communication and dysfunctional relationships.
p.8
Diagnostic Criteria for Mood Disorders
What are the two primary symptoms required for a Major Depressive Episode diagnosis?
Depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure.
p.31
Psychological Dimensions of Mood Disorders
What are global attributions in the context of depression?
Global attributions involve believing that negative events will disrupt many life activities.
p.36
Management and Treatment Approaches for Mood Disorders
What is Interpersonal and Social Rhythm Therapy (IPSRT) used for?
IPSRT is used for treating Bipolar Disorder.
p.9
Diagnostic Criteria for Mood Disorders
What are the psychomotor symptoms of a Major Depressive Episode?
Psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day, observable by others.
p.9
Diagnostic Criteria for Mood Disorders
How does Major Depressive Episode affect cognitive functions?
It causes diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness nearly every day.
p.19
Diagnostic Criteria for Mood Disorders
What happens to the symptoms of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) in the week postmenses?
They become minimal or absent.
p.33
Social and Cultural Influences on Mood Disorders
What does a lack of social support predict in terms of depression?
Lack of social support predicts late onset depression.
p.22
Diagnostic Criteria for Mood Disorders
What is the role of the International Society for the Study of Premenstrual Disorders (ISPMD)?
To consolidate expert opinion into operational diagnostic, research, and management guidelines for premenstrual disorders.
p.28
Etiological Models of Mood Disorders
What do twin studies reveal about mood disorders?
Concordance rates are high in identical twins, and they are two to three times more likely to present with mood disorders than a fraternal twin of a depressed co-twin.
p.36
Psychological Dimensions of Mood Disorders
How does IPT address grief in the context of depression?
IPT helps individuals deal with loss, mourning, and facilitates the development of new relationships.
p.28
Etiological Models of Mood Disorders
What genetic factors are shared between anxiety and depression?
Some genetic factors confer risk for both anxiety and depression.
p.12
Prevalence and Demographics of Mood Disorders
How do some cultures express depression differently?
Some cultures are more likely to express depression as a somatic concern.
p.24
Diagnostic Criteria for Mood Disorders
Are the temper outbursts in DMDD consistent with the individual's developmental level?
No, the temper outbursts are inconsistent with the developmental level.
p.25
Diagnostic Criteria for Mood Disorders
Should developmentally appropriate mood elevation in the context of a highly positive event be considered a symptom of mania or hypomania?
No, it should not be considered as a symptom of mania or hypomania.
p.26
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder
Should DMDD be diagnosed if an individual has ever experienced a manic or hypomanic episode?
No, if an individual has ever experienced a manic or hypomanic episode, the diagnosis of DMDD should not be assigned.
p.19
Diagnostic Criteria for Mood Disorders
Name one of the symptoms that must be present for diagnosing Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD).
Marked affective lability (e.g., mood swings; feeling suddenly sad or tearful, or increased sensitivity to rejection).
p.19
Diagnostic Criteria for Mood Disorders
What additional symptom of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) involves energy levels?
Lethargy, easy fatigability, or marked lack of energy.
p.20
Diagnostic Criteria for Mood Disorders
Can Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) be an exacerbation of another disorder?
No, the disturbance is not merely an exacerbation of the symptoms of another disorder, such as major depressive disorder, panic disorder, persistent depressive disorder, or a personality disorder.
p.13
Life Span Developmental Influences on Mood Disorders
What is the prevalence of depression in the elderly?
The prevalence of depression in the elderly is between 14% and 42%.
p.13
Life Span Developmental Influences on Mood Disorders
What disorder often co-occurs with depression in the elderly?
Anxiety disorders often co-occur with depression in the elderly.
p.10
Diagnostic Criteria for Mood Disorders
What factors should be considered when diagnosing a major depressive episode in the context of a significant loss?
The individual's history and the cultural norms for the expression of distress in the context of loss.
p.2
Depressive Disorders Overview
What are the main types of Depressive Disorders?
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder, Major Depressive Disorder, Persistent Depressive Disorder, Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder.
p.14
Etiological Models of Mood Disorders
What additional disorders are mentioned as part of the high-risk group for emerging bipolar disorder?
ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) and LD (learning disorder).
p.24
Diagnostic Criteria for Mood Disorders
How long must the symptoms of DMDD be present to meet the diagnostic criteria?
Criteria A-D must be present for 12 or more months.
p.22
Diagnostic Criteria for Mood Disorders
What are variant PMDs?
Premenstrual exacerbations of underlying psychiatric disorders, symptoms occurring in response to exogenous progesterone administration, arising from ovarian activity other than ovulation, or arising from ovarian activity although menstruation has been suppressed.
p.7
Diagnostic Criteria for Mood Disorders
How can the disturbance in mood and change in functioning during a hypomanic episode be identified?
The disturbance in mood and the change in functioning are observable by others.
p.27
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder
What is the focus of the systematic review by Muerner-Lavanchy et al. (2023)?
Diagnostic instruments for the assessment of disruptive mood dysregulation disorder.
p.6
Diagnostic Criteria for Mood Disorders
What symptom involves experiencing racing thoughts during a hypomanic episode?
Flight of ideas or subjective experience that thoughts are racing.
p.19
Diagnostic Criteria for Mood Disorders
What is a symptom of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) related to mood?
Marked depressed mood, feelings of hopelessness, or self-deprecating thoughts.
p.31
Psychological Dimensions of Mood Disorders
What is the attributional style of people with depression?
People with depression often have an attributional style that includes internal, stable, and global attributions.
p.35
Etiological Models of Mood Disorders
How are circadian rhythms related to mood disorders according to the social rhythm theory?
Disruptions in circadian rhythms, often caused by irregular social routines, can contribute to the development of mood disorders.
p.35
Etiological Models of Mood Disorders
What did Grandin et al. (2006) review and evaluate in their study?
Grandin et al. (2006) reviewed and evaluated the social zeitgeber theory, circadian rhythms, and their relationship to mood disorders.
p.16
Diagnostic Criteria for Mood Disorders
What does 'Major Depressive Episode in Partial Remission' mean?
A state where some symptoms of a major depressive episode persist, but the full criteria are no longer met.
p.12
Prevalence and Demographics of Mood Disorders
Do bipolar disorders affect men and women equally?
Yes, bipolar disorders approximately equally affect men and women.
p.22
Diagnostic Criteria for Mood Disorders
Which disorders are considered core PMDs?
Both PMS (Premenstrual Syndrome) and PMDD (Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder).
p.14
Management and Treatment Approaches for Mood Disorders
What specific subgroup is mentioned in the study regarding lithium response?
Offspring of lithium non-responders.
p.25
Diagnostic Criteria for Mood Disorders
At what ages should the diagnosis of Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder not be made for the first time?
Before age 6 years or after age 18 years.
p.9
Diagnostic Criteria for Mood Disorders
How does Major Depressive Episode affect sleep patterns?
It can cause insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day.
p.4
Diagnostic Criteria for Mood Disorders
What are some symptoms of a manic episode?
1. Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity. 2. Decreased need for sleep. 3. More talkative than usual or pressure to keep talking. 4. Flight of ideas or subjective experience that thoughts are racing. 5. Distractibility. 6. Increase in goal-directed activity or psychomotor agitation. 7. Excessive involvement in activities that have a high potential for painful consequences.
p.6
Diagnostic Criteria for Mood Disorders
What symptom involves excessive involvement in activities with high potential for painful consequences during a hypomanic episode?
Engaging in unrestrained buying sprees, sexual indiscretions, or foolish business investments.
p.19
Diagnostic Criteria for Mood Disorders
What physical symptoms can be present in Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD)?
Breast tenderness or swelling, joint or muscle pain, a sensation of 'bloating,' or weight gain.
p.16
Diagnostic Criteria for Mood Disorders
What is a Chronic Major Depressive Episode?
A major depressive episode that lasts for an extended period, typically more than two years.
p.14
Bipolar Disorders Overview
What symptoms are associated with the bipolar disorder spectrum in the study?
Depressive and activated symptoms, psychotic symptoms.
p.8
Diagnostic Criteria for Mood Disorders
Can symptoms attributable to a medical condition be included in the diagnosis of a Major Depressive Episode?
No, symptoms clearly attributable to a medical condition should not be included.
p.7
Diagnostic Criteria for Mood Disorders
Can a hypomanic episode be attributed to the physiological effects of a substance or another medical condition?
No, the episode is not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance (e.g., a drug of abuse, a medication, other treatment) or another medical condition.
p.6
Diagnostic Criteria for Mood Disorders
What are the mood characteristics of a hypomanic episode?
Abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood.
p.6
Diagnostic Criteria for Mood Disorders
What symptom involves a decreased need for sleep during a hypomanic episode?
Feels rested after only 3 hours of sleep.
p.4
Diagnostic Criteria for Mood Disorders
What kind of activities might someone excessively involve themselves in during a manic episode?
Activities with a high potential for painful consequences, such as unrestrained buying sprees, sexual indiscretions, or foolish business investments.
p.19
Diagnostic Criteria for Mood Disorders
What additional symptom of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) involves concentration?
Subjective difficulty in concentration.
p.19
Diagnostic Criteria for Mood Disorders
What additional symptom of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) involves a sense of control?
A sense of being overwhelmed or out of control.
p.26
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder
Which disorders can coexist with Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD)?
DMDD can coexist with major depressive disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorder, and substance use disorders.
p.6
Diagnostic Criteria for Mood Disorders
What symptom involves an increase in goal-directed activity during a hypomanic episode?
Increase in goal-directed activity (socially, at work or school, or sexually) or psychomotor agitation.
p.19
Diagnostic Criteria for Mood Disorders
What additional symptom of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) involves interest in activities?
Decreased interest in usual activities (e.g., work, school, friends, hobbies).
p.6
Diagnostic Criteria for Mood Disorders
What symptom involves being more talkative than usual during a hypomanic episode?
More talkative than usual or pressure to keep talking.
p.19
Diagnostic Criteria for Mood Disorders
What symptom of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) involves interpersonal conflicts?
Marked irritability or anger or increased interpersonal conflicts.
p.19
Diagnostic Criteria for Mood Disorders
What additional symptom of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) involves appetite?
Marked change in appetite; overeating; or specific food cravings.
p.19
Diagnostic Criteria for Mood Disorders
For how long must the symptoms of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) be present to meet the diagnostic criteria?
For most menstrual cycles that occurred in the preceding year.
