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Brucellosis may be associated with long-lasting ___.
depression
The incubation temperature for the Porphyrin Test is ___°C.
35
1/232
p.12
Brucella and Its Infections

Brucellosis may be associated with long-lasting ___.

depression

p.6
Laboratory Diagnosis of Haemophilus Infections

The incubation temperature for the Porphyrin Test is ___°C.

35

p.10
Bacteriology - Laboratory

In culture, Capnocytophaga shows a haze due to ___ motility on solid surfaces.

gliding

p.1
Haemophilus Characteristics and Species

Haemophilus is ___-motile.

non

p.1
Haemophilus Characteristics and Species

The causative agent for Chancroid is ___ ducreyi.

Haemophilus

p.12
Francisella tularensis and Tularemia

The most pathogenic subspecies of Francisella tularensis is ___ (type A).

F. tularensis

p.12
Francisella tularensis and Tularemia

Tularemia is also known as ___ fever.

rabbit

p.9
Laboratory Diagnosis of Haemophilus Infections

Increased ___ concentration helps bacteria grow better in the laboratory.

CO2

p.5
Laboratory Diagnosis of Haemophilus Infections

Haemophilus influenzae may show ___ in Gram-stained direct smears.

halos

p.11
Culture Media and Growth Requirements for Fastidious Gram-Negative Bacilli

On SBA, Pasteurella multocida appears as grayish, non-hemolytic, mucoid colonies with a narrow ___ to ___ halo.

green, brown

p.7
Laboratory Diagnosis of Haemophilus Infections

Haemophilus spp. that can synthesize heme are porphyrin-positive and ___ strip negative.

X

p.8
HACEK Group Overview

The HACEK group grows better in high concentrations of ___.

CO2

p.13
Legionella pneumophila and Legionellosis

Legionella pneumophila is a thin, pleomorphic ___ rod.

g(-)

p.1
Haemophilus Characteristics and Species

Approximately ___% of normal bacterial biota in adults consists of Haemophilus spp.

10

p.13
Virulence Factors of Haemophilus influenzae

The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Legionella pneumophila is composed of ___ acid.

legionaminic

p.15
Bordetella and Whooping Cough

Nicotinamide is required for ___ growth of Bordetella.

slow

p.15
Bordetella and Whooping Cough

Whooping cough is transmitted via respiratory secretions on the hands or in an ___ form.

aerosolized

p.16
Laboratory Diagnosis of Haemophilus Infections

Transmission of the organism occurs through ___ or direct contact with secretions.

droplets

p.16
Laboratory Diagnosis of Haemophilus Infections

Isolation methods include Bordet-Gengou potato infusion agar, Regan-Lowe, and ___-horse blood.

Charcoal

p.16
Laboratory Diagnosis of Haemophilus Infections

Microscopic morphology shows tiny gram-negative ___ that resemble mercury droplets.

coccobacilli

p.11
Laboratory Diagnosis of Haemophilus Infections

Microscopy of Pasteurella multocida shows ___ (ovoid, filamentous or bacilli) with ___ staining resembling a safety pin.

coccobacilli, bipolar

p.3
Virulence Factors of Haemophilus influenzae

Most invasive infections of H. influenzae are caused by encapsulated strains of serotype ___.

b

p.3
Virulence Factors of Haemophilus influenzae

In unvaccinated children, Type b is a leading cause of ___.

meningitis

p.4
Laboratory Diagnosis of Haemophilus Infections

Haemophilus ducreyi requires ___ to ___% CO2 at 33°C with high humidity for growth.

5, 10

p.13
Laboratory Diagnosis of Haemophilus Infections

Legionella pneumophila is demonstrated by ___ impregnation methods.

silver

p.4
Laboratory Diagnosis of Haemophilus Infections

Prompt transportation and processing are vital for the isolation of ___ spp.

Haemophilus

p.16
Laboratory Diagnosis of Haemophilus Infections

The organism adheres and replicates on ___ respiratory epithelial cells.

ciliated

p.1
Haemophilus Characteristics and Species

Haemophilus is characterized as ___-negative.

Gram

p.2
Culture Media and Growth Requirements for Fastidious Gram-Negative Bacilli

Haemophilus spp. that are V factor dependent do not grow on ___ (Sheep’s Blood Agar).

SBA

p.4
Laboratory Diagnosis of Haemophilus Infections

The incubation period for Chancroid is ___ to ___ days.

4, 14

p.13
Laboratory Diagnosis of Haemophilus Infections

Legionella pneumophila requires ___, ___, or ___ for culture.

cysteine, cystine, thiosulfate

p.2
Virulence Factors of Haemophilus influenzae

Haemophilus influenzae has ___ serotypes, with serotype ___ being the most important pathogenic type.

6, b

p.14
Laboratory Diagnosis of Legionella Infections

For laboratory diagnosis, respiratory secretion requires ___ treatment.

acid

p.15
Bordetella and Whooping Cough

The paroxysmal phase of whooping cough is characterized by repetitive coughing followed by a ___.

whoop

p.12
Brucella and Its Infections

Brucellosis may cause ___ fever characterized by temperature undulations.

undulant

p.6
Laboratory Diagnosis of Haemophilus Infections

Porphobilinogen is detected by the addition of ___ (Kovacs' reagent).

p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde

p.9
Laboratory Diagnosis of Haemophilus Infections

Colony morphology of Cardiobacterium hominis is described as 'star shape with ___ to ___ points.'

four, six

p.1
Haemophilus Characteristics and Species

Haemophilus is adapted to the ___ tract, except for H. ducreyi.

respiratory

p.8
HACEK Group Overview

The term 'aphros' and 'philia' means ___ loving.

foam

p.9
Laboratory Diagnosis of Haemophilus Infections

Infections caused by Eikenella corrodens often occur as a result of ___, especially after human bites.

trauma

p.1
Haemophilus Characteristics and Species

Haemophilus aegyptius is also referred to as ___-Weeks Bacillus.

Koch

p.3
Virulence Factors of Haemophilus influenzae

Haemophilus aegypticus is also known as ___ bacillus.

Koch-Weeks

p.8
HACEK Group Overview

A virulence factor of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is ___, which is toxic to polymorphonuclear cells.

collagenase

p.15
Bordetella and Whooping Cough

The catarrhal phase of whooping cough includes sneezing, coughing, and ___ nose.

runny

p.6
Laboratory Diagnosis of Haemophilus Infections

The Porphyrin Test is used to differentiate the heme-producing species of Haemophilus by their ability to convert ___ into porphyrins.

δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA)

p.9
Laboratory Diagnosis of Haemophilus Infections

The duration of incubation for the bacteria is ___ to ___ hours.

24, 48

p.12
Francisella tularensis and Tularemia

The mode of transmission (MOT) for Tularemia includes bite of an infected ___ or deer fly.

tick

p.2
Culture Media and Growth Requirements for Fastidious Gram-Negative Bacilli

Chocolate (CHOC) Agar releases both ___ factor and ___ factor and inactivates NADases.

X, V

p.1
Haemophilus Characteristics and Species

The three pathogenic species of Haemophilus include Haemophilus influenzae, Haemophilus aegyptius, and ___ ducreyi.

Haemophilus

p.7
HACEK Group Overview

The HACEK group is associated with infections of the heart called ___ bacterial endocarditis.

subacute

p.3
Virulence Factors of Haemophilus influenzae

Haemophilus influenzae is the only member of its genus that produces ___ protease.

IgA

p.3
Virulence Factors of Haemophilus influenzae

Most NTHi strains are adherent to human ___ cells.

epithelial

p.4
Culture Media and Growth Requirements for Fastidious Gram-Negative Bacilli

Chocolate agar with bacitracin (300mg/L) is used for isolating Haemophilus from ___ specimens.

respiratory

p.10
Bacteriology - Laboratory

Kingella is characterized as ___, oxidase (+) & ___ (saccharolytic/asaccharolytic).

nonmotile, asaccharolytic

p.2
Haemophilus Characteristics and Species

The term 'Haemophilus' is derived from the Greek words 'aima' meaning ___ and 'philia' meaning ___.

blood, lover

p.6
Laboratory Diagnosis of Haemophilus Infections

Porphyrins fluoresce reddish orange under ultraviolet light with a wavelength of about ___ nm.

360

p.16
Laboratory Diagnosis of Haemophilus Infections

The colony morphology is described as smooth, glistening, and ___ in appearance.

silver

p.7
Laboratory Diagnosis of Haemophilus Infections

Species that are porphyrin negative cannot synthesize heme and are ___ factor-positive.

X

p.12
Francisella tularensis and Tularemia

Ulceroglandular Tularemia begins with ___.

fever

p.11
Laboratory Diagnosis of Haemophilus Infections

Brucella infections can be diagnosed by observing ___ or ___ under microscopy.

coccobacili, bacilli

p.8
HACEK Group Overview

The most prevalent species in the HACEK group involved in endocarditis is ___ actinomycetemcomitans.

Aggregatibacter

p.8
HACEK Group Overview

Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is found in dental plaque and ___ scrapings.

gingival

p.8
HACEK Group Overview

The most common serotypes of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans are a, b, and ___ .

c

p.15
Virulence Factors of Haemophilus influenzae

Adenylate cyclase toxin inhibits host ___ and immune effector cells.

epithelial

p.10
Bacteriology - Laboratory

Capnocytophaga infections can lead to ___ or local infection to fulminant infection.

periodontitis

p.1
Haemophilus Characteristics and Species

The appearance of Haemophilus in clinical samples can be described as ___ and ___ depending on the sample.

pleomorphic, coccobacilli

p.3
Virulence Factors of Haemophilus influenzae

Serotype ___ of H. influenzae is composed of ribose, ribitol, and phosphate.

b

p.3
Virulence Factors of Haemophilus influenzae

The antiphagocytic property and anticomplementary effects are associated with serotype ___.

b

p.14
Legionella pneumophila and Legionellosis

The incubation period for infections like Pontiac Fever is ___ to ___ days.

2, 10

p.5
Laboratory Diagnosis of Haemophilus Infections

Growth of gram-negative pleomorphic coccobacilli is observed on ___ agar.

CHOC

p.4
Laboratory Diagnosis of Haemophilus Infections

Haemophilus spp. do not grow on ___ agar.

MAC

p.8
HACEK Group Overview

Clinical manifestations of infections include fever, heart murmur, and ___ heart failure.

congestive

p.15
Bordetella and Whooping Cough

Bordetella is morphologically similar to ___.

Haemophilus

p.15
Virulence Factors of Haemophilus influenzae

Tracheal cytotoxin causes ___ and DNA synthesis.

ciliostasis

p.10
Bacteriology - Laboratory

Kingella can cause infections in the ___, ___, and ___ areas.

oral, blood, bone

p.2
Haemophilus Characteristics and Species

Haemophilus requires growth factors present in blood, specifically ___ factor and ___ factor.

X, V

p.11
Pasteurella and Brucella Infections

Infections from animal bites caused by Pasteurella multocida can be ___, ___, and ___ infections.

systemic, pneumonic, cutaneous

p.4
Laboratory Diagnosis of Haemophilus Infections

Chancroid is also known as ___ (soft chancre venereal disease).

Chancroid

p.13
Laboratory Diagnosis of Haemophilus Infections

Microscopy of Legionella pneumophila reveals ___ or ___ shapes.

coccobacili, bacilli

p.4
Laboratory Diagnosis of Haemophilus Infections

Buboes are characterized as ___, enlarged, draining, inguinal lymph nodes.

suppurative (pus-forming)

p.1
Haemophilus Characteristics and Species

Haemophilus influenzae is known as ___'s Bacillus.

Pfeiffer

p.3
Virulence Factors of Haemophilus influenzae

Antibodies directed against outer membrane proteins and lipopolysaccharides may play a significant role in human ___.

immunity

p.13
Legionella pneumophila and Legionellosis

The predominant manifestation of legionellosis is ___ .

pneumonia

p.8
HACEK Group Overview

Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans has been isolated from blood, lung tissue, and ___ of the mouth.

abscesses

p.10
Bacteriology - Laboratory

The morphology of Kingella includes short bacilli to coccobacilli with ___ ends in pairs or chains.

square

p.16
Laboratory Diagnosis of Haemophilus Infections

Incubation should be done at a moist chamber at ___°C for ≥7 days.

35

p.9
Laboratory Diagnosis of Haemophilus Infections

The culture media used for Cardiobacterium hominis includes SBA and ___.

CHOC

p.9
Laboratory Diagnosis of Haemophilus Infections

Eikenella corrodens is a normal flora of the ___ and ___ cavities.

oral, bowel

p.14
Epidemiology of Legionella

Aquatic sources for Legionella include lakes, rivers, hot springs, and ___ systems.

man-made distribution

p.14
Epidemiology of Legionella

Amoebas in freshwater act as a ___ for Legionella.

reservoir

p.7
HACEK Group Overview

Risk factors for HACEK infections include tooth extraction and history of ___.

endocarditis

p.15
Virulence Factors of Haemophilus influenzae

Bacterial adenylate cyclase disrupts ___ cell function.

immune

p.6
Culture Media and Growth Requirements for Fastidious Gram-Negative Bacilli

The Haemophilus Quad Plate contains four zones: media with ___ factor only.

X

p.10
Bacteriology - Laboratory

Capnocytophaga appears as thin and fusiform, spindle-shaped, ___ and curved filaments under microscopy.

coccoid

p.9
Laboratory Diagnosis of Haemophilus Infections

Cardiobacterium hominis tends to form '___', swellings, and long filaments.

rosettes

p.5
Laboratory Diagnosis of Haemophilus Infections

Haemophilus ducreyi appears as ___ staining gram-negative coccobacilli.

pale

p.4
Laboratory Diagnosis of Haemophilus Infections

Haemophilus spp. are ___, requiring 5% to 10% CO2 at 35°C to 37°C for growth.

capnophilic

p.14
Laboratory Diagnosis of Legionella Infections

Microscopic examination reveals pleomorphic and weakly staining ___ bacilli.

gram negative

p.4
Culture Media and Growth Requirements for Fastidious Gram-Negative Bacilli

Nairobi biplate medium is specifically used for ___.

H. ducreyi

p.15
Virulence Factors of Haemophilus influenzae

Pili and pertactin are ___ that adhere to host cells.

adhesins

p.12
Brucella and Its Infections

Brucellosis symptoms may resemble ___ fatigue syndrome.

chronic

p.2
Haemophilus Characteristics and Species

The X factor is also known as ___ or ___.

hemin, hematin

p.2
Haemophilus Characteristics and Species

Haemophilus spp. with the prefix 'para' require only ___ factor for growth.

V

p.2
Virulence Factors of Haemophilus influenzae

The most significant virulence factor of Haemophilus influenzae is its ___.

capsule

p.11
Culture Media and Growth Requirements for Fastidious Gram-Negative Bacilli

Brucella colonies are described as smooth, raised, and ___ in appearance.

translucent

p.11
Brucella Infections

Brucella are classified as ___ intracellular pathogens, meaning they may or may not require a host cell to survive.

facultative

p.8
HACEK Group Overview

Colony morphology of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans includes convex, granular, and ___ colonies.

yellow

p.15
Virulence Factors of Haemophilus influenzae

Peptidoglycan fragments injure ___ tracheal cells.

ciliated

p.5
Laboratory Diagnosis of Haemophilus Infections

Mucoidal colonies are attributed to ___ bacteria.

encapsulated

p.13
Legionella pneumophila and Legionellosis

Symptoms such as chills, malaise, and an ulcerating papule at the inoculation site may occur in ___ forms.

pneumonic, glandular, oropharyngeal, oculoglandular, typhoidal

p.5
Laboratory Diagnosis of Haemophilus Infections

To observe capsules, use ___ ink.

India

p.11
Brucella Infections

Brucellosis, also known as ___ fever, is acquired through aerosol, percutaneous, and oral routes.

undulant

p.13
Legionella pneumophila and Legionellosis

The most common species under the Legionella spp. is ___ pneumophila.

Legionella

p.9
Laboratory Diagnosis of Haemophilus Infections

Poor dental hygiene and oral surgery can lead to infections caused by ___ corrodens.

Eikenella

p.8
HACEK Group Overview

Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans was formerly classified under the genus ___ .

Actinobacillus

p.14
Legionella pneumophila and Legionellosis

Pontiac Fever is characterized by symptoms such as ___, headache, and myalgia.

fever

p.3
Virulence Factors of Haemophilus influenzae

Non-typable H. influenzae (NTHi) refers to strains that do not have ___.

capsules

p.7
HACEK Group Overview

HACEK organisms are dysgonic, meaning they grow ___ or ___ poorly.

slower, poorer

p.7
HACEK Group Overview

Even though HACEK organisms are Gram (-), they fail to grow in ___ agar.

MacConkey

p.13
Virulence Factors of Haemophilus influenzae

Legionella pneumophila can survive and multiply within ___ water systems.

piped

p.14
Laboratory Diagnosis of Legionella Infections

The characteristic colony morphology of Legionella is grayish-white or blue green, convex, and ___ measuring 2-4 mm in diameter.

glistening

p.15
Virulence Factors of Haemophilus influenzae

FHA and Pertactin facilitate attachment to ___ epithelial cells.

ciliated

p.7
Laboratory Diagnosis of Haemophilus Infections

If an organism requires ___ factor only, it is considered porphyrin positive.

V

p.5
Laboratory Diagnosis of Haemophilus Infections

Haemophilus species show no growth on ___ and ___.

SBA, MAC

p.5
Laboratory Diagnosis of Haemophilus Infections

The tests to be performed next include X factor & V factor ___ and Porphyrin test.

requirement

p.14
Laboratory Diagnosis of Legionella Infections

Isolation methods for Legionella require iron, L-cysteine, and ___ pH.

low

p.3
Virulence Factors of Haemophilus influenzae

Haemophilus ducreyi is associated with ___ infections.

genital

p.15
Virulence Factors of Haemophilus influenzae

Pertussis toxin interferes with ___ transduction.

signal

p.15
Bordetella and Whooping Cough

The convalescent phase lasts for ___ weeks after onset.

4

p.13
Legionella pneumophila and Legionellosis

What is Legionella pneumophila?

Legionella pneumophila is the most common species under the Legionella genus, characterized as a thin, pleomorphic gram-negative rod that is difficult to visualize using Gram stain and is demonstrated by silver impregnation methods.

p.12
Brucella and Its Infections

What is BRUCELLOSIS?

An influenza-like disease that may cause temperature undulations, with drenching sweats in late afternoon or evening, and may resemble chronic fatigue syndrome.

p.10
Capnocytophaga and Its Infections

What infections are caused by Capnocytophaga?

Periodontitis and local infections that can progress to fulminant infections.

p.5
Laboratory Diagnosis of Haemophilus Infections

What do 'halos' indicate in Gram-stained direct smears of Haemophilus influenzae?

'Halos' indicate the presence of capsules of Haemophilus influenzae, observed as clear, non-staining areas.

p.5
Laboratory Diagnosis of Haemophilus Infections

Which stain is used to observe capsules of Haemophilus influenzae?

India Ink is used to observe capsules of Haemophilus influenzae.

p.8
HACEK Group Overview

What are the common serotypes of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans?

Divided into six serotypes (a through f), with the most common being serotypes a, b, and c.

p.14
Epidemiology of Legionella

What man-made systems can distribute Legionella bacteria?

Man-made distribution systems include hot water systems, cooling towers, and evaporative condensers.

p.3
Virulence Factors of Haemophilus influenzae

What infections are caused by encapsulated strains of H. influenzae?

Most invasive infections are caused by encapsulated strains of H. influenzae belonging to serotype b (Hib), which is a leading cause of meningitis in unvaccinated children.

p.3
Virulence Factors of Haemophilus influenzae

What is the significance of adherence mechanisms in NTHi strains?

Most NTHi strains are adherent to human epithelial cells, and nonencapsulated NTHi strains can adhere to the epithelium, which is crucial for their pathogenicity.

p.2
Virulence Factors of Haemophilus influenzae

What are the serotypes of Haemophilus influenzae?

There are 6 serotypes of Haemophilus influenzae: a, b (the most important pathogenic serotype), c, d, e, and f.

p.16
Laboratory Diagnosis of Haemophilus Infections

What is the significance of ciliated respiratory epithelial cells in bacterial infections?

Organisms adhere to and replicate on ciliated respiratory epithelial cells, which is crucial for their pathogenicity.

p.13
Legionella pneumophila and Legionellosis

What are the clinical manifestations of legionellosis?

The predominant manifestation of legionellosis is pneumonia, which can be caused by various pathogens including S. pneumoniae, M. pneumoniae, and Chlamydophila pneumoniae.

p.8
Culture Media and Growth Requirements for Fastidious Gram-Negative Bacilli

What is the colony morphology of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans?

Convex, granular, yellow colonies with an opaque zone near the center.

p.6
Laboratory Diagnosis of Haemophilus Infections

How is porphobilinogen detected in the Porphyrin Test?

Porphobilinogen is detected by adding p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde (Kovacs' reagent), which produces a red color if porphobilinogen is present.

p.1
Haemophilus Characteristics and Species

What are the general characteristics of Haemophilus?

Haemophilus are Gram-negative, pleomorphic bacteria that are non-motile, facultative anaerobic, and carbohydrate fermenters, adapted to the respiratory tract as part of the normal flora.

p.5
Laboratory Diagnosis of Haemophilus Infections

What is the traditional approach for testing X and V factor requirements?

The traditional approach involves using impregnated strips or disks.

p.16
Laboratory Diagnosis of Haemophilus Infections

What are Droplets in the context of laboratory epidemiology?

Droplets refer to the mode of transmission for certain organisms, which can occur through direct contact with secretions.

p.16
Laboratory Diagnosis of Haemophilus Infections

What are Isolation Methods used in laboratory diagnosis?

Isolation methods include using Bordet-Gengou potato infusion agar, Regan-Lowe, and Charcoal-horse blood, incubated at a moist chamber at 35°C for ≥7 days.

p.5
Laboratory Diagnosis of Haemophilus Infections

What are mucoidal colonies attributed to?

Mucoidal colonies are attributed to encapsulated bacteria.

p.7
HACEK Group Overview

What is the definition of Porphyrin Negative in relation to Haemophilus spp.?

Porphyrin Negative refers to species that cannot synthesize heme and are X factor-positive, meaning they require hemin for growth.

p.8
Virulence Factors of Haemophilus influenzae

What virulence factor is produced by Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans?

Collagenase, which is toxic to polymorphonuclear cells and monocytes.

p.14
Legionella pneumophila and Legionellosis

What is the Incubation Period for Legionnaire's Disease?

The Incubation Period for Legionnaire's Disease is 2-10 days.

p.4
Laboratory Diagnosis of Haemophilus Infections

What is the incubation period for Chancroid?

The incubation period for Chancroid is 4 to 14 days.

p.1
Haemophilus Characteristics and Species

What is the causative agent of Chancroid?

Haemophilus ducreyi is the causative agent of Chancroid, a sexually transmitted disease.

p.4
Culture Media and Growth Requirements for Fastidious Gram-Negative Bacilli

What type of agar is used for Haemophilus from respiratory specimens?

Chocolate agar with bacitracin (300mg/L) is used for isolating Haemophilus from respiratory specimens.

p.9
Culture Media and Growth Requirements for Fastidious Gram-Negative Bacilli

What are the culture requirements for Cardiobacterium hominis?

Requires sheep blood agar (SBA) and chocolate agar (CHOC) in a humid atmosphere with 5% CO2.

p.10
Laboratory Diagnosis of Haemophilus Infections

What infections are associated with Kingella?

Oral, blood, bone infections, and subacute bacterial endocarditis.

p.10
Culture Media and Growth Requirements for Fastidious Gram-Negative Bacilli

What are the culture requirements for Kingella?

Increased CO2 with hemin.

p.6
Laboratory Diagnosis of Haemophilus Infections

How can porphyrins be detected?

Porphyrins can be detected using ultraviolet light with a wavelength of about 360 nm, where they fluoresce reddish orange.

p.14
Epidemiology of Legionella

What are common aquatic sources associated with Legionnaire's Disease?

Common aquatic sources include lakes, rivers, hot springs, and mud.

p.4
Culture Media and Growth Requirements for Fastidious Gram-Negative Bacilli

What culture media is used for Haemophilus ducreyi?

Haemophilus ducreyi is cultured on Nairobi biplate medium under 5% to 10% CO2 at 33°C with high humidity for up to 7 days.

p.3
Haemophilus Characteristics and Species

What are non-typable H. influenzae (NTHi)?

Non-typable H. influenzae (NTHi) refers to strains of H. influenzae that do not have capsules and are not encapsulated.

p.14
Culture Media and Growth Requirements for Fastidious Gram-Negative Bacilli

What is the colony morphology of Legionella bacteria?

The colonies are grayish-white or blue-green, convex, glistening, and measure 2-4 mm in diameter, often described as having a characteristic 'ground-glass' appearance.

p.13
Virulence Factors of Haemophilus influenzae

What are the virulence factors of Legionella pneumophila?

The virulence factors include the ability to enter, survive, and multiply within macrophages, multiply at temperatures ranging from 20°C to 43°C, adhere and persist in piped water systems, and survive and multiply within free-living protozoa.

p.11
Pasteurella and Brucella Infections

What is Brucellosis?

An infection caused by Brucella, characterized by undulant fever, acquired through aerosol, percutaneous, and oral routes.

p.15
Virulence Factors of Haemophilus influenzae

What are the virulence factors of Bordetella?

FHA and Pertactin facilitate attachment to ciliated epithelial cells; Pertussis toxin interferes with signal transduction; Adenylate cyclase toxin inhibits host epithelial and immune effector cells; Tracheal cytotoxin causes ciliostasis and DNA synthesis.

p.6
Laboratory Diagnosis of Haemophilus Infections

What is the incubation temperature for the Porphyrin Test?

The incubation temperature for the Porphyrin Test is 35°C.

p.15
Bordetella and Whooping Cough

What is the Catarrhal Phase of Whooping Cough?

The initial phase characterized by sneezing, coughing, mild cough, runny nose, and conjunctivitis in infants.

p.5
Laboratory Diagnosis of Haemophilus Infections

What type of agar is used for the growth of gram-negative pleomorphic coccobacilli?

Growth of gram-negative pleomorphic coccobacilli is observed on CHOC agar.

p.4
Culture Media and Growth Requirements for Fastidious Gram-Negative Bacilli

What is the optimal growth condition for most Haemophilus spp.?

Most Haemophilus spp. are capnophilic and require 5% to 10% CO2 at 35°C to 37°C for 24 to 72 hours.

p.1
Haemophilus Characteristics and Species

What are the eight species of Haemophilus associated with humans?

The eight species are Haemophilus influenzae, Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Haemophilus haemolyticus, Haemophilus parahaemolyticus, Haemophilus paraphrohaemolyticus, Haemophilus pittmaniae, Haemophilus aegyptius, and Haemophilus ducreyi.

p.3
Haemophilus Characteristics and Species

What is Haemophilus aegypticus known for?

Haemophilus aegypticus, also known as Koch-Weeks bacillus, causes purulent conjunctivitis, commonly referred to as 'pink eye'.

p.3
Haemophilus Characteristics and Species

What is Haemophilus ducreyi?

Haemophilus ducreyi is a species of Haemophilus known for causing chancroid, a sexually transmitted infection.

p.11
Laboratory Diagnosis of Haemophilus Infections

What are the serogroups of Pasteurella multocida?

There are 5 serogroups: A, B, D, E, and F.

p.12
Francisella tularensis and Tularemia

What are the SUBSPECIES of Francisella tularensis?

F. tularensis (type A) - most severe infection, F. holartica (type B), F. mediasiatica, and F. novicida - opportunistic species.

p.12
Francisella tularensis and Tularemia

What is ULCEROGLANDULAR TULAREMIA?

A form of tularemia that begins with fever and is characterized by ulceration and glandular swelling.

p.15
Bordetella and Whooping Cough

What occurs during the Paroxysmal Phase of Whooping Cough?

This phase is marked by fever and repetitive coughing followed by a 'whoop'.

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Laboratory Diagnosis of Haemophilus Infections

How are specimens for Haemophilus spp. collected?

Specimens for Haemophilus spp. are collected using a pre-moistened swab, Stuart's or Amie's.

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Virulence Factors of Haemophilus influenzae

What is the significance of Haemophilus aegyptius?

Haemophilus aegyptius is known as 'Koch-Weeks Bacillus' and is a causative agent for conjunctivitis, commonly referred to as pink eye.

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Haemophilus Characteristics and Species

What is the role of Haemophilus in the human microbiota?

Haemophilus species constitute approximately 10% of the normal bacterial biota in adults, primarily residing in the healthy upper respiratory tract.

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Haemophilus Characteristics and Species

What conditions are associated with Haemophilus influenzae biogroup aegyptius?

Haemophilus influenzae biogroup aegyptius is associated with conjunctivitis in children and Brazilian purpuric fever.

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Virulence Factors of Haemophilus influenzae

What diseases are associated with Cardiobacterium hominis?

Oral infections and subacute bacterial endocarditis.

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Virulence Factors of Haemophilus influenzae

What infections can Eikenella corrodens cause?

Meningitis, empyema, pneumonia, osteomyelitis, arthritis, and postoperative tissue infections.

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Laboratory Diagnosis of Haemophilus Infections

What is the Porphyrin Test?

A method for differentiating heme-producing species of Haemophilus by assessing their ability to convert δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) into porphyrins or porphobilinogen.

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Laboratory Diagnosis of Haemophilus Infections

What are the culture characteristics of Brucella?

Smooth, raised, and translucent colonies.

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Bordetella and Whooping Cough

What is Whooping Cough?

A highly contagious disease with transmission occurring via respiratory secretions on the hands or in an aerosolized form, characterized by three phases: Catarrhal, Paroxysmal, and Convalescent.

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HACEK Group Overview

What are some risk factors associated with HACEK organisms?

Risk factors include tooth extraction, history of endocarditis, gingival surgery, heart valve surgery, and mitral valve prolapse.

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Haemophilus Characteristics and Species

What is Haemophilus influenzae commonly known as?

Haemophilus influenzae is commonly known as 'Pfeiffer's Bacillus'.

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Virulence Factors of Haemophilus influenzae

What is Serotype b in Haemophilus influenzae?

Serotype b is composed of ribose, ribitol, and phosphate (polyribitol phosphate) and is known for its antiphagocytic property and anticomplementary effects.

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Culture Media and Growth Requirements for Fastidious Gram-Negative Bacilli

What agar is used for the isolation of Legionella bacteria?

Chocolate agar and BCYE (Buffered charcoal yeast extract) are used for the isolation of Legionella bacteria.

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Virulence Factors of Haemophilus influenzae

What is Cardiobacterium hominis?

A normal flora of the nose, mouth, throat, and gastrointestinal tract that tends to form rosettes, swellings, long filaments, and stick-like structures.

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Virulence Factors of Haemophilus influenzae

What is Eikenella corrodens?

A normal flora of oral and bowel cavities that can cause infections due to trauma, especially after human bites or fights.

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Francisella tularensis and Tularemia

What is TULAREMIA?

Also known as rabbit, deerfly, lemming fever, or water rat trappers' disease, it is transmitted through the bite of an infected tick or deer fly, ingestion, or inhalation.

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Laboratory Diagnosis of Haemophilus Infections

What is the significance of high concentrations of CO2 for Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans?

It does not require high concentrations of CO2 but grows better in such conditions.

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Bordetella and Whooping Cough

What is the Convalescent Phase of Whooping Cough?

The phase that occurs 4 weeks after onset, characterized by a decreased frequency and severity of coughing spells.

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Laboratory Diagnosis of Haemophilus Infections

What type of specimens are collected for laboratory diagnosis of Legionnaire's Disease?

Specimens include respiratory secretions, body fluids, and blood, with specific handling methods like acid treatment and lysis centrifugation.

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Virulence Factors of Haemophilus influenzae

What is the role of Immunoglobulin A Proteases in Haemophilus influenzae?

Immunoglobulin A Proteases produced by Haemophilus influenzae allow the bacteria to adhere to mucous membranes.

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Virulence Factors of Haemophilus influenzae

What is the most significant virulence factor of Haemophilus influenzae?

The capsule is the most significant virulence factor, with capsular polysaccharide serving as a basis for serologic grouping.

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Culture Media and Growth Requirements for Fastidious Gram-Negative Bacilli

What is the Haemophilus Quad Plate?

A culture medium that contains four zones: media with X factor only, V factor only, both X and V factors, and X and V factors with horse red blood cells.

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Virulence Factors of Haemophilus influenzae

What are the clinical manifestations associated with Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans infections?

Fever, heart murmur, congestive heart failure, and embolism.

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Laboratory Diagnosis of Haemophilus Infections

What is the microscopic morphology of Haemophilus influenzae?

Haemophilus influenzae appears as small, gram-negative bacilli that are pleomorphic, ranging from coccobacilli to long filaments.

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Legionella pneumophila and Legionellosis

What is the mode of transmission for Legionella pneumophila?

The mode of transmission for Legionella pneumophila is through aerosolized particles.

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Laboratory Diagnosis of Haemophilus Infections

What does Haemophilus ducreyi resemble under the microscope?

Haemophilus ducreyi appears as pale staining gram-negative coccobacilli arranged singly or in groups, resembling 'railroad tracks' or a 'school of fish'.

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Virulence Factors of Haemophilus influenzae

What is the significance of pili and pertactin in Bordetella?

Pili and pertactin are adhesins that adhere to host cells, facilitating infection.

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Laboratory Diagnosis of Haemophilus Infections

What are the characteristics of the bacteria observed in microscopic examination for Legionnaire's Disease?

The bacteria are pleomorphic and weakly staining gram-negative bacilli.

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Culture Media and Growth Requirements for Fastidious Gram-Negative Bacilli

What are the growth factors required by Haemophilus?

Haemophilus requires X factor (hemin or hematin) and V factor (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide [NAD]) for growth.

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Culture Media and Growth Requirements for Fastidious Gram-Negative Bacilli

What is the significance of V factor in Haemophilus spp.?

Haemophilus spp. with the prefix 'para' require only V factor for growth and do not grow on Sheep’s Blood Agar due to the presence of NADases.

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Pasteurella and Brucella Infections

What is Pasteurella multocida?

A bacterium that causes systemic, pneumonic, and cutaneous infections primarily from animal bites.

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Laboratory Diagnosis of Haemophilus Infections

What are the laboratory diagnosis methods for Pasteurella multocida?

Microscopy showing coccobacilli with bipolar staining, and culture characteristics including grayish, non-hemolytic, mucoid colonies with a narrow green to brown halo.

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HACEK Group Overview

What is the term for the species Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans?

A species formerly in the genus Actinobacillus, it is a normal oral microbiota in humans and is involved in diseases such as destructive periodontitis and subacute bacterial endocarditis.

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Laboratory Diagnosis of Haemophilus Infections

What is the principle of the Porphyrin Test?

The test principle is based on the organism's ability to convert ALA into porphyrins or porphobilinogen, which can be detected by specific reagents or ultraviolet light.

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Pasteurella and Brucella Infections

What type of pathogens are Brucella?

They are facultative intracellular pathogens, meaning they may or may not require a host cell to survive.

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Culture Media and Growth Requirements for Fastidious Gram-Negative Bacilli

What are the culture characteristics of Capnocytophaga?

Haze (gliding motility) on solid surface; opaque, shiny; pale beige or yellowish.

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Laboratory Diagnosis of Haemophilus Infections

What are buboes?

Buboes are enlarged, draining, suppurative (pus-forming) inguinal lymph nodes associated with Chancroid.

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Laboratory Diagnosis of Haemophilus Infections

What tests should be performed to determine X and V factor requirements?

The tests performed include the X factor and V factor requirement tests, as well as the Porphyrin test.

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Laboratory Diagnosis of Haemophilus Infections

What is the significance of prompt transportation and processing for Haemophilus spp.?

Haemophilus spp. die rapidly in clinical specimens, making prompt transportation and processing vital for their isolation.

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Haemophilus Characteristics and Species

What are the characteristics of Kingella?

Short bacilli to coccobacilli with square ends in pairs/in chains; fermenter (dysgonic) that pits agar; can be nonhemolytic (K. denitrificans) or ß-hemolytic (K. kingae).

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Laboratory Diagnosis of Haemophilus Infections

What is the microscopic morphology of the organism in laboratory diagnosis?

The organism appears as tiny gram-negative coccobacilli that are smooth, glistening, and silver, resembling mercury droplets.

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HACEK Group Overview

What does it mean if a Haemophilus spp. is Porphyrin Positive?

Porphyrin Positive indicates that the species can synthesize heme, is X strip negative, and does not require hemin.

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HACEK Group Overview

What are the general characteristics of the HACEK group?

The HACEK group is dysgonic, capnophilic, associated with subacute bacterial endocarditis, normal biota of the oral cavity, and fails to grow in MacConkey agar.

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Legionella pneumophila and Legionellosis

What are the symptoms of Pontiac Fever?

Pontiac Fever is characterized by fever, headache, and myalgia.

p.1
Virulence Factors of Haemophilus influenzae

What infections are associated with Haemophilus influenzae?

Haemophilus influenzae is a causative factor for meningitis and epiglottitis, which are respiratory tract infections.

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Culture Media and Growth Requirements for Fastidious Gram-Negative Bacilli

What growth conditions are required for Legionella bacteria?

Legionella bacteria require iron, L-cysteine, and low pH for growth.

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Culture Media and Growth Requirements for Fastidious Gram-Negative Bacilli

What is Chocolate Agar used for?

Chocolate Agar releases both X and V factors and inactivates NADases, making it mostly used in the laboratory for growing Haemophilus.

p.11
Laboratory Diagnosis of Haemophilus Infections

What does bipolar staining resemble in Pasteurella multocida?

It resembles a safety pin due to half staining of the cells.

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Culture Media and Growth Requirements for Fastidious Gram-Negative Bacilli

What are the culture characteristics of Legionella pneumophila?

Legionella pneumophila requires cysteine, cystine, or thiosulfate for growth and forms gray-white, smooth, raised colonies.

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Laboratory Diagnosis of Haemophilus Infections

What are the microscopy characteristics of Capnocytophaga?

Thin and fusiform, spindle-shaped, coccoid, and curved filaments.

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Laboratory Diagnosis of Haemophilus Infections

What is Chancroid?

Chancroid is a soft chancre venereal disease characterized by painful lesions with irregular edges and suppurative inguinal lymph nodes known as buboes.

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HACEK Group Overview

What is the significance of Aggregatibacter aphrophilus in the HACEK group?

Aggregatibacter aphrophilus is one of the key species in the HACEK group, known for its association with infections such as subacute bacterial endocarditis.

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Virulence Factors of Haemophilus influenzae

What role does bacterial adenylate cyclase play in Bordetella infections?

Bacterial adenylate cyclase disrupts immune cell function, inhibiting the host's immune response.

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Haemophilus Characteristics and Species

What does the term Haemophilus mean?

Haemophilus is derived from the Greek words 'aima' (blood) and 'philia' (lover), meaning 'blood-lover'.

p.3
Virulence Factors of Haemophilus influenzae

What is the effect of Outer Membrane Proteins & Lipopolysaccharides in H. influenzae?

Antibodies directed against these antigens may play a significant role in human immunity and have a paralyzing effect on the sweeping motion of ciliated respiratory epithelium.

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Laboratory Diagnosis of Haemophilus Infections

What is Satellitism in relation to Haemophilus?

Satellitism occurs when organisms like S. aureus or S. pneumoniae produce V factor as a byproduct of metabolism, allowing tiny colonies of Haemophilus to grow around them.

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