p.41
Connective Tissue Characteristics and Functions
What is lymph?
Extracellular fluid collected from interstitial space.
p.31
Types of Body Tissues
What are the different shapes of epithelial cells?
Squamous (flat), cuboidal (cube-shaped), and columnar (tall and column-like).
p.39
Types of Body Tissues
What are platelets involved in?
The clotting response that seals leaks in damaged blood vessels.
p.21
Subcellular Organelles and Their Functions
What are nucleosomes?
DNA coiled around histones.
p.47
Neural Tissue and Its Role
What is the primary function of neural tissue?
To conduct electrical impulses.
p.30
Types of Body Tissues
What is transitional epithelium?
A type of epithelium that can stretch and is found in the bladder.
What is body organization?
The arrangement of cells into tissues, organs, and systems.
p.24
Types of Body Tissues
What is the hierarchy of body organization?
Cell → tissue → organ → system → body.
p.7
Subcellular Organelles and Their Functions
What does the cytoplasm contain?
Cytosol (intracellular fluid) and organelles.
p.18
Subcellular Organelles and Their Functions
What surrounds the nucleus?
The nuclear envelope, which is a double membrane.
p.27
Types of Body Tissues
What types of glands are associated with epithelial tissue?
Endocrine and exocrine glands.
p.26
Types of Body Tissues
What is an example of muscle tissue?
Skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle.
p.38
Connective Tissue Characteristics and Functions
What is the matrix of fluid connective tissues composed of?
A watery matrix of dissolved proteins.
p.20
Subcellular Organelles and Their Functions
What is the function of the nuclear matrix?
It provides support through filaments.
p.21
Subcellular Organelles and Their Functions
What are nucleoli made of?
RNA, enzymes, and histones.
p.33
Connective Tissue Characteristics and Functions
What determines the specialized function of connective tissue?
The matrix, which is made up of the majority of tissue volume.
p.10
Plasma Membrane and Its Functions
What do the hydrophilic heads of the phospholipid bilayer face?
They face the watery environment on both sides.
p.4
Introduction to Human Cells
What are somatic cells?
All body cells except germ cells.
p.38
Connective Tissue Characteristics and Functions
What are the formed elements of blood?
Red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets.
p.51
Homeostasis and Its Regulation
What happens when body temperature rises?
The control center responds by increasing heat loss, causing body temperature to drop.
p.10
Plasma Membrane and Its Functions
Where are the hydrophobic fatty acid tails located in the plasma membrane?
They are located inside the membrane.
p.44
Types of Muscle Tissue
Where is skeletal muscle tissue typically located?
Combined with connective tissues and neural tissue in skeletal muscles.
p.40
Types of Body Tissues
What role do basophils play in the body?
They promote inflammation.
p.35
Connective Tissue Characteristics and Functions
What is one of the primary functions of connective tissue?
Establishing a structural framework for the body.
p.37
Connective Tissue Characteristics and Functions
What characterizes dense connective tissue?
More fibers and less ground substance.
p.8
Introduction to Human Cells
What is blood plasma compared to in terms of consistency?
It is similar to egg white.
p.46
Types of Muscle Tissue
Where is smooth muscle tissue primarily found?
In the walls of blood vessels and in digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive organs.
p.48
Homeostasis and Its Regulation
What is homeostasis?
The state of steady internal, physical, and chemical conditions maintained by living systems.
p.14
Subcellular Organelles and Their Functions
What is the cytoplasm?
All materials inside the cell and outside the nucleus.
p.10
Plasma Membrane and Its Functions
What is the structure of the plasma membrane?
It is composed of a phospholipid bilayer.
p.12
Plasma Membrane and Its Functions
What forms a coordination complex with a central metal atom?
An ion or molecule with a functional group that binds to it.
p.17
Subcellular Organelles and Their Functions
What do vesicles containing degradative enzymes do?
Facilitate the breakdown of organic compounds.
p.11
Plasma Membrane and Its Functions
How do hormones interact with the plasma membrane?
Hormones can bind to receptors on the plasma membrane to initiate cellular responses.
p.37
Connective Tissue Characteristics and Functions
Can you name examples of loose connective tissue?
Areolar tissue, reticular tissue, and adipose (fat) tissue.
p.44
Types of Muscle Tissue
What are the primary functions of skeletal muscle tissue?
Moves or stabilizes the position of the skeleton; guards entrances and exits to the digestive, respiratory, and urinary tracts; generates heat; protects internal organs.
p.22
Subcellular Organelles and Their Functions
What is chromatin?
Loosely coiled DNA found in cells that are not dividing.
p.11
Plasma Membrane and Its Functions
What is the function of anchoring proteins in the plasma membrane?
They stabilize the membrane by attaching to inside or outside structures.
p.53
Feedback Mechanisms in Homeostasis
What happens to the normal range during positive feedback?
The normal range is lost.
p.43
Types of Muscle Tissue
What are the three types of muscle tissue?
Skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle.
p.13
Plasma Membrane and Its Functions
What is the primary function of microvilli?
To increase surface area to facilitate absorption of extracellular materials.
p.53
Feedback Mechanisms in Homeostasis
How does positive feedback conclude?
It always ends with a counter-signaling that suppresses the original stimulus.
p.43
Types of Muscle Tissue
Where is skeletal muscle tissue found?
In large body muscles responsible for movement.
p.46
Types of Muscle Tissue
What is the shape and structure of smooth muscle tissue cells?
Short, spindle-shaped, nonstriated, with a single, central nucleus.
p.34
Connective Tissue Characteristics and Functions
What are the main components of connective tissue?
Ground substance and protein fibers.
p.26
Types of Body Tissues
What are tissues?
Collections of cells and cell products that perform specific, limited functions.
p.50
Feedback Mechanisms in Homeostasis
What does the control center do in the homeostasis process?
Processes the signal and sends instructions.
p.33
Connective Tissue Characteristics and Functions
What are the specialized components of connective tissue?
Specialized cells, solid extracellular protein fibers, and fluid extracellular ground substance.
p.37
Connective Tissue Characteristics and Functions
What characterizes loose connective tissue?
More ground substance and fewer fibers.
p.27
Types of Body Tissues
What are glands?
Structures that produce secretions.
p.22
Subcellular Organelles and Their Functions
When is DNA found in the form of chromatin?
When the cells are not dividing.
p.12
Plasma Membrane and Its Functions
What do carrier proteins do?
Transport specific solutes through the membrane.
p.20
Subcellular Organelles and Their Functions
What types of RNA are found in the nucleus?
Different types of RNA (ribonucleic acid).
p.42
Connective Tissue Characteristics and Functions
What is the function of cartilage in the body?
For shock absorption and protection.
p.8
Introduction to Human Cells
What role does blood plasma play in the body?
It serves as a fluid component of blood, transporting nutrients, hormones, and waste products.
p.49
Homeostasis and Its Regulation
What are the two main types of regulation for homeostasis?
Intrinsic (autoregulation) and extrinsic regulation.
p.46
Types of Muscle Tissue
What are the main functions of smooth muscle tissue?
Moves food, urine, and reproductive tract secretions; controls diameter of respiratory passageways; regulates diameter of blood vessels.
p.3
Homeostasis and Its Regulation
What devices can be used to monitor heart rate?
An Apple Watch or smart watch using the heartbeat app.
p.17
Subcellular Organelles and Their Functions
What are free ribosomes responsible for?
Protein synthesis in the cytosol.
p.26
Types of Body Tissues
What is an example of epithelial tissue?
Outer layer of skin, sweat glands, lining of intestines, respiratory tract, abdominal cavity.
p.29
Types of Body Tissues
What are the three shapes of epithelial tissue?
Squamous, cuboidal, and columnar.
p.48
Homeostasis and Its Regulation
What do systems respond to in order to maintain homeostasis?
External and internal changes.
p.13
Plasma Membrane and Its Functions
How do microvilli assist in the gut?
They help push mucus towards the mouth.
p.25
Types of Body Tissues
What is the primary function of the reproductive system in body organization?
To facilitate reproduction, including the presence of air sacs.
p.32
Types of Body Tissues
What do endocrine glands release?
Hormones into interstitial fluid.
p.12
Plasma Membrane and Its Functions
What are receptor proteins responsible for?
Binding and responding to ligands such as ions and hormones.
p.20
Subcellular Organelles and Their Functions
What is the primary component of the nucleus that contains all information to build and run organisms?
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).
p.43
Types of Muscle Tissue
What is the primary function of muscle tissue?
Specialized for contraction and produces all body movement.
p.27
Types of Body Tissues
What are epithelia?
Layers of cells covering internal or external surfaces.
p.52
Feedback Mechanisms in Homeostasis
What happens when normal range is achieved through negative feedback?
The body is brought back into homeostasis.
p.20
Subcellular Organelles and Their Functions
What is nucleoplasm?
A fluid containing ions, enzymes, nucleotides, and some RNA.
p.14
Subcellular Organelles and Their Functions
What are the characteristics of cytosol?
High potassium (K–), low sodium (Na+), high protein, and high carbohydrate/low amino acid and fat.
p.51
Homeostasis and Its Regulation
What are the temperature sensors in the body?
Temperature sensors are located in the skin and hypothalamus.
p.17
Subcellular Organelles and Their Functions
What are lysosomes and their function?
Vesicles containing digestive enzymes for intracellular removal of damaged organelles or pathogens.
p.48
Homeostasis and Its Regulation
What are examples of conditions that systems maintain within a normal range?
Body temperature and fluid balance.
p.49
Homeostasis and Its Regulation
What is autoregulation in the context of homeostasis?
An automatic response in a cell, tissue, or organ to some environmental change.
p.32
Types of Body Tissues
Do endocrine glands have ducts?
No, they do not have ducts.
p.42
Connective Tissue Characteristics and Functions
What is the primary function of supporting connective tissue?
To support soft tissues and body weight.
p.52
Feedback Mechanisms in Homeostasis
What is the role of negative feedback in the body?
The response of the effector negates the stimulus, bringing the body back into homeostasis.
p.37
Connective Tissue Characteristics and Functions
What are the two main categories of connective tissue proper?
Loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue.
p.12
Plasma Membrane and Its Functions
What is the function of channels in the plasma membrane?
Regulate water flow and solutes through the membrane.
p.14
Subcellular Organelles and Their Functions
What is cytosol?
The intracellular fluid containing dissolved materials such as nutrients, ions, proteins, and waste products.
p.45
Types of Muscle Tissue
What are the characteristics of cardiac muscle tissue cells?
They are short, branched, striated, and usually have a single nucleus.
p.42
Connective Tissue Characteristics and Functions
What makes bone rigid?
Calcium salts and minerals.
p.49
Homeostasis and Its Regulation
What systems control extrinsic regulation of homeostasis?
The nervous and endocrine systems.
p.3
Homeostasis and Its Regulation
How do you calculate your heart rate per minute?
Pulse reading in 15 seconds X 4.
p.34
Connective Tissue Characteristics and Functions
What is the primary function of connective tissue?
To support and structure other tissues and organs.
p.42
Connective Tissue Characteristics and Functions
What type of ground substance does cartilage have?
Gel-type ground substance.
p.7
Plasma Membrane and Its Functions
What separates the cytoplasm from the extracellular fluid?
Plasma membrane or cell membrane.
p.18
Subcellular Organelles and Their Functions
What is the primary function of the nucleus?
It serves as the cell's control center.
p.39
Types of Body Tissues
What is the primary function of red blood cells (erythrocytes)?
Transport of oxygen in the blood.
p.31
Types of Body Tissues
What are the two main criteria for classifying epithelial tissue?
Number of cell layers and cell shape.
p.52
Feedback Mechanisms in Homeostasis
What are the two types of feedback mechanisms mentioned?
Negative feedback and positive feedback.
p.13
Subcellular Organelles and Their Functions
What type of organelles are microvilli classified as?
Non-membranous organelles.
p.19
Subcellular Organelles and Their Functions
What is the function of the nucleolus?
Site of rRNA synthesis and assembly of ribosomal subunits.
p.18
Subcellular Organelles and Their Functions
What are nuclear pores?
Communication passages that allow transport between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.
p.31
Types of Body Tissues
What type of epithelial tissue has a single layer of flat cells?
Simple squamous epithelium.
p.32
Types of Body Tissues
What are glandular epithelia?
Types of epithelial tissue that form glands.
p.53
Feedback Mechanisms in Homeostasis
What is the role of positive feedback in the body?
The response of the effector increases the change of the stimulus, moving the body away from homeostasis.
p.32
Types of Body Tissues
What do exocrine glands produce?
Secretions onto epithelial surfaces.
p.22
Subcellular Organelles and Their Functions
When is DNA found in the form of chromosomes?
When the cells are dividing.
p.13
Plasma Membrane and Its Functions
What are microvilli?
Extensions of the plasma membrane containing microfilaments.
p.48
Homeostasis and Its Regulation
How do body systems contribute to homeostasis?
All body systems work together to maintain a stable internal environment.
p.17
Subcellular Organelles and Their Functions
What is the primary function of peroxisomes?
Catabolism of fats and neutralization of toxic compounds.
p.44
Types of Muscle Tissue
What are the characteristics of skeletal muscle tissue?
Cells are long, cylindrical, striated, and multinucleate.
p.52
Feedback Mechanisms in Homeostasis
What type of feedback mechanisms are most common in the body?
Negative feedback mechanisms.
p.4
Introduction to Human Cells
What does the term 'oocyte' refer to?
A cell that develops into an egg.
p.40
Types of Body Tissues
Which white blood cells are phagocytes?
Eosinophils and neutrophils.
p.18
Subcellular Organelles and Their Functions
What is the perinuclear space?
The space between the two layers of the nuclear envelope.
p.21
Subcellular Organelles and Their Functions
What do nucleoli synthesize?
rRNA and ribosomal subunits.
p.27
Types of Body Tissues
Give an example of epithelial tissue.
Outer layer of skin, sweat glands, lining of intestines, respiratory tract, or abdominal cavity.
p.26
Types of Body Tissues
What is an example of neural tissue?
Brain, spinal cord, nerves.
p.6
Plasma Membrane and Its Functions
What are the main components of the plasma membrane?
Phospholipids, steroids, proteins, and carbohydrates.
p.47
Neural Tissue and Its Role
How does neural tissue respond to the environment?
It rapidly senses internal or external environments.
p.39
Types of Body Tissues
What is the function of platelets?
Function in blood clotting.
p.19
Subcellular Organelles and Their Functions
What are the main functions of the cell nucleus?
Control of metabolism, storage and processing of genetic information, and control of protein synthesis.
p.30
Types of Body Tissues
What are the types of cell layers in epithelial tissue?
Simple (one layer) and stratified (multiple layers).
p.19
Subcellular Organelles and Their Functions
What is chromatin?
A complex of DNA and proteins found in the nucleus.
What are the main types of body tissues?
Epithelial, connective, muscular, and neural.
p.5
Subcellular Organelles and Their Functions
What is the centrosome?
An organelle that organizes microtubules and is essential for cell division.
p.22
Subcellular Organelles and Their Functions
What are chromosomes?
Tightly coiled DNA found in cells that are dividing.
p.11
Plasma Membrane and Its Functions
What role do recognition proteins play in the immune system?
They label cells as normal or abnormal.
p.26
Types of Body Tissues
What are the four types of tissue?
Epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, neural tissue.
p.50
Feedback Mechanisms in Homeostasis
What is the function of an effector in homeostasis?
Carries out instructions.
p.4
Introduction to Human Cells
What are the male and female reproductive cells called?
Male sperm and female oocyte.
p.33
Connective Tissue Characteristics and Functions
What makes up the matrix of connective tissue?
The extracellular components, including fibers and ground substance.
p.26
Types of Body Tissues
What is an example of connective tissue?
Bone, blood, adipose, cartilage, lymphatic tissues.
p.14
Subcellular Organelles and Their Functions
What are organelles?
Structures within the cell that have specific functions.
p.31
Types of Body Tissues
What are the types of cell layers in epithelial tissue?
Simple (one layer) and stratified (multiple layers).
p.5
Plasma Membrane and Its Functions
What is the primary function of the plasma membrane?
To regulate the movement of substances in and out of the cell.
p.40
Types of Body Tissues
What is the primary function of white blood cells (leukocytes)?
To defend the body from infection and disease.
p.38
Connective Tissue Characteristics and Functions
What role do white blood cells play in the body?
They are involved in the immune response.
p.55
Homeostasis and Its Regulation
What is homeostasis?
A state of equilibrium where opposing forces are in balance.
p.6
Subcellular Organelles and Their Functions
What is the function of the cytoskeleton?
Provides strength and support; facilitates movement of cellular structures and materials.
p.28
Types of Body Tissues
What substances does glandular epithelium produce?
Mucous, digestive juices, and other fluids.
p.35
Connective Tissue Characteristics and Functions
What are the two main components of connective tissue?
Fibers and ground substance.
p.36
Connective Tissue Characteristics and Functions
What are the two types of connective tissue proper?
Loose and dense connective tissues.
p.30
Types of Body Tissues
Where is simple columnar epithelium commonly found?
In the lining of the stomach and intestines.
p.6
Plasma Membrane and Its Functions
What is the primary function of the plasma membrane?
Isolation, protection, sensitivity, support, and control of entry and exit of materials.
p.13
Plasma Membrane and Its Functions
What is the relationship between microvilli and the plasma membrane?
Microvilli are extensions of the plasma membrane.
p.38
Connective Tissue Characteristics and Functions
What is the primary function of red blood cells?
To carry oxygen throughout the body.
p.35
Connective Tissue Characteristics and Functions
How does connective tissue contribute to fluid transport?
By transporting fluids and dissolved materials.
p.43
Types of Muscle Tissue
What is a key structural difference between smooth muscle and the other types of muscle tissue?
Smooth muscle is non-striated.
p.45
Types of Muscle Tissue
What unique features can be observed in cardiac muscle tissue under a microscope?
Nuclei, intercalated discs, and striations.
p.30
Types of Body Tissues
What are the two main criteria for classifying epithelial tissue?
Number of cell layers and cell shape.
p.35
Connective Tissue Characteristics and Functions
In what way does connective tissue support other tissues?
By supporting, surrounding, and interconnecting other types of tissue.
p.47
Neural Tissue and Its Role
What are the main components of the central nervous system?
The brain and spinal cord.
p.30
Types of Body Tissues
What are the different shapes of epithelial cells?
Squamous (flat), cuboidal (cube-shaped), and columnar (tall and column-like).
p.55
Homeostasis and Its Regulation
What happens when physiological systems fail to restore balance?
It can result in disease or death.
p.47
Neural Tissue and Its Role
Can you give examples of neural tissue?
Brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
p.23
Structure of Mammalian Cells
What is the function of the nucleus in a cell?
It houses the cell's genetic material (DNA).
p.2
Structure of Mammalian Cells
What is the structure of a typical mammalian cell?
It consists of a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and various organelles.
p.23
Structure of Mammalian Cells
What is a centromere?
The region of a chromosome where sister chromatids are joined.
p.9
Introduction to Human Cells
What is extracellular fluid?
Fluid found outside of cells, providing a medium for cellular communication.
p.33
Connective Tissue Characteristics and Functions
Can you name some examples of connective tissue?
Bone, blood, adipose, cartilage, and lymphatic tissues.
p.43
Types of Muscle Tissue
Where is smooth muscle tissue found?
In the walls of hollow, contracting organs such as blood vessels, urinary bladder, and tracts of the respiratory, digestive, and reproductive systems.
p.45
Types of Muscle Tissue
What are the main functions of cardiac muscle tissue?
Circulates blood and maintains blood pressure.
p.39
Types of Body Tissues
What are platelets composed of?
Membrane-enclosed packets of cytoplasm.
p.5
Subcellular Organelles and Their Functions
What is the role of secretory vesicles?
To transport materials out of the cell.
p.55
Homeostasis and Its Regulation
What does dynamic equilibrium refer to?
Continual adaptation to maintain balance.
p.6
Subcellular Organelles and Their Functions
What is cytosol responsible for?
Distributing materials by diffusion.
p.15
Subcellular Organelles and Their Functions
What is the primary function of proteasomes?
Breakdown and recycling of damaged or abnormal intracellular proteins.
p.28
Types of Body Tissues
Where is glandular epithelium commonly found?
In the breast, lung, stomach, colon, pancreas, prostate, uterus, and cervix.
p.15
Subcellular Organelles and Their Functions
Where are fixed ribosomes located?
Bound to the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
p.24
Types of Body Tissues
Name three organ systems in the human body.
Integumentary, nervous, endocrine.
p.36
Connective Tissue Characteristics and Functions
What are the three main classifications of connective tissues?
Connective tissue proper, fluid connective tissues, and supporting connective tissues.
p.29
Types of Body Tissues
How are columnar epithelia described?
Tall, slender rectangles.
p.19
Subcellular Organelles and Their Functions
What surrounds the nucleoplasm?
The nuclear envelope, which is a double membrane.
p.51
Homeostasis and Its Regulation
What occurs if body temperature exceeds 37.2 °C?
Heat loss is increased through enhanced blood flow to the skin and increased sweating.
p.55
Homeostasis and Its Regulation
What is systems integration in the context of homeostasis?
Systems work together to maintain homeostasis.
p.54
Feedback Mechanisms in Homeostasis
What is the end result of the blood clotting process?
Formation of a blood clot that patches the vessel wall and stops bleeding.
p.41
Connective Tissue Characteristics and Functions
Why is lymph collected from interstitial space?
Due to high blood pressure of incoming blood in veins.
p.15
Subcellular Organelles and Their Functions
What are proteasomes?
Hollow cylinders of proteolytic enzymes with regulatory proteins at their ends.
p.5
Subcellular Organelles and Their Functions
What is the function of the nucleus?
To store genetic material and control cellular activities.
p.55
Feedback Mechanisms in Homeostasis
What role do feedback mechanisms play in homeostasis?
They help regulate physiological systems to maintain balance.
p.5
Subcellular Organelles and Their Functions
What are centrioles?
Structures within the centrosome that are involved in cell division.
p.9
Plasma Membrane and Its Functions
What role do cholesterol molecules play in the plasma membrane?
They help maintain membrane fluidity.
p.16
Subcellular Organelles and Their Functions
What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?
Synthesizes lipids and carbohydrates.
p.16
Subcellular Organelles and Their Functions
What is the primary function of mitochondria?
Produce 95% of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) required by the cell.
p.16
Subcellular Organelles and Their Functions
What is the function of the nucleus?
Synthesis of secretory products; intracellular storage and transport; detoxification of drugs or toxins.
p.54
Feedback Mechanisms in Homeostasis
What initiates the blood clotting process?
Damaged cells in the blood vessel wall release chemicals.
p.28
Types of Body Tissues
What is one function of epithelial tissue?
Provide physical protection.
p.41
Connective Tissue Characteristics and Functions
What system transports lymph?
The lymphatic (lymphoid) system.
p.5
Subcellular Organelles and Their Functions
What are membranous organelles?
Organelles that are enclosed by membranes.
p.28
Types of Body Tissues
What role does epithelial tissue play in sensation?
It provides sensation through specialized sensory cells.
p.19
Subcellular Organelles and Their Functions
What types of genetic material does the cell nucleus contain?
DNA and different types of RNA.
p.35
Connective Tissue Characteristics and Functions
How does connective tissue defend the body?
By defending the body from invading microorganisms.
p.19
Subcellular Organelles and Their Functions
What is the role of nuclear pores?
To regulate the exchange of materials between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.
p.2
Plasma Membrane and Its Functions
What is the function of the plasma membrane?
It regulates what enters and exits the cell.
p.24
Types of Body Tissues
What are tissues?
Structures with discrete structural and functional properties.
p.9
Plasma Membrane and Its Functions
What are peripheral proteins?
Proteins that are attached to the exterior or interior surfaces of the membrane.
p.23
Structure of Mammalian Cells
What happens to chromatin when a cell prepares for division?
It coils up and becomes visible as chromosomes.
p.23
Structure of Mammalian Cells
What happens to DNA during cell division?
It coils itself up to form visible chromosomes.
p.10
Plasma Membrane and Its Functions
What does the plasma membrane act as a barrier to?
It acts as a barrier to ions and water-soluble compounds.
p.5
Subcellular Organelles and Their Functions
What are non-membranous organelles?
Organelles that do not have a surrounding membrane.
p.28
Types of Body Tissues
How does epithelial tissue control permeability?
By regulating the passage of substances across its layers.
p.51
Homeostasis and Its Regulation
What are the effects of the control center on sweat glands and blood vessels?
Sweat glands increase secretion and blood vessels in the skin dilate.
p.51
Homeostasis and Its Regulation
What happens when body temperature drops?
Blood vessels constrict and sweating decreases.
p.30
Types of Body Tissues
What type of epithelial tissue has a single layer of flat cells?
Simple squamous epithelium.
p.54
Feedback Mechanisms in Homeostasis
What happens to oxytocin levels after the baby is born?
The brain stops sending oxytocin.
p.30
Types of Body Tissues
What is the function of simple cuboidal epithelium?
Secretion and absorption.
p.5
Subcellular Organelles and Their Functions
What is the significance of centrioles being positioned at right angles?
It is essential for the organization of the microtubules in the cytoskeleton.
p.5
Subcellular Organelles and Their Functions
What is the function of microtubules during cell division?
They assist in the movement of chromosomes.
p.2
Introduction to Human Cells
Why is it important to refer to readings for better understanding?
Readings provide detailed information and context beyond lecture notes.
p.23
Structure of Mammalian Cells
What is chromatin?
The relaxed form of DNA found in a non-dividing cell's nucleus.
p.10
Plasma Membrane and Its Functions
What is the permeability of the plasma membrane?
It is hard for substances to pass through the plasma membrane.
p.19
Subcellular Organelles and Their Functions
What is contained within the nucleoplasm?
Nucleotides, enzymes, nucleoproteins, and chromatin.
p.47
Neural Tissue and Its Role
Where is neural tissue primarily concentrated?
In the central nervous system.
p.31
Types of Body Tissues
What is the function of simple cuboidal epithelium?
Secretion and absorption.
p.35
Connective Tissue Characteristics and Functions
What type of energy reserves does connective tissue store?
Especially in the form of triglycerides.
p.47
Neural Tissue and Its Role
What does neural tissue process?
Information and controls responses.
p.2
Homeostasis and Its Regulation
What is homeostasis?
The maintenance of a stable internal environment in the body.
p.15
Subcellular Organelles and Their Functions
What happens if subcellular organelles fail to function well?
Apoptosis (killing of normal cells).
p.16
Subcellular Organelles and Their Functions
What analogy is used to describe mitochondria?
Powerhouse of the cell (~battery).
p.6
Subcellular Organelles and Their Functions
What is the role of free ribosomes in a cell?
They synthesize proteins that function within the cytosol.
p.54
Feedback Mechanisms in Homeostasis
What happens during the positive feedback loop of blood clotting?
Each step releases chemicals that further accelerate the clotting process.
p.36
Connective Tissue Characteristics and Functions
What is the primary function of supporting connective tissues?
To provide structural strength.
p.51
Homeostasis and Its Regulation
What is the normal range for body temperature fluctuations?
Usually between 36.7 °C and 37.2 °C.
p.28
Types of Body Tissues
What is glandular epithelium?
A type of tissue that lines certain internal organs and produces specialized secretions.
p.36
Connective Tissue Characteristics and Functions
What are examples of connective tissue proper?
Tendons, ligaments, and adipose tissue.
p.2
Subcellular Organelles and Their Functions
What are subcellular organelles?
Specialized structures within a cell that perform distinct functions.
p.24
Types of Body Tissues
What do tissues combine to form?
Organs, such as the heart or liver.
p.9
Plasma Membrane and Its Functions
What is the glycocalyx composed of?
Glycolipids and integral glycoproteins.
p.16
Subcellular Organelles and Their Functions
What is the structure of mitochondria?
Double membrane, with inner membrane folds (cristae) enclosing important metabolic enzymes.
p.16
Subcellular Organelles and Their Functions
What is the network of membranous channels in the cytoplasm called?
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
p.35
Connective Tissue Characteristics and Functions
What role does connective tissue play in organ protection?
It protects delicate organs.
p.38
Connective Tissue Characteristics and Functions
What is the function of platelets in blood?
To aid in blood clotting.
p.29
Types of Body Tissues
How is epithelial tissue classified?
Based on layers and shape.
p.5
Subcellular Organelles and Their Functions
What is cytosol?
The liquid component of the cytoplasm.
p.54
Feedback Mechanisms in Homeostasis
What role does oxytocin play during labor?
It makes the uterus push the baby out.
p.6
Subcellular Organelles and Their Functions
What distinguishes membranous organelles from non-membranous organelles?
Membranous organelles are surrounded by a lipid bilayer, while non-membranous organelles are not.
p.9
Plasma Membrane and Its Functions
What type of proteins span the plasma membrane and can form channels?
Integral proteins with channels.
p.16
Subcellular Organelles and Their Functions
What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus?
Storage, alteration, and packaging of secretory products and lysosomal enzymes.
p.23
Structure of Mammalian Cells
What are sister chromatids?
Identical copies of a chromosome connected by a centromere.
p.16
Subcellular Organelles and Their Functions
What is the structure of the Golgi apparatus?
Stacks of flattened membranes (cisternae) containing chambers.
p.23
Structure of Mammalian Cells
What are histones?
Proteins that help package and organize DNA into nucleosomes.
p.9
Plasma Membrane and Its Functions
What is the function of gated channels in the plasma membrane?
To regulate the flow of ions and molecules.
p.16
Subcellular Organelles and Their Functions
What does the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) do?
Modifies and packages newly synthesized proteins.
p.23
Structure of Mammalian Cells
What is the role of the kinetochore?
It is a protein structure on the centromere where spindle fibers attach during cell division.
p.23
Structure of Mammalian Cells
What does it mean for DNA to be supercoiled?
It refers to the tightly coiled structure of DNA during cell division.
p.23
Structure of Mammalian Cells
What is a nucleosome?
A unit of DNA wrapped around histone proteins.
