p.1
Levator Scapulae Muscle: Anatomy and Function
Which muscle is responsible for elevating the scapula?
<p>Trapezius and Levator Scapulae muscle.</p>
p.2
Trapezius Muscle: Anatomy and Function
What is the origin of the trapezius muscle?
External occipital protuberance, medial 1/3 of superior nuchal line, ligamentum nuchae, spinous process of C7 - T12 vertebrae.
p.2
Trapezius Muscle: Anatomy and Function
Where do the superior fibers of the trapezius muscle insert?
<p>lateral 1/3 of the clavicle.</p>
p.2
Trapezius Muscle: Anatomy and Function
What is the insertion point for the middle fibers of the trapezius muscle?
Acromion and spine of scapula.
p.2
Nerve Innervation of Back Muscles
What is the innervation of the trapezius muscle?
<p>Spinal root of accessory nerve and anterior primary rami of C3, C4 spinal nerves.</p>
p.3
Trapezius Muscle: Anatomy and Function
What is the action of the superior fibers of the trapezius muscle?
Shoulder (scapula) elevation.
p.3
Trapezius Muscle: Anatomy and Function
What is the action of the inferior fibers of the trapezius muscle?
Shoulder (scapula) depression.
p.14
Deep Group of Back Muscles
What is the primary function of the Splenius muscles?
To support and stabilize the vertebral column.
p.24
Deep Group of Back Muscles
What is one action of the Transversospinalis muscle?
Contralateral rotation of the head.
p.33
Suboccipital Region and Muscles
What is the origin of the Obliquus inferior capitis muscle?
Spinous process of Axis (C2).
p.42
Deep Group of Back Muscles
What is the title of the course taught by Assistant Professor Dr. Anupong Thongklam Songsaad?
DTAN 211: Gross Anatomy of Head and Neck in Dentistry.
p.32
Suboccipital Region and Muscles
What is the origin of the Rectus capitis posterior major muscle?
Spinous process of Axis (C2).
p.4
Nerve Innervation of Back Muscles
Which nerve innervates the latissimus dorsi muscle?
Thoracodorsal nerve (C6 - C8 spinal nerves).
p.40
Deep Group of Back Muscles
What is the title of the course taught by Dr. Anupong Thongklam Songsaad?
Gross Anatomy of Head and Neck in Dentistry.
p.10
Intermediate Group of Back Muscles
What are the two muscles in the intermediate group of the back?
Serratus posterior superior and Serratus posterior inferior.
p.17
Deep Group of Back Muscles
What is one action of the splenius muscle?
Ipsilateral rotation of the head.
p.3
Trapezius Muscle: Anatomy and Function
Where do the inferior fibers of the trapezius muscle insert?
Acromion and spine of scapula.
p.11
Serratus Posterior Muscles: Anatomy and Function
Where does the Serratus posterior superior muscle insert?
External surface of the 2nd - 5th ribs.
p.26
Deep Group of Back Muscles
What is the action of the Transversospinalis at one site?
Ipsilateral rotation of the body.
p.10
Intermediate Group of Back Muscles
Which group of back muscles does the Serratus posterior superior belong to?
Intermediate group of the back.
p.17
Deep Group of Back Muscles
What is another action of the splenius muscle?
Ipsilateral flexion of the head.
p.17
Deep Group of Back Muscles
What are the actions of the splenius muscle at two sites?
Extension and hyperextension of the head.
p.37
Suboccipital Region and Muscles
What are the main contents of the suboccipital triangle?
Vertebral artery, vertebral vein, and suboccipital nerve.
p.38
Suboccipital Region and Muscles
What are the contents of the suboccipital triangle?
1. Vertebral artery, 2. Vertebral vein, 3. Suboccipital nerve.
p.14
Deep Group of Back Muscles
What are the two main muscles in the Splenius group?
Splenius capitis and Splenius cervicis.
p.27
Deep Group of Back Muscles
What is one action of the Transversospinalis muscles?
Ipsilateral rotation of the body.
p.10
Intermediate Group of Back Muscles
Which group of back muscles does the Serratus posterior inferior belong to?
Intermediate group of the back.
p.4
Latissimus Dorsi Muscle: Anatomy and Function
What is the origin of the latissimus dorsi muscle?
Spinous processes of T7 - T12 vertebrae, thoracolumbar fascia, 9th - 12th ribs, and iliac crest.
p.13
Deep Group of Back Muscles
What are the three layers of the deep group of back muscles?
Superficial layer (Splenius), Intermediate layer (Sacrospinalis/erector spinae), Deep layer (Transversospinalis).
p.15
Nerve Innervation of Back Muscles
What is the innervation of the Splenius capitis muscle?
Posterior primary rami of C2 - C3 spinal nerves (medial branch).
p.16
Deep Group of Back Muscles
Where does the Splenius cervicis muscle insert?
Transverse processes of C1 - C4 vertebrae.
p.12
Serratus Posterior Muscles: Anatomy and Function
Where does the Serratus posterior inferior muscle insert?
External surface of the 9th - 12th ribs.
p.20
Deep Group of Back Muscles
What is the origin of the intermediate layer of the deep group?
Sacrospinalis/erector spinae.
p.42
Intermediate Group of Back Muscles
What is Dr. Anupong Thongklam Songsaad's email address?
Anupong.son@mahidol.ac.th.
p.5
Latissimus Dorsi Muscle: Anatomy and Function
What are the primary actions of the latissimus dorsi muscle?
Medial rotation of the humerus, shoulder extension, and shoulder adduction.
p.23
Deep Group of Back Muscles
What is one action of the Transversospinalis muscle?
Ipsilateral flexion of the head.
p.6
Levator Scapulae Muscle: Anatomy and Function
What is the origin of the levator scapulae muscle?
Transverse process of C1 - C4 vertebrae.
p.6
Levator Scapulae Muscle: Anatomy and Function
Where does the levator scapulae muscle insert?
Superior angle of the scapula.
p.7
Rhomboid Muscles: Anatomy and Function
What is the origin of the Rhomboid minor muscle?
Spinous process of C7 - T1 vertebrae.
p.13
Deep Group of Back Muscles
What are the three columns of the intermediate layer (Sacrospinalis)?
Medial column (Spinalis), Intermediate column (Longissimus), Lateral column (Iliocostalis).
p.34
Suboccipital Region and Muscles
What is the origin of the Obliquus superior capitis muscle?
Transverse process of Atlas (C1).
p.37
Nerve Innervation of Back Muscles
What is the origin of the suboccipital nerve?
It is the posterior primary ramus of the C1 spinal nerve.
p.26
Deep Group of Back Muscles
What are the actions of the Transversospinalis at two sites?
Extension and hyperextension of the body.
p.27
Deep Group of Back Muscles
What is the role of Rotatores in the Transversospinalis group?
They contribute to contralateral rotation.
p.3
Trapezius Muscle: Anatomy and Function
What is the action of the middle fibers of the trapezius muscle?
Shoulder (scapula) retraction.
p.42
Nerve Innervation of Back Muscles
What degrees does Dr. Anupong Thongklam Songsaad hold?
B.Sc. in Biology (1st Class Honors) and Ph.D. in Anatomy and Structural Biology.
p.36
Suboccipital Region and Muscles
What is the function of the suboccipital nerve?
Branches and innervates the suboccipital muscle.
p.37
Suboccipital Region and Muscles
Where does the vertebral artery travel from and to?
From the foramen transversarium of the atlas to the foramen magnum of the skull.
p.32
Nerve Innervation of Back Muscles
Which nerve innervates the Rectus capitis posterior major muscle?
Suboccipital nerve (posterior ramus of C1 spinal nerve).
p.35
Suboccipital Region and Muscles
Which muscle is located superior and medial in the suboccipital triangle?
Rectus capitis posterior major m.
p.19
Deep Group of Back Muscles
What are the actions of the muscles in the intermediate layer of the deep group?
Extension and hyperextension of the head.
p.11
Serratus Posterior Muscles: Anatomy and Function
What is the origin of the Serratus posterior superior muscle?
Spinous process of C7 - T3 vertebrae.
p.26
Deep Group of Back Muscles
What is the action of the Multifidus at one site?
Ipsilateral flexion of the body.
p.12
Serratus Posterior Muscles: Anatomy and Function
What is the origin of the Serratus posterior inferior muscle?
Spinous process of T11 - L2 vertebrae.
p.20
Deep Group of Back Muscles
What is the action associated with 1 site in the deep group of back muscles?
Ipsilateral flexion of the body.
p.33
Nerve Innervation of Back Muscles
Which nerve innervates the Obliquus inferior capitis muscle?
Suboccipital nerve (posterior primary ramus of C1 spinal nerve).
p.32
Suboccipital Region and Muscles
Where does the Rectus capitis posterior major muscle insert?
Inferior nuchal line of the occipital bone.
p.12
Nerve Innervation of Back Muscles
What is the innervation of the Serratus posterior inferior muscle?
Anterior primary rami of T9 - T12 spinal nerves.
p.19
Deep Group of Back Muscles
What action is associated with the ipsilateral flexion of the head?
It involves the contraction of specific muscles in the neck.
p.11
Serratus Posterior Muscles: Anatomy and Function
What is the primary action of the Serratus posterior superior muscle?
Ribs elevation for inspiration.
p.33
Suboccipital Region and Muscles
Where does the Obliquus inferior capitis muscle insert?
Transverse process of Atlas (C1).
p.15
Splenius Muscle: Anatomy and Function
Where does the Splenius capitis muscle insert?
Mastoid process of temporal bone and lateral 1/3 of superior nuchal line.
p.43
Deep Group of Back Muscles
What bones are included in the skull?
Occipital bone and temporal bone.
p.31
Suboccipital Region and Muscles
What is the origin of the Rectus capitis posterior minor muscle?
Posterior arch of Atlas (C1).
p.22
Deep Group of Back Muscles
What are the Rotatores muscles responsible for?
Rotating the vertebral column.
p.38
Nerve Innervation of Back Muscles
Which spinal nerve gives rise to the suboccipital nerve?
The posterior primary rami of C1 spinal nerve.
p.7
Rhomboid Muscles: Anatomy and Function
Where does the Rhomboid major muscle insert?
Medial border of scapula (inferior to spine).
p.16
Nerve Innervation of Back Muscles
What is the innervation of the Splenius cervicis muscle?
Medial branch of posterior primary rami of C5 - C8 spinal nerves.
p.15
Splenius Muscle: Anatomy and Function
What is the origin of the Splenius capitis muscle?
Nuchal ligament and spinous processes of C7 - T3 vertebrae.
p.23
Deep Group of Back Muscles
What is another action of the Transversospinalis muscle?
Contralateral rotation of the head.
p.25
Deep Group of Back Muscles
What is the specific muscle referred to as Semispinalis thoracis?
A part of the Transversospinalis group.
p.13
Deep Group of Back Muscles
Name two muscles in the superficial layer of the deep group.
Splenius capitis and Splenius cervicis.
p.23
Deep Group of Back Muscles
What is another action of the Semispinalis capitis muscle?
Hyperextension of the head.
p.37
Suboccipital Region and Muscles
What is the function of the vertebral vein in the suboccipital triangle?
It drains the suboccipital region and vertebral column.
p.32
Suboccipital Region and Muscles
What are the actions of the Rectus capitis posterior major muscle?
Head extension, hyperextension, and ipsilateral rotation of the head.
p.5
Latissimus Dorsi Muscle: Anatomy and Function
What is the origin of the latissimus dorsi muscle?
The specific origin details are not provided in the text.
p.20
Deep Group of Back Muscles
What are the three muscles included in the Spinalis group?
Spinalis capitis, Spinalis cervicis, Spinalis thoracis.
p.18
Deep Group of Back Muscles
What action is associated with 1 site in the head?
Ipsilateral flexion of the head.
p.7
Nerve Innervation of Back Muscles
Which nerve innervates the Rhomboid major muscle?
Dorsal scapular nerve (C5 spinal nerve).
p.21
Deep Group of Back Muscles
What is the action associated with the Iliocostalis muscle?
Ipsilateral flexion of the body.
p.16
Deep Group of Back Muscles
What is the origin of the Splenius cervicis muscle?
Spinous processes of T3 - T6 vertebrae.
p.25
Deep Group of Back Muscles
What is one action of the Transversospinalis?
Ipsilateral rotation of the body.
p.12
Serratus Posterior Muscles: Anatomy and Function
What is the primary action of the Serratus posterior inferior muscle?
Ribs depression for inspiration.
p.35
Suboccipital Region and Muscles
What are the four main muscles of the suboccipital region?
1. Rectus capitis posterior minor m. 2. Rectus capitis posterior major m. 3. Obliquus capitis superior m. 4. Obliquus capitis inferior m.
p.22
Deep Group of Back Muscles
Name the three parts of the Semispinalis muscle.
Semispinalis capitis, Semispinalis cervicis, Semispinalis thoracis.
p.7
Rhomboid Muscles: Anatomy and Function
Where does the Rhomboid minor muscle insert?
Medial border of scapula (adjacent to spine).
p.37
Nerve Innervation of Back Muscles
What does the suboccipital nerve innervate?
It branches and innervates the suboccipital muscles.
p.11
Nerve Innervation of Back Muscles
Which nerves innervate the Serratus posterior superior muscle?
Anterior primary rami of T2 - T5 spinal nerves.
p.24
Deep Group of Back Muscles
What are the actions of the Semispinalis cervicis muscle?
Extension and hyperextension of the head.
p.8
Nerve Innervation of Back Muscles
What are the components of the Dorsal scapular V A N?
Dorsal scapular vein, dorsal scapular artery, and dorsal scapular nerve.
p.9
Superficial Group of Back Muscles
What are the boundaries of the Triangle of Auscultation?
1. Lateral border of Trapezius muscle, 2. Superior border of Latissimus dorsi muscle, 3. Inferior border of Rhomboid major muscle.
p.4
Latissimus Dorsi Muscle: Anatomy and Function
Where does the latissimus dorsi muscle insert?
Floor of the intertubercular groove of the humerus.
p.33
Suboccipital Region and Muscles
What is the primary action of the Obliquus inferior capitis muscle?
Ipsilateral rotation of the head.
p.18
Deep Group of Back Muscles
What action is associated with 1 site in the body?
Ipsilateral flexion of the body.
p.31
Suboccipital Region and Muscles
Where does the Rectus capitis posterior minor muscle insert?
Inferior nuchal line of the occipital bone.
p.9
Superficial Group of Back Muscles
What clinical condition can occur in the Triangle of Lumbar?
Herniation, occasionally referred to as Petit’s hernia.
p.40
Nerve Innervation of Back Muscles
What degrees does Dr. Anupong Thongklam Songsaad hold?
B.Sc. in Biology (1st Class Honors) and Ph.D. in Anatomy and Structural Biology.
p.41
Nerve Innervation of Back Muscles
What is Dr. Anupong Thongklam Songsaad's email address?
Anupong.son@mahidol.ac.th.
p.31
Suboccipital Region and Muscles
What are the actions of the Rectus capitis posterior minor muscle?
Head extension and hyperextension.
p.28
Nerve Innervation of Back Muscles
What provides motor innervation to the back?
Anterior and posterior primary rami of spinal nerves.
p.6
Levator Scapulae Muscle: Anatomy and Function
What is the primary action of the levator scapulae muscle?
Shoulder elevation (scapula elevation).
p.43
Deep Group of Back Muscles
What are the three types of vertebrae identified?
Cervical (C), Thoracic (T), Lumbar (L).
p.41
Nerve Innervation of Back Muscles
Which department is Dr. Anupong Thongklam Songsaad associated with?
Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University.
p.28
Nerve Innervation of Back Muscles
What is the significance of the T6 vertebra in terms of innervation?
It is a bony landmark for upper back innervation.
p.29
Suboccipital Region and Muscles
What are the contents of the suboccipital triangle?
Vertebral artery, vertebral vein, and suboccipital nerve.
p.6
Nerve Innervation of Back Muscles
Which nerves innervate the levator scapulae muscle?
Anterior primary rami of C3, C4 spinal nerves and the dorsal scapular nerve (C5 spinal nerve).
p.41
Nerve Innervation of Back Muscles
What is Dr. Anupong Thongklam Songsaad's highest academic qualification?
Ph.D. in Anatomy and Structural Biology.
p.35
Suboccipital Region and Muscles
Which muscle is located superior and lateral in the suboccipital triangle?
Obliquus capitis superior m.
p.5
Latissimus Dorsi Muscle: Anatomy and Function
What is the insertion of the latissimus dorsi muscle?
The specific insertion details are not provided in the text.
p.19
Deep Group of Back Muscles
What is the main muscle group in the intermediate layer of the deep group?
Sacrospinalis/erector spinae.
p.19
Deep Group of Back Muscles
What are the components of the longissimus muscle?
Longissimus capitis, longissimus cervicis, and longissimus thoracis.
p.38
Suboccipital Region and Muscles
What is the role of the semispinalis capitis muscle?
It is part of the suboccipital region and contributes to head movement.
p.21
Deep Group of Back Muscles
What is the primary action of the sacrospinalis/erector spinae?
Extension and hyperextension of the body.
p.13
Deep Group of Back Muscles
List three muscles in the deep layer of the deep group.
Semispinalis, Multifidus, Rotatores.
p.34
Suboccipital Region and Muscles
Where does the Obliquus superior capitis muscle insert?
Posterior aspect of occipital bone.
p.22
Deep Group of Back Muscles
What is a unique characteristic of the Transversospinalis muscles?
They have multiple attachments along the spine.
p.38
Nerve Innervation of Back Muscles
Which nerve is known as the greater occipital nerve?
The posterior primary ramus of C2 spinal nerve.
p.30
Suboccipital Region and Muscles
Name a muscle that is part of the suboccipital triangle.
Rectus capitis posterior minor.
p.29
Suboccipital Region and Muscles
Name one muscle of the suboccipital region.
Rectus capitis posterior minor.
p.29
Suboccipital Region and Muscles
Name another muscle of the suboccipital region.
Obliquus capitis superior.
p.9
Superficial Group of Back Muscles
What are the boundaries of the Triangle of Lumbar?
1. Lateral border of Latissimus dorsi muscle, 2. Lateral border of external abdominal oblique muscle.
p.7
Nerve Innervation of Back Muscles
Which nerve innervates the Rhomboid minor muscle?
Dorsal scapular nerve (C5 spinal nerve).
p.31
Nerve Innervation of Back Muscles
Which nerve innervates the Rectus capitis posterior minor muscle?
Suboccipital nerve (posterior primary ramus of C1 spinal nerve).
p.29
Suboccipital Region and Muscles
What is the origin in muscle anatomy?
The attachment site that doesn't move during contraction.
p.34
Suboccipital Region and Muscles
What are the actions of the Obliquus superior capitis muscle?
Head extension, hyperextension, ipsilateral rotation, and ipsilateral flexion of the head.
p.35
Suboccipital Region and Muscles
What are the boundaries of the suboccipital triangle?
Rectus capitis posterior minor m. and other muscles.
p.30
Suboccipital Region and Muscles
What does the obliquus capitis inferior muscle connect?
It connects the axis (C2) to the atlas (C1).
p.18
Deep Group of Back Muscles
What additional action is associated with 2 sites in the body?
Hyperextension of the body.
p.22
Nerve Innervation of Back Muscles
What innervates the Transversospinalis muscles?
Medial branch of the posterior primary rami of spinal nerves.
p.30
Suboccipital Region and Muscles
What is the posterior arch of the atlas (C1)?
A structure of the first cervical vertebra.
p.29
Suboccipital Region and Muscles
What is the insertion in muscle anatomy?
The attachment site that does move when the muscle contracts.
p.29
Suboccipital Region and Muscles
What is the relationship between insertion and origin in muscle actions?
Insertion to origin determines the actions of the muscle.
p.38
Nerve Innervation of Back Muscles
Which spinal nerve gives rise to the third occipital nerve?
The posterior primary ramus of C3 spinal nerve.
p.19
Deep Group of Back Muscles
What are the components of the spinalis muscle?
Spinalis capitis, spinalis cervicis, and spinalis thoracis.
p.7
Rhomboid Muscles: Anatomy and Function
What is the origin of the Rhomboid major muscle?
Spinous process of T2 - T5 vertebrae.
p.40
Superficial Group of Back Muscles
What is the email address of Dr. Anupong Thongklam Songsaad?
Anupong.son@mahidol.ac.th.
p.7
Rhomboid Muscles: Anatomy and Function
What is the primary action of the Rhomboid muscles?
Shoulder retraction (Scapula adduction).
p.28
Nerve Innervation of Back Muscles
What are the three main groups of back muscles based on innervation?
Superficial group, Intermediate group, Deep group.
p.21
Deep Group of Back Muscles
What are the three parts of the Iliocostalis muscle?
Iliocostalis cervicis, Iliocostalis thoracis, Iliocostalis lumborum.
p.13
Nerve Innervation of Back Muscles
What is the innervation of the deep group of back muscles?
Posterior primary rami of spinal nerves (Lateral branch and Medial branch).
p.35
Suboccipital Region and Muscles
Which muscle is located inferior and lateral in the suboccipital triangle?
Obliquus capitis inferior m.
p.35
Suboccipital Region and Muscles
What forms the floor of the suboccipital triangle?
Posterior atlanto-occipital membrane and posterior arch of atlas.
p.30
Suboccipital Region and Muscles
Which muscle is known as the rectus capitis posterior major?
A muscle located in the suboccipital region.
p.21
Deep Group of Back Muscles
What are the three parts of the Longissimus muscle?
Longissimus capitis, Longissimus cervicis, Longissimus thoracis.
p.34
Nerve Innervation of Back Muscles
Which nerve innervates the Obliquus superior capitis muscle?
Suboccipital nerve (posterior primary ramus of C1 spinal nerve).
p.43
Nerve Innervation of Back Muscles
What structures are associated with the spinal cord?
Anterior (ventral) primary ramus spinal nerve, posterior (dorsal) primary ramus spinal nerve, medial branch, and lateral branch.
p.29
Nerve Innervation of Back Muscles
Which nerve innervates the muscles of the suboccipital region?
Suboccipital nerve (C1 spinal nerve).
p.29
Suboccipital Region and Muscles
What are the boundaries of the suboccipital triangle?
Defined by the muscles of the suboccipital region.
p.29
Suboccipital Region and Muscles
What is the function of the obliquus capitis inferior muscle?
It is involved in the movements of the head and neck.
p.38
Suboccipital Region and Muscles
What is the pathway of the vertebral artery?
From the foramen transversarium of the atlas to the foramen magnum of the skull.
p.30
Suboccipital Region and Muscles
What is a key feature of the axis (C2)?
The spinous process (bifid).
p.19
Deep Group of Back Muscles
What are the components of the iliocostalis muscle?
Iliocostalis cervicis, iliocostalis thoracis, and iliocostalis lumborum.
p.18
Nerve Innervation of Back Muscles
What is the innervation for the deep back muscles?
Posterior primary rami of spinal nerves (lower cervical, thoracic, lumbar).
p.30
Suboccipital Region and Muscles
What is the function of the obliquus capitis superior muscle?
It helps in the movement of the head.
p.29
Suboccipital Region and Muscles
What is the role of the rectus capitis posterior major muscle?
It is one of the muscles that contribute to the suboccipital region.
