False.
Type AB, because they lack both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in their plasma.
True.
Ferrous state.
Bone marrow cells capable of producing all types of blood cells.
It causes abnormal DNA formation and failure of nuclear maturation, leading to macrocytic anemia.
Fatigue, dizziness, shortness of breath, and signs of pallor.
An abnormally high level of circulating red blood cells.
A pathologic condition characterized by excessive RBC production due to genetic aberrations.
A condition characterized by a deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin.
pH, temperature, and concentration of 2,3 DPG.
In the bone marrow.
Transport hemoglobin to carry oxygen.
28 mg/day, plus an additional 10 mg/day if pregnant.
A genetic aberration in the hemocytoblastic cells that leads to excess production of RBCs.
It maintains plasma oncotic pressure and binds various substances.
Antigens in the RBC membrane that determine blood types.
They can form any type of blood cells under the influence of various cytokines.
The mother may have developed antibodies against the D antigen, leading to hemolysis of the fetal blood.
By macrophages, primarily in the spleen.
To transport oxygen throughout the body.
It is responsible for carrying oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body.
A condition characterized by an increase in the number of red blood cells.
Proerythroblast, formed from colony-forming-unit-erythroid (CFU-E) stem cells.
Destroying infective organisms and removing damaged tissues.
Damage to the bone marrow from prolonged radiation and chemicals.
Type AB is the universal recipient.
5.2 million cells per microliter.
Exclusively through glycolysis, since they lack mitochondria.
A hemolytic disease of the newborn due to Rh incompatibility.
In the Bone Marrow.
It is phagocytized and broken down by macrophages into heme and globin.
It serves as an important blood filter that removes aged or abnormal RBCs.
They promote differentiation of committed stem cells towards final adult blood cells.
4.0-5.4 x 10^6 /μL.
At the basophilic erythroblast stage.
RBCs (Erythrocytes), WBCs (Leukocytes), and Platelets (Thrombocytes).
The average concentration of hemoglobin in red blood cells.
An increase in body temperature and 2,3-DPG concentration, and a decrease in blood pH.
Tissue oxygenation.
6 to 7 million/mm3, which is 30% above normal.
Type O.
In the bone marrow.
34 g/100 ml of cells.
Hemoglobin F (α2γ2) and Hemoglobin A (α2β2).
The relationship between pO2 in the blood and the saturation of oxygen bound to hemoglobin.
Multipotential or pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells.
Approximately 4 to 5 grams, with 65% found in hemoglobin.
Macrocytosis (large red blood cells).
MCHC = MCH / RBC.
False; CD4 T cells interact with MHC class II.
Due to hypoxia from high altitudes or failure of oxygen delivery to tissues, leading to increased EPO levels.
It increases the affinity of the remaining heme groups for oxygen after one heme binds to oxygen.
The presence of certain agglutinogens on the RBC membrane.
Hemoglobin is a tetrameric protein composed of 4 subunits: 2 alpha chains and 2 beta chains, each containing a heme group.
1.34 ml of oxygen.
95-98%.
It indicates that hemoglobin is highly saturated with oxygen despite changes in pO2.
It is less cellular but can still produce an appropriate amount of RBCs if healthy.
0.5-1.5%.
Heme iron (from animal sources, more readily absorbed) and non-heme iron (from plant sources).
MCH = Hgb / RBC.
Iron deficiency can lead to iron deficiency anemia, and deficiencies in vitamin B12 and folic acid can lead to megaloblastic anemia.
140 mM.
Hypoxia or low oxygen states.
The formation of blood cells that begins during embryonic development and continues throughout adulthood.
It reduces the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen, facilitating oxygen release into tissues.
Lower affinity for oxygen; heme groups are less accessible for binding.
It is safe to transfuse.
Hypoxia, which can result from conditions like lung disease or living at high altitude.
RBC count may be 7 to 8 million/mm³ and hematocrit may be 60% to 70%.
It is the partial pressure of O2 at which 50% of hemoglobin is saturated with oxygen, roughly about 26 mmHg in normal adults.
The number of red blood cells per liter of blood.
An extremely insoluble form of iron storage that appears when the total quantity of iron exceeds the apoferritin storage pool.
EPO stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood cells.
Type B can donate to Type B and AB.
Clumps of cells are formed, indicating a risk of transfusion reactions.
90% from the kidneys, 10% from the liver.
Because Rh negative blood is difficult to acquire.
Inflammation causes overproduction of hepcidin, reducing iron absorption and release, leading to anemia of chronic disease.
To catalyze the reversible reaction between CO2 and water to form carbonic acid.
Pluripotent HSC and Multipotent HSC.
Interleukin-3 promotes growth and reproduction of all different types of committed stem cells.
Exposure of blood to low oxygen levels.
The predominant type of WBC can indicate the kind of organism present.
5 liters.
Tissue oxygenation.
Deficiency of hemoglobin in the blood, caused by too few RBCs or too little hemoglobin within the cells.
It increases, causing intense engorgement of the total vascular blood system.
Low blood volume, anemia, low hemoglobin, poor blood flow, pulmonary conditions.
It serves as a transcription factor for hypoxia-inducible genes, inducing erythropoietin synthesis.
High affinity for oxygen; heme groups facilitate binding of oxygen.
100-120 days.
Cellular elements and plasma components.
Growth and differentiation in the process of blood cell formation.
12-16 g/dL.
The O-A-B system and the Rh system.
The average volume of a single red blood cell expressed in femtoliter.
Primarily in the duodenum, where it combines with apotransferrin to form transferrin for transport in plasma.
Capillaries are generally impermeable to large plasma proteins, creating a colloid osmotic pressure gradient.
True.
Many blood capillaries become plugged or obstructed by the viscous blood.
C, D, E, c, d, e.
Relaxed State (R state) and Tensed State (T state).
Anti-A and anti-B antibodies are present in the plasma.
Iron is the center of the heme group and is the site where oxygen binds.
Cellularity steadily drops as we age.
Around 18-25 years old.
It becomes fatty and produces no more RBCs.
The average volume of red blood cells.
MCV = Hematocrit / RBC.
Ferritin is the storage form of iron, combining with apoferritin to store excess iron.
A change in the size of red blood cells.
Both Vitamin B12 and Folic Acid deficiencies can cause Megaloblastic Anemia.
Albumin, globulins, coagulation proteins, and immunoglobulins.
The reduced red cell mass is revealed by a low hematocrit.
Increased red cell breakdown due to various conditions.
Lymphoid progenitor cells and multipotential progenitor cells.
It is converted to bilirubin, which can cause severe anemia and jaundice.
To transport oxygen from the lungs to tissues and facilitate the transport of carbon dioxide from tissues to the lungs.
It results in a large amount of O2 released from hemoglobin with only a small change in pO2, facilitating oxygen release in tissues.
It represents the range of pO2 levels typically found in tissues, where small changes in pO2 result in significant changes in O2 saturation.
The ratio of the volume of red cells to the volume of whole blood.
Hemoglobin first appears, and the nucleus condenses.
Transport of gases, primarily oxygen.
Pallor due to abnormal MCH and MCHC.
Oxygen transport from the lungs to tissues.
Obstruction of blood vessels and hemolysis of transfused blood, which can result in kidney failure.
It indicates that the blood type is Rh positive.
A condition causing increased red cell fragility due to a defective cytoskeleton.
The use of blood components such as platelets, packed cells, or plasma.
Hemoglobin A, composed of 2 alpha and 2 beta chains.
A non-committed, intermediate stage cell that produces colonies of specific types of blood cells.
In the vertebrae, sternum, and ribs.
They grow, differentiate, and form specific types needed to combat infections.
A decrease in temperature or an increase in pH, requiring a lower pO2 to bind a given amount of O2.
Microcytosis (small red blood cells).
About 0.6 mg of iron daily, mainly through defecation.
Type O can be given to all blood types because it does not have any antigens.
Hemorrhage causes immediate loss of red cells due to blood loss.
Conditions like hookworm infections that cause slow, continuous bleeding.
Regulates iron homeostasis by inhibiting ferroportin of iron-exporting cells.
7.35 to 7.45.
An increased rate of erythropoiesis, reflecting compensation for red cell loss.
In the long bones, such as the tibia and femur.
Hemoglobin is almost fully saturated with oxygen, and small changes in pO2 result in minimal changes in O2 binding.
The amount of hemoglobin in the volume of blood.
In the yolk sac, liver, and spleen.
A cell that contains small amounts of basophilic materials and remnants of organelles and matures into erythrocytes in 1-2 days.
92% water, 7% proteins, and 1% solutes (CHO, AA, ions).
False; reticulocytes have already lost their nucleus.
Their biconcave shape and flexibility.
Vitamin B9 (folic acid) and Vitamin B12.
Defect in red cell production or maturation, often due to nutritional deficiencies.
Specific blood cells such as erythrocytes, thrombocytes/platelets, and leukocytes.
It is converted into bilirubin, released into the blood, and removed by the liver into bile.
Immune cells can detect damaged cells, but removal is less efficient, leading to an increase in old abnormal RBCs in circulation.
40-52%.
An increase in temperature or a decrease in pH, requiring a higher pO2 for hemoglobin to bind a specific amount of O2.
The average amount of hemoglobin in the average red blood cell expressed in picogram.
Functional bone marrow, adequate erythropoietin (EPO), and adequate nutrient supply.
