2 NADH (1 per pyruvate).
SO4^2-.
NO2-.
Microorganisms that use light as an energy source.
G3P is oxidized to 1,3-BPG, reducing NAD⁺ to NADH.
1 ATP.
Fungi and animals.
Thiol group.
6 CO2 + 6 H2O (+ light) → C6H12O6 + 6 O2.
Chemotrophs that use organic molecules as an energy source.
Microorganisms that use CO₂ as a carbon source (self-feeding).
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate.
Microorganisms that use inorganic compounds as an electron donor.
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy.
ΔG = ΔH - TΔS.
NO3-.
ATP transfers a phosphoryl group to glucose, producing glucose-6-phosphate and ADP.
An organism that derives both energy and carbon from organic compounds.
A high-energy bond between phosphate groups in molecules like ATP, powering essential cellular processes.
Autotroph.
Chemotrophs that use inorganic molecules as an energy source.
Light triggers phytoplankton to start photosynthesis, initiating the food web.
Microorganisms that use organic compounds as an electron donor.
ΔG = -T ∙ ΔS + ΔH.
ΔG<0: exergon (spontaneously feasible), ΔG=0: reversible (equilibrium), ΔG>0: endergon (not spontaneously feasible).
4 CO₂.
1 mole NADH = 3 mole ATP, 1 mole FAD = 1.5 mole ATP, with contributions from glycolysis, decarboxylation of pyruvate, and the citric acid cycle.
A reaction where two redox pairs work together.
A process that uses oxygen as an electron acceptor, producing a large amount of ATP.
A process in aerobic respiration where a proton motive force is generated by electron transport, indirectly forming ATP.
<p>Microorganisms that use light energy to convert CO₂ and H₂O into organic compounds via photosynthesis. Example: Cyanobacteria.</p><p></p>
Hexokinase.
Organisms that cannot produce their own food and must obtain energy and carbon from organic compounds from other organisms.
4000 meters.
Oxidation of substrate to pyruvate, production of 4 ATP, and 4 reducing equivalents.
ΔG, the portion of energy available to do work, determines how systems change.
2 ATP.
6 NADH and 2 FADH₂.
It involves the transfer of a functional group from one molecule (donor) to another (acceptor).
An organism that obtains energy from light and carbon from organic compounds.
A process that uses inorganic compounds for energy.
Microorganisms that use chemical compounds as an energy source.
The process of obtaining energy by oxidizing inorganic compounds as electron donors.
Microorganisms that use organic compounds as a carbon source (feed on others).
Phosphoglycerate kinase.
An organism that gets energy from light, carbon from CO₂, and electrons from inorganic compounds (e.g., plants, cyanobacteria).
Acetyl-CoA.
Kelvin.
ATP, ADP, Acetyl-CoA.
C6H12O6.
An organism that derives energy from inorganic chemicals, carbon from CO₂, and electrons from inorganic sources.
A process that uses light to produce ATP.
The conversion of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (1,3-BPG) catalyzed by glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.
Microorganisms that use chemical energy from inorganic substances to convert CO₂ and H₂O. Example: Certain bacteria in extreme environments.
Methanogens (archaea) that use H₂ as donor and CO₂ as acceptor to make methane.
It prevents isolation and distributes microorganisms.
ATP and pyruvate.
The total heat content of a system, reflecting the number and kinds of bonds.
The degree of randomness in a system.
By using energy from light during photosynthesis.
AMP, G-3-P.
Kinase, which catalyzes phosphoryl group transfers with ATP as the donor.
A catabolic process that does not use an external electron acceptor and yields low ATP from organic molecules.
Because actual cellular conditions differ from standard laboratory conditions, leading to heat loss and lower efficiency.
ATP synthesis and oxidation-reduction reactions.
A process that uses inorganic molecules instead of oxygen, producing less ATP.
A process that directly generates ATP by transferring a phosphate group from a high-energy substrate molecule to ADP.
<p>Substrate level phosphorylation and Electron transport phosphorylation</p>
<ul class="tight" data-tight="true"><li><p>Phosphoglycerate kinase reaction:</p><ul class="tight" data-tight="true"><li><p>1,3-bisphosphoglycerate + ADP → 3-phosphoglycerate + ATP</p></li></ul></li><li><p>Pyruvate Kinase reaction:</p><ul class="tight" data-tight="true"><li><p>phosphoenolpyruvate + ADP → pyruvate + ATP</p></li></ul></li></ul><p></p>
<ul class="tight" data-tight="true"><li><p>Hexokinase Reaction: </p><ul class="tight" data-tight="true"><li><p>Glucose + ATP → Glucose-6-phosphate + ADP</p></li></ul></li><li><p>Phosphofructokinase reaction: </p><ul class="tight" data-tight="true"><li><p>Fructose-6-phosphate + ATP → Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate + ADP</p></li></ul></li></ul><p></p>
<ul class="tight" data-tight="true"><li><p>Oxidation of the substrate to pyruvate</p></li><li><p>4 reducing equivalents</p></li><li><p>4 ATP per SLP</p></li></ul><p></p>
<ul class="tight" data-tight="true"><li><p>2 ATP</p></li><li><p>6 NADH</p></li><li><p>2 FADH2</p></li><li><p>4 CO2 released</p></li></ul><p></p>
<ul class="tight" data-tight="true"><li><p>Acetyl-CoA formation</p></li><li><p>2 NADH produces</p></li><li><p>2 CO2 released</p></li></ul><p></p>
<ol class="tight" data-tight="true"><li><p>Fermentation</p></li><li><p>Anaerobic respiration</p></li><li><p>Aerobic respiration</p></li><li><p>Photography</p></li><li><p>Chemolithotrophy</p></li></ol><p></p>
