p.6
Mitochondrial Structure and Function
What are the two organelles discussed in the context of origins?
Mitochondria and plastids.
p.5
Role of Cytosolic Chaperones in Protein Import
What role do cytosolic chaperones like Hsp70 play in protein import?
They keep proteins unfolded until they are fed into the mitochondria.
p.14
Mitochondrial Retrograde Signaling
What is the RTG Network?
A signaling pathway from the mitochondria to the nucleus.
p.12
Signaling Pathways Regulating Autophagy
What is the function of AMPK in autophagy?
It activates autophagy by decreasing mTORC1 activity.
p.5
Role of Cytosolic Chaperones in Protein Import
How do cytosolic chaperones contribute to the import process?
By maintaining proteins in an unfolded state.
p.14
Mitochondrial Retrograde Signaling
What is the outcome of changes in nuclear gene expression due to mitochondrial signaling?
A reconfiguration of metabolism to accommodate defects in mitochondria.
p.10
Mitochondrial Structure and Function
What role do mitochondria play in cellular respiration?
They are the site where aerobic respiration occurs, producing ATP.
p.10
Mitochondrial Structure and Function
What is produced during the Krebs cycle?
NADH, FADH2, ATP, and carbon dioxide.
p.12
Signaling Pathways Regulating Autophagy
What is the role of mTOR kinase in autophagy?
It is a pivotal molecule in the mTORC1 complex that regulates autophagy.
p.11
Chaperone-Mediated Autophagy (CMA)
What is the role of HSC70 in CMA?
It recognizes the substrate and assists in its translocation into the lysosome.
p.6
Mitochondrial Structure and Function
What is a key feature of mitochondria and plastids that indicates their prokaryotic origins?
Both organelles have double membranes.
p.14
Mitochondrial Retrograde Signaling
What do mitochondrial signals affect in the nucleus?
Changes in nuclear gene expression.
What are the three types of autophagy that coexist in the liver?
Macroautophagy, Chaperone-Mediated Autophagy (CMA), and Microautophagy.
p.4
Mitochondrial Import Sequence
What is the structure of the Mitochondrial Import Sequence?
An amphipathic alpha helix.
p.6
Mitochondrial Structure and Function
What evidence supports the endosymbiotic theory?
Mitochondria and plastids have their own DNA, which is similar to bacterial DNA.
p.6
Mitochondrial Structure and Function
How do mitochondria and plastids contribute to cellular function?
Mitochondria are involved in energy production, while plastids are involved in photosynthesis and storage.
p.14
Mitochondrial Retrograde Signaling
What does mitochondrial retrograde signaling communicate?
It communicates from mitochondria to the nucleus under normal and pathophysiological conditions.
p.10
Mitochondrial Structure and Function
What is aerobic respiration?
A process that uses oxygen to convert glucose into energy.
p.13
Genetic Regulation of Aging
What did a fellow scientist warn Kenyon about her views on aging?
That she would fall off the Earth if she continued to insist aging was subject to genetic regulation.
p.11
Mechanisms of Macroautophagy
How is macroautophagy initiated?
With the formation of the limiting membrane using lipids and proteins from different organelles.
p.11
Mechanisms of Macroautophagy
What is the role of soluble protein receptors in macroautophagy?
They mediate cargo sequestration in a selective manner.
p.11
Chaperone-Mediated Autophagy (CMA)
What is the recognition motif for substrates in Chaperone-Mediated Autophagy (CMA)?
A pentapeptide (KFERQ-like).
p.10
Mitochondrial Structure and Function
What are the main products of aerobic respiration?
ATP, carbon dioxide, and water.
p.10
Mitochondrial Structure and Function
What is the electron transport chain?
A series of protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane that generate ATP.
p.10
Mitochondrial Structure and Function
How does aerobic respiration differ from anaerobic respiration?
Aerobic respiration requires oxygen, while anaerobic respiration does not.
p.11
Microautophagy in Liver Cells
How does microautophagy occur in liver cells?
Through the internalization of proteins in small microvesicles formed by invagination of the endosomal membrane.
p.1
Mechanisms of Macroautophagy
What is the role of autophagy in mitochondrial health?
It helps remove damaged mitochondria, maintaining cellular function.
p.13
Genetic Regulation of Aging
What was the initial reaction to Kenyon's idea about aging?
She encountered more skepticism than support.
p.11
Microautophagy in Liver Cells
What is a potential area for future investigation regarding microautophagy?
Whether direct trapping of lipid droplets by mammalian lysosomes occurs.
p.6
Mitochondrial Structure and Function
What is the endosymbiotic theory?
The theory that mitochondria and plastids originated from free-living prokaryotes that were engulfed by ancestral eukaryotic cells.
p.14
Mitochondrial Retrograde Signaling
What physiological functions are connected to the yeast retrograde signaling pathway?
Nutrient sensing, TOR signaling, and aging.
p.10
Mitochondrial Structure and Function
What is the role of oxygen in aerobic respiration?
Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.
p.13
Genetic Regulation of Aging
What significant discovery did Ramon Tabtiang make in Kenyon's lab?
He found a mutant gene, daf-2, that made worms live twice as long.
p.12
Mechanisms of Macroautophagy
What initiates the formation of the phagophore?
The activity of the ULK1 complex in conjunction with the PI3K complex.
p.11
Microautophagy in Liver Cells
What is the function of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) in microautophagy?
It helps in the internalization of microvesicles trapping cargo into the endosome lumen.
p.1
Mechanisms of Macroautophagy
How do mitochondria relate to autophagy?
Mitochondria can be targeted for degradation through autophagy when damaged or dysfunctional.
p.14
Mitochondrial Retrograde Signaling
Which organism is best understood in terms of retrograde signaling?
The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
p.14
Mitochondrial Retrograde Signaling
What have analyses of regulatory factors provided regarding retrograde signaling?
A mechanistic view of regulation of retrograde signaling.
p.10
Mitochondrial Structure and Function
What is the significance of ATP in cells?
ATP serves as the primary energy currency of the cell.
p.12
Signaling Pathways Regulating Autophagy
What triggers the activation of autophagy?
Decreased activity of the mTORC1 complex due to activation of AMPK or p53 signaling.
p.12
Signaling Pathways Regulating Autophagy
What does ULK1 stand for?
Uncoordinated-51-like protein kinase.
