p.1
Postprandial and Fasting Metabolic Phases
What metabolic processes occur during the postprandial phase?
Glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, and deamination.
p.1
Ketogenesis and Gluconeogenesis
What is ketogenesis?
The process of producing ketone bodies from fatty acids.
p.1
Postprandial and Fasting Metabolic Phases
What metabolic processes are prominent during the fasting phase?
Ketogenesis, lipolysis, and proteolysis.
p.1
Postprandial and Fasting Metabolic Phases
What happens during starvation in terms of metabolism?
Increased reliance on ketogenesis and lipolysis for energy.
p.2
Metabolic Regulation Mechanisms
What is covalent regulation in metabolic processes?
Binding of a group by a covalent bond, such as phosphorylation or dephosphorylation.
p.2
Metabolic Regulation Mechanisms
How does allosteric regulation affect enzymatic activity?
It stimulates or suppresses activity by altering the conformational structure of the allosteric enzyme.
p.2
Metabolic Regulation Mechanisms
What types of reactions do allosteric regulators work on?
Non-reversible reactions.
p.2
Metabolic Regulation Mechanisms
Give examples of molecules involved in allosteric regulation.
AMP, ADP, ATP; NADH/NAD+; NADPH/NADP+.
p.2
Metabolic Regulation Mechanisms
What is induction in metabolic regulation?
It creates changes in the concentration of certain inducible enzymes by increasing enzyme synthesis.
p.1
Overview of Carbohydrate Metabolism
What are the main processes involved in carbohydrate metabolism?
Glycolysis, glycogenesis, TCA, ETC, and lipogenesis.
p.39
Overview of Carbohydrate Metabolism
What is the full name of FAD?
Flavin adenine dinucleotide.
p.4
Glycolysis Process and Regulation
When does glycolysis occur?
Glycolysis occurs during both aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
p.41
Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and Oxidative Phosphorylation
What are the two forms of coenzyme Q?
Oxidized and reduced forms.
p.13
Glycolysis Process and Regulation
How many ATP are produced during the conversion of phosphoglycerate to pyruvate?
2 ATP per glucose molecule.
p.3
Overview of Carbohydrate Metabolism
What is the primary focus of Figure 3-14?
Overview of carbohydrate metabolic pathways.
p.12
Glycolysis Process and Regulation
What role does NADH play in glycolysis?
It acts as an electron carrier, facilitating energy production.
p.41
Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and Oxidative Phosphorylation
What happens to coenzyme Q during the electron transport process?
It alternates between oxidized and reduced states.
p.12
Glycolysis Process and Regulation
What is the significance of pyruvate in glycolysis?
It can be further metabolized in aerobic or anaerobic conditions.
p.6
Glycolysis Process and Regulation
How many ATP molecules are produced in glycolysis?
A net gain of 2 ATP molecules per glucose molecule.
p.4
Glycolysis Process and Regulation
What are the three regulation steps in glycolysis?
The three regulation steps are catalyzed by hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, and pyruvate kinase.
p.30
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA) Function
In which metabolic cycle does the hydration of fumarate occur?
Tricarboxylic acid cycle.
p.34
Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and Oxidative Phosphorylation
What is the role of the malate-aspartate shuttle system?
It facilitates the transfer of electrons from NADH into the mitochondria under aerobic conditions.
p.12
Glycolysis Process and Regulation
What is glycolysis?
A metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, producing ATP and NADH.
p.12
Glycolysis Process and Regulation
How many ATP molecules are produced in glycolysis?
A net gain of 2 ATP molecules per glucose molecule.
p.33
Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and Oxidative Phosphorylation
What does the glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle system help to link?
It links glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation.
p.6
Glycolysis Process and Regulation
What is the significance of pyruvate in metabolism?
It can be further processed in aerobic or anaerobic pathways.
p.11
Glycolysis Process and Regulation
What enzyme catalyzes the conversion of fructose-6 phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate?
Phosphofructokinase (PFK-1).
p.11
Glycolysis Process and Regulation
Which enzyme is involved in the glycolysis regulation between reactions 2 and 4?
Fructose bisphosphate aldolase.
p.8
Glycolysis Process and Regulation
What is the role of GLUT4 in relation to Hexokinase II?
GLUT4 facilitates glucose uptake in response to insulin, which activates Hexokinase II.
p.37
Energy Yield and ATP Production
What is the significance of high-energy phosphate bonds?
They are crucial for energy transfer in biological systems.
p.15
Glycolysis Process and Regulation
What is the role of Pyruvate Kinase in glycolysis?
It catalyzes the conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate, producing ATP.
p.7
Glycolysis Process and Regulation
Can glucose precursors enter the glycolytic pathway directly?
Yes, glucose precursors can enter the glycolytic pathway without being converted to free glucose first.
p.25
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA) Function
What is the next step after cis-aconitate in the TCA cycle?
Cis-aconitate is catalytically rehydrated to form isocitrate (6C).
p.11
Glycolysis Process and Regulation
What is the role of adenylate kinase in glycolysis?
It catalyzes the conversion of ADP to ATP.
p.32
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA) Function
What are some compounds that can be formed by certain amino acids in the TCA cycle?
Oxaloacetate, fumarate, succinyl-CoA, and alpha-KG.
p.20
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA) Function
What is the net effect of the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex?
Conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, releasing CO₂.
p.8
Glycolysis Process and Regulation
What is the affinity characteristic of Hexokinase I, II, and III?
They have low KM and high affinity for glucose.
p.39
Overview of Carbohydrate Metabolism
What role does FAD play in metabolism?
It acts as an electron carrier in various metabolic processes.
p.13
Glycolysis Process and Regulation
What determines the fate of pyruvate?
The reducing units in the cytosol, which depend on the oxygen within the cell.
p.33
Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and Oxidative Phosphorylation
What is the function of the glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle system?
It transfers NADH from glycolysis to the mitochondria under aerobic conditions.
p.42
Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and Oxidative Phosphorylation
Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?
In the inner mitochondrial membrane.
p.5
Glycolysis Process and Regulation
How many important regulatory sites are there in glycolysis?
3 important regulatory sites.
p.11
Glycolysis Process and Regulation
What positively regulates phosphofructokinase (PFK-1)?
AMP and fructose-2,6-bisphosphate.
p.38
Metabolic Regulation Mechanisms
What role does NAD+ play in metabolism?
It acts as an electron carrier in redox reactions.
p.22
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA) Function
What initiates the TCA cycle?
The conversion of acetyl-CoA.
p.9
Glycolysis Process and Regulation
What is the affinity characteristic of Hexokinase I, II, and III?
They have low KM and high affinity for glucose.
p.13
Glycolysis Process and Regulation
What is generated during the oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate?
2 NADH and 2 ATP per glucose molecule.
p.37
Energy Yield and ATP Production
What is being transferred in the example of high-energy phosphate bond?
A high-energy phosphate bond.
p.33
Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and Oxidative Phosphorylation
Under what conditions does the glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle system operate?
Under aerobic conditions.
p.31
Metabolic Regulation Mechanisms
What metabolic cycle is regulated by the conversion of L-malate to Oxaloacetate?
Tricarboxylic acid cycle.
p.42
Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and Oxidative Phosphorylation
What is oxidative phosphorylation?
A metabolic process that uses oxygen to produce ATP through the electron transport chain.
p.42
Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and Oxidative Phosphorylation
What role do electrons play in oxidative phosphorylation?
Electrons are transferred through a series of proteins, creating a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis.
p.25
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA) Function
What happens to water during the isomerization of citrate to cis-aconitate?
H2O is released, and OH is repositioned.
p.35
Energy Yield and ATP Production
What is substrate level phosphorylation?
A process of forming ATP by directly transferring a phosphate group to ADP from a phosphorylated intermediate.
p.20
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA) Function
What cofactor is required by Pyruvate dehydrogenase?
Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) and Mg²⁺.
p.28
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA) Function
What type of phosphorylation occurs during the conversion of Succinyl-CoA?
Substrate-level phosphorylation.
p.20
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA) Function
What is the third enzyme in the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex?
Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase.
p.14
Glycolysis Process and Regulation
What type of phosphorylation occurs during the action of phosphoglycerate kinase?
Substrate level phosphorylation.
p.9
Glycolysis Process and Regulation
What is the catalytic enzyme involved in the first reaction of glycolysis?
Hexokinase (I, II, III) and Glucokinase (Hexokinase IV).
p.29
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA) Function
What is the role of Fe-S proteins in succinate dehydrogenase?
They allow a direct link to the electron transport chain (ETC) to produce ATP.
p.19
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA) Function
Which coenzyme is represented by TPP in the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex?
Thiamine Pyrophosphate (TPP) is a coenzyme that assists in the decarboxylation of pyruvate.
p.41
Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and Oxidative Phosphorylation
What is the role of coenzyme Q in cellular respiration?
It acts as an electron carrier in the electron transport chain.
p.15
Glycolysis Process and Regulation
Which molecules inhibit Pyruvate Kinase?
ATP, acetyl-CoA, and alanine.
p.25
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA) Function
What is the first step in the isomerization of citrate in the TCA cycle?
Citrate (6C) is catalytically isomerized to form cis-aconitate.
p.5
Energy Yield and ATP Production
What is the net ATP yield from glycolysis?
2 ATP, with potential for 2 more via glycerol phosphate shuttle.
p.27
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA) Function
Which enzyme is responsible for the conversion of α-Ketoglutarate to Succinyl-CoA?
α-Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase Complex.
p.27
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA) Function
How is the mechanism of α-Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase Complex similar to another enzyme?
It is mechanistically identical to the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex (PDC).
p.32
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA) Function
What is the role of oxaloacetate in the TCA cycle?
It is a key component that helps keep the cycle cycling.
p.28
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA) Function
What process is driven by the release of GTP during the conversion of Succinyl-CoA?
Phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP.
p.28
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA) Function
What cycle is regulated during the conversion of Succinyl-CoA?
Tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA).
p.14
Glycolysis Process and Regulation
What does phosphoglycerate kinase do in glycolysis?
It catalyzes the conversion of 2 ADP to 2 ATP.
p.9
Glycolysis Process and Regulation
How much energy is required for the first reaction of glycolysis?
The reaction requires ATP to phosphorylate glucose.
p.26
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA) Function
Which enzyme is responsible for the conversion of isocitrate to oxalosuccinate?
Isocitrate dehydrogenase.
p.29
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA) Function
What are the additional products formed during the conversion of succinate to fumarate?
Ubiquinol (QH2) and FADH2.
p.43
Metabolic Regulation Mechanisms
What is the Δ G˚ ′ value for ADP phosphorylation at the site with a value of –24,450?
Yes, it is a phosphorylation site.
p.19
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA) Function
What is the end product of the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex?
The end product is acetyl-CoA, which enters the TCA cycle.
p.6
Glycolysis Process and Regulation
What is glycolysis?
A metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, producing ATP and NADH.
p.4
Glycolysis Process and Regulation
Where does glycolysis occur?
Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell.
p.40
Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and Oxidative Phosphorylation
What is the main function of the electron transfer sequence?
To facilitate the transfer of electrons through a series of protein complexes in the mitochondria.
p.40
Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and Oxidative Phosphorylation
What role do electron carriers play in the electron transfer sequence?
They transport electrons between the protein complexes.
p.7
Glycolysis Process and Regulation
What is the product formed after fructose-1,6-bisphosphate in glycolysis?
Two molecules of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.
p.24
Metabolic Regulation Mechanisms
What substances regulate the citrate synthase reaction in the TCA cycle?
NADH and succinyl-CoA (slows the reaction).
p.32
Metabolic Regulation Mechanisms
What can slow down the TCA cycle?
Not enough oxaloacetate and too much acetyl CoA.
p.20
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA) Function
Which coenzymes are involved in the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex?
CoA, TPP, NAD, FAD, lipoic acid, and Mg²⁺.
p.22
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA) Function
Does the TCA cycle generate ATP?
Yes, it generates ATP indirectly through GTP and reducing equivalents.
p.14
Glycolysis Process and Regulation
What is the role of enolase in glycolysis?
It catalyzes the conversion of 2-phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate, releasing 2 H2O.
p.29
Metabolic Regulation Mechanisms
What cycle is regulated by the activity of succinate dehydrogenase?
Tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA).
p.6
Glycolysis Process and Regulation
What role does NADH play in glycolysis?
It acts as an electron carrier, facilitating energy production.
p.4
Energy Yield and ATP Production
What is the net ATP produced from glycolysis?
The net ATP produced from glycolysis is 2 ATP molecules.
p.40
Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and Oxidative Phosphorylation
Where does the electron transfer sequence occur?
In the inner mitochondrial membrane.
p.5
Glycolysis Process and Regulation
What is the process of glycolysis?
Degradation of glucose (6C) to two pyruvates (3C).
p.34
Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and Oxidative Phosphorylation
What does the malate-aspartate shuttle help maintain?
It helps maintain the balance of NADH and NAD+ in the cytosol and mitochondria.
p.16
Metabolic Regulation Mechanisms
Is fructose more lipogenic than glucose?
Yes, fructose is more lipogenic than glucose.
p.10
Glycolysis Process and Regulation
What enzyme catalyzes the conversion of fructose-6 phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate?
Phosphofructokinase (PFK-1).
p.10
Glycolysis Process and Regulation
Which enzyme is involved in the glycolysis regulation at reactions 2, 3, and 4?
Fructose bisphosphate aldolase.
p.22
Metabolic Regulation Mechanisms
What regulates the TCA cycle?
Enzymatic activity and availability of substrates.
p.9
Glycolysis Process and Regulation
What role does GLUT4 play in relation to Hexokinase II?
GLUT4 facilitates glucose uptake in response to insulin, which activates Hexokinase II.
p.23
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA) Function
What role does TPP play in the TCA cycle?
It acts as a coenzyme for certain enzymes.
p.19
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA) Function
What is the role of CoA in the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex?
CoA (Pantothenic Acid) is a coenzyme involved in the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA.
p.15
Glycolysis Process and Regulation
Which molecules activate Pyruvate Kinase?
AMP and fructose-1,6-bisphosphate.
p.7
Glycolysis Process and Regulation
What is the first step in the priming of glucose during glycolysis?
Glucose is phosphorylated to glucose-6 phosphate, consuming ATP.
p.7
Glycolysis Process and Regulation
What is the role of ATP in the conversion of glucose to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate?
ATP is consumed during the phosphorylation of glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, committing glucose to the glycolytic pathway.
p.5
Glycolysis Process and Regulation
What determines the fate of pyruvates produced in glycolysis?
The reducing units and cofactors available.
p.16
Glycolysis Process and Regulation
What are the products of Fructose 1-P?
DHAP (Dihydroxyacetone phosphate) and G-3-P (Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate).
p.27
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA) Function
What is the regulation of the α-Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase Complex compared to?
It is regulated similarly to the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex (PDC).
p.35
Energy Yield and ATP Production
What is the main outcome of oxidative phosphorylation?
The production of ATP from ADP.
p.21
Metabolic Regulation Mechanisms
What happens when NADH and acetyl-CoA increase in concentration?
Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase phosphorylates the complex, inhibiting it.
p.20
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA) Function
What is the first enzyme in the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex?
Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH).
p.8
Glycolysis Process and Regulation
Why is the first reaction of glycolysis important?
It initiates the breakdown of glucose for energy production.
p.8
Glycolysis Process and Regulation
What distinguishes Glucokinase (Hexokinase IV) from other hexokinases?
It has a high KM and low affinity for glucose.
p.26
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA) Function
Which enzyme catalyzes the decarboxylation of oxalosuccinate?
Oxalosuccinate decarboxylase.
p.23
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA) Function
What is the primary function of coenzymes in the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle?
They assist enzymes in catalyzing reactions.
p.19
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA) Function
What is the role of oxalosuccinate decarboxylase in the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex?
Oxalosuccinate decarboxylase catalyzes the decarboxylation of oxalosuccinate.
p.34
Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and Oxidative Phosphorylation
When is the malate-aspartate shuttle system most active?
Under aerobic conditions.
p.16
Metabolic Regulation Mechanisms
What are the two main take away points regarding fructose metabolism?
1. Fructose can be metabolized via different pathways. 2. Fructose is more lipogenic than glucose.
p.35
Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and Oxidative Phosphorylation
What is the role of the electron transport chain?
It facilitates sequential reduction-oxidation reactions to generate energy.
p.10
Glycolysis Process and Regulation
What is the first committed step in glycolysis?
The phosphorylation of fructose-6 phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate.
p.21
Metabolic Regulation Mechanisms
What is the function of pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase?
It removes phosphate, activating the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex.
p.10
Glycolysis Process and Regulation
What role does adenylate kinase play in glycolysis?
It catalyzes reactions involving ATP.
p.8
Glycolysis Process and Regulation
How much energy is required for the first reaction of glycolysis?
The specific energy requirement is not mentioned, but it involves ATP consumption.
p.38
Metabolic Regulation Mechanisms
How is NADH formed?
By the reduction of NAD+ during metabolic processes.
p.9
Glycolysis Process and Regulation
Why is the first reaction of glycolysis important?
It initiates the breakdown of glucose for energy production.
p.8
Glycolysis Process and Regulation
What role does Glucokinase play in the body?
It is involved in blood glucose management.
p.9
Glycolysis Process and Regulation
What is the affinity characteristic of Glucokinase (Hexokinase IV)?
It has high KM and low affinity for glucose.
p.43
Metabolic Regulation Mechanisms
What is the Δ G˚ ′ value for ADP phosphorylation at the site with a value of –15,682?
Yes, it is a phosphorylation site.
p.19
Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and Oxidative Phosphorylation
What is the function of NAD in the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex?
NAD acts as an electron carrier, accepting electrons during the conversion of pyruvate.
p.17
Glycolysis Process and Regulation
What is the final product after isomerization of UDP-glucose?
Glucose-1-phosphate (g-1-p).
p.16
Glycolysis Process and Regulation
What enzyme converts fructose to Fructose 1-P?
Fructokinase (ketohexokinase).
p.16
Glycolysis Process and Regulation
Where does fructose metabolism primarily occur?
In the liver, kidney, and small intestine.
p.35
Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and Oxidative Phosphorylation
What is oxidative phosphorylation?
A process involving electron transport, translocation of protons, oxidation of a metabolite by oxygen, and phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP.
p.10
Glycolysis Process and Regulation
What positively regulates phosphofructokinase (PFK-1)?
AMP and fructose-2,6-bisphosphate.
p.20
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA) Function
Does the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex result in ATP production?
No, it does not directly produce ATP.
p.9
Glycolysis Process and Regulation
What role does Glucokinase play in the body?
It is involved in blood glucose management.
p.43
Metabolic Regulation Mechanisms
What is the Δ G˚ ′ value for ADP phosphorylation at the site with a value of –1,845?
No, it is not a phosphorylation site.
p.5
Overview of Carbohydrate Metabolism
What is the primary importance of glycolysis in overall energy metabolism?
It provides a pathway for glucose degradation and ATP production.
p.11
Glycolysis Process and Regulation
What is considered the first committed step in glycolysis?
The phosphorylation of fructose-6 phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate.
p.21
Metabolic Regulation Mechanisms
What is the role of Mg²+ in the regulation of the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex?
It is a negative regulator through pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase.
p.28
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA) Function
Which enzyme is responsible for the conversion of Succinyl-CoA to succinate?
Succinyl-CoA synthetase (also known as thiokinase).
p.20
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA) Function
What is the second enzyme in the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex?
Dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase.
p.14
Glycolysis Process and Regulation
What is the role of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase in glycolysis?
It converts 2 NAD+ to 2 NADH + H+.
p.22
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA) Function
How are the macronutrients related to the TCA cycle?
They are metabolized into acetyl-CoA, which enters the TCA cycle.
p.29
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA) Function
Where is succinate dehydrogenase located?
Attached to the inner mitochondrial membrane.
p.43
Metabolic Regulation Mechanisms
What is the Δ G˚ ′ value for ADP phosphorylation at the site with a value of –922?
No, it is not a phosphorylation site.
p.23
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA) Function
What is the role of oxalosuccinate decarboxylase in the TCA cycle?
It catalyzes the decarboxylation of oxalosuccinate.
p.19
Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and Oxidative Phosphorylation
What role does FAD play in the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex?
FAD is another electron carrier that participates in the oxidation of substrates.
p.14
Glycolysis Process and Regulation
What is the function of phosphoglycerate mutase in glycolysis?
It catalyzes the conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate.
p.23
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA) Function
What is the significance of lipoic acid in the TCA cycle?
It serves as a cofactor for enzyme activity.
p.26
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA) Function
What does isocitrate (6C) convert to during dehydrogenation?
Oxalosuccinate (intermediate step).
p.43
Metabolic Regulation Mechanisms
What is the Δ G˚ ′ value for ADP phosphorylation at the site with a value of –7,380?
Yes, it is a phosphorylation site.
p.23
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA) Function
How is the TCA cycle regulated?
Through feedback inhibition and substrate availability.
p.19
Metabolic Regulation Mechanisms
What metal ion is required for the activity of the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex?
Magnesium (Mg²⁺) is required as a cofactor.
p.26
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA) Function
What is the next step after oxalosuccinate in the TCA cycle?
Decarboxylation to form α-ketoglutarate (5C).
p.43
Metabolic Regulation Mechanisms
What is the Δ G˚ ′ value for ADP phosphorylation at the site with a value of –1,380?
No, it is not a phosphorylation site.
p.23
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA) Function
What additional products are generated during the TCA cycle?
CO₂ and reduced coenzymes (NADH and FADH₂).
p.19
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA) Function
What is the significance of lipoic acid in the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex?
Lipoic acid acts as a cofactor that facilitates the transfer of acyl groups.
