p.1
Definition and Characteristics of Cartilage
What role does cartilage play in development?
It is key in the development of the fetal skeleton and in growing bones.
p.1
Definition and Characteristics of Cartilage
What is cartilage?
A specialized connective tissue that combines rigidity, elasticity, and resilience.
p.2
Composition of Cartilage Matrix
What forms the ground substance in the cartilage ECM?
Glycosaminoglycans in the form of proteoglycan aggregates.
p.1
Composition of Cartilage Matrix
What are the main components of the cartilage matrix?
Cells (chondrocytes) and an extensive extracellular matrix (95%).
p.2
Composition of Cartilage Matrix
Why is the composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM) important for chondrocytes?
It is crucial for their survival.
p.1
Composition of Cartilage Matrix
What accounts for the resilience of cartilage?
The extensive extracellular matrix.
p.2
Composition of Cartilage Matrix
What are the main components of the extracellular matrix in cartilage?
Fibers (mostly collagen) and ground substance (glycosaminoglycans in the form of proteoglycan aggregates).
p.57
Cartilage Growth: Appositional and Interstitial
Where does appositional growth occur?
On the surface of cartilage.
p.37
Definition and Characteristics of Cartilage
What distinguishes elastic cartilage from other types of cartilage?
The presence of elastin in the cartilage.
p.54
Functions and Properties of Chondrocytes
What role does embryonic cartilage play in development?
It serves as a precursor to bone and helps in the formation of the skeletal system.
p.40
Perichondrium Structure and Function
What is the inner layer of cartilage known as?
Inner Chondrogenic Layer.
p.39
Functions and Properties of Chondrocytes
What is the role of chondrocytes in elastic cartilage?
Chondrocytes are responsible for the maintenance and production of the cartilage matrix.
p.41
Distribution and Locations of Different Cartilage Types
Where is elastic cartilage found in the body?
In the pinna or auricle of the external ear.
p.29
Perichondrium Structure and Function
What type of cells compose the Perichondrium?
Cells indistinguishable from fibroblasts.
p.42
Types of Cartilage: Hyaline, Elastic, and Fibrocartilage
What is fibrocartilage a combination of?
Dense regular connective tissue and hyaline cartilage.
p.28
Perichondrium Structure and Function
What is the role of perichondrium in relation to hyaline cartilage?
It provides support and nourishment to the cartilage.
p.49
Cartilage Growth: Appositional and Interstitial
What occurs during appositional growth?
New cartilage is added to the outer surface.
p.26
Functions and Properties of Chondrocytes
What are lipid droplets?
Fat storage structures found within chondrocytes, which can indicate metabolic activity.
p.26
Functions and Properties of Chondrocytes
What is the role of the nucleus in chondrocytes?
It contains the genetic material and regulates cellular functions.
p.20
Composition of Cartilage Matrix
What are the three regions of the extracellular matrix based on staining properties?
Capsular (Pericellular) matrix, Territorial Matrix, Interterritorial Matrix.
p.39
Composition of Cartilage Matrix
What are elastic fiber condensations?
Structures formed by the aggregation of elastic fibers, providing flexibility and resilience.
p.40
Perichondrium Structure and Function
What is the primary function of the Outer Fibrous Layer?
To provide support and protection to the cartilage.
p.55
Cartilage Growth: Appositional and Interstitial
Where do new cartilage cells come from during appositional growth?
They are derived from the inner portion of the perichondrium.
p.14
Composition of Cartilage Matrix
What is the function of Type XI collagen in cartilage?
It regulates fibril size.
p.26
Definition and Characteristics of Cartilage
What is a lacuna?
A small cavity or space in the cartilage matrix that houses chondrocytes.
p.49
Functions and Properties of Chondrocytes
What role do chondrocytes play in cartilage growth?
They are responsible for producing and maintaining the cartilage matrix.
p.54
Types of Cartilage: Hyaline, Elastic, and Fibrocartilage
What are the main types of cartilage found in embryos?
Hyaline cartilage is the primary type found in embryonic development.
p.5
Types of Cartilage: Hyaline, Elastic, and Fibrocartilage
What are the three types of cartilage based on their extracellular matrix characteristics?
Hyaline Cartilage, Elastic Cartilage, and Fibrocartilage.
p.33
Cartilage Growth: Appositional and Interstitial
What role does the epiphyseal plate play in bone growth?
It allows for the lengthening of bones during development.
p.5
Composition of Cartilage Matrix
What components are found in the extracellular matrix of Elastic Cartilage?
Elastic fibers, elastic lamellae, and all components of hyaline cartilage (type II collagen, proteoglycans, and multiadhesive glycoproteins).
p.27
Functions and Properties of Chondrocytes
What organelles are abundant in chondrocytes as observed in electron microscopy?
Numerous rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) and a large Golgi apparatus.
p.19
Composition of Cartilage Matrix
What is the Capsular or Pericellular Matrix?
A ring of densely staining matrix immediately around the chondrocyte.
p.51
Definition and Characteristics of Cartilage
What is a chondrogenic nodule?
A small, localized area of cartilage formation.
p.42
Composition of Cartilage Matrix
How are chondrocytes arranged in fibrocartilage?
Dispersed among collagen fibers, singularly, in single rows, or in isogenous groups.
p.4
Types of Cartilage: Hyaline, Elastic, and Fibrocartilage
What are the three types of cartilage based on their extracellular matrix characteristics?
Hyaline Cartilage, Elastic Cartilage, Fibrocartilage.
p.23
Functions and Properties of Chondrocytes
What does it indicate when chondrocytes are found in isogenous groups?
They are newly divided cells.
p.4
Composition of Cartilage Matrix
What components are present in the extracellular matrix of Hyaline Cartilage?
Type II collagen, proteoglycans, and multiadhesive glycoproteins.
p.21
Composition of Cartilage Matrix
What is the characteristic of the Interterritorial Matrix regarding proteoglycan concentration?
It has the lowest concentration of proteoglycans.
p.29
Perichondrium Structure and Function
What is the Perichondrium?
A layer of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds hyaline and elastic cartilage.
p.60
Cartilage Growth: Appositional and Interstitial
What is a primary reason for the limited ability of cartilage to repair?
Avasularity of cartilage.
p.32
Perichondrium Structure and Function
Is perichondrium present in articular cartilage?
No, perichondrium is absent in articular cartilage.
p.60
Functions and Properties of Chondrocytes
How does the immobility of chondrocytes affect cartilage repair?
It limits the repair process.
p.27
Functions and Properties of Chondrocytes
What do chondrocytes secrete in hyaline cartilage?
Collagen (type II is the most numerous), glycosaminoglycans, and multiadhesive glycoproteins.
p.17
Functions and Properties of Chondrocytes
How does type II collagen contribute to the strength of hyaline cartilage?
It provides tensile strength.
p.59
Cartilage Growth: Appositional and Interstitial
What is the difference between interstitial and appositional growth?
Interstitial growth occurs from within, while appositional growth occurs at the surface.
p.18
Composition of Cartilage Matrix
What is metachromasia?
It is when certain basic dyes react with tissue components, shifting their color from blue to red or purple.
p.3
Composition of Cartilage Matrix
What do proteoglycans consist of?
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) linked to a core protein.
p.62
Calcification of Hyaline Cartilage
What is a significant change in hyaline cartilage as part of the aging process?
Hyaline cartilage is prone to calcification.
p.62
Calcification of Hyaline Cartilage
What does calcification in hyaline cartilage indicate?
It indicates changes associated with aging.
p.51
Cartilage Growth: Appositional and Interstitial
Where are chondrogenic nodules commonly found?
In areas undergoing cartilage development or repair.
p.51
Functions and Properties of Chondrocytes
What is the significance of chondrogenic nodules in cartilage?
They play a role in the formation and regeneration of cartilage tissue.
p.14
Composition of Cartilage Matrix
What role does Type IX collagen play in cartilage?
It facilitates fibril interaction with matrix proteoglycan.
p.14
Composition of Cartilage Matrix
How does Type X collagen contribute to cartilage structure?
It organizes fibrils into a three-dimensional hexagonal lattice.
p.49
Cartilage Growth: Appositional and Interstitial
What is chondrogenesis?
The process of cartilage formation.
p.53
Chondrogenesis Process
What are the initial cells involved in chondrogenesis?
Mesenchymal progenitor cells.
p.26
Functions and Properties of Chondrocytes
What is a chondrocyte?
A specialized cell found in cartilage responsible for maintaining the cartilage matrix.
p.30
Perichondrium Structure and Function
What are the two layers of the perichondrium in growing cartilage?
Inner cellular layer (chondrogenic layer) and outer fibrous layer.
p.49
Cartilage Growth: Appositional and Interstitial
What occurs during interstitial growth?
Cartilage expands from within as chondrocytes divide.
p.53
Chondrogenesis Process
What happens to chondroblasts as they deposit the matrix?
They move apart and become chondrocytes.
p.50
Cartilage Growth: Appositional and Interstitial
What is chondrogenesis?
The process of cartilage formation.
p.30
Perichondrium Structure and Function
What is the function of the inner cellular layer of the perichondrium?
It gives rise to new cartilage cells (chondroblasts).
p.58
Cartilage Growth: Appositional and Interstitial
Where does interstitial growth occur?
In growth plates, articular cartilage, and in embryonic cartilage formation.
p.53
Chondrogenesis Process
What are chondrocytes?
Mature cartilage cells that arise from chondroblasts.
p.50
Definition and Characteristics of Cartilage
What type of cells aggregate to form chondrogenic nodules?
Chondroprogenitor mesenchymal cells.
p.53
Chondrogenesis Process
What do chondrocytes do after they form?
They divide to form isogenic cell clusters.
p.49
Cartilage Growth: Appositional and Interstitial
What are the two main types of cartilage growth?
Appositional growth and interstitial growth.
p.23
Functions and Properties of Chondrocytes
How are chondrocytes distributed in cartilage?
Singularly or in clusters.
p.37
Composition of Cartilage Matrix
What does the matrix of elastic cartilage contain?
A dense network of branching and anastomosing elastic fibers and sheets of elastic material.
p.30
Perichondrium Structure and Function
Is there a clear division between the inner and outer layers of the perichondrium?
No, there is no clear division between the two layers.
p.38
Types of Cartilage: Hyaline, Elastic, and Fibrocartilage
What is elastic cartilage?
A type of cartilage that contains a high density of elastic fibers, providing flexibility and resilience.
p.38
Distribution and Locations of Different Cartilage Types
Where is elastic cartilage commonly found?
In structures such as the ear and the epiglottis.
p.54
Composition of Cartilage Matrix
How does embryonic cartilage differ from adult cartilage?
Embryonic cartilage is more flexible and less dense than adult cartilage.
p.38
Types of Cartilage: Hyaline, Elastic, and Fibrocartilage
How does elastic cartilage differ from hyaline cartilage?
Elastic cartilage contains more elastic fibers, making it more flexible than hyaline cartilage.
p.20
Composition of Cartilage Matrix
What type of collagen fibrils are found in the Territorial Matrix?
Randomly arranged type II collagen fibrils.
p.7
Types of Cartilage: Hyaline, Elastic, and Fibrocartilage
Where is elastic cartilage found?
In structures that require flexibility, such as the ear and epiglottis.
p.63
Calcification of Hyaline Cartilage
How is the removal of calcified cartilage matrix accomplished?
By phagocytes, specifically chondroclasts and osteoclasts.
p.41
Distribution and Locations of Different Cartilage Types
What structure connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx?
Eustachian tube, also known as the auditory tube.
p.6
Distribution and Locations of Different Cartilage Types
What are the three main types of cartilage?
Hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrocartilage.
p.15
Functions and Properties of Chondrocytes
How does Anchorin CII function in hyaline cartilage?
It helps anchor chondrocytes to the matrix and functions as a collagen receptor on chondrocytes.
p.17
Calcification of Hyaline Cartilage
What is a consequence of calcification in hyaline cartilage?
Leads to chondrocyte cell death.
p.6
Distribution and Locations of Different Cartilage Types
What is a key location for elastic cartilage?
In the ear and epiglottis.
p.61
Calcification of Hyaline Cartilage
What role does calcification play in endochondral ossification?
It occurs during the growth of an individual.
p.3
Role of Proteoglycan Aggregates in Cartilage
Where do the nutritive substances diffuse from?
From blood vessels in the surrounding connective tissue.
p.48
Functions and Properties of Chondrocytes
What is the primary function of the Annulus Fibrosus?
To provide strength and stability to the intervertebral disc.
p.58
Cartilage Growth: Appositional and Interstitial
What is the role of interstitial growth in embryonic development?
It contributes to the formation of cartilage.
p.50
Types of Cartilage: Hyaline, Elastic, and Fibrocartilage
From where does cartilage in the head region arise?
Ectomesenchyme, derived from embryonic neural crest cells.
p.59
Cartilage Growth: Appositional and Interstitial
What is interstitial growth?
A type of cartilage growth that occurs from within the cartilage tissue.
p.55
Cartilage Growth: Appositional and Interstitial
What is appositional growth in cartilage?
New cartilage forms on the surface of existing cartilage.
p.59
Cartilage Growth: Appositional and Interstitial
How does interstitial growth occur?
Through the division of chondrocytes and the secretion of new matrix.
p.9
Functions and Properties of Chondrocytes
What do chondrocytes produce?
The extracellular matrix.
p.16
Composition of Cartilage Matrix
What role do aggrecans play in the extracellular matrix of hyaline cartilage?
They bind water molecules with high affinity (60-80%).
p.18
Composition of Cartilage Matrix
What are the properties of the ground substance in hyaline cartilage?
It shows basophilia, metachromasia, and variable stain intensity.
p.7
Types of Cartilage: Hyaline, Elastic, and Fibrocartilage
What distinguishes elastic cartilage from hyaline cartilage?
Elastic cartilage contains more elastic fibers, allowing it to return to its original shape after deformation.
p.55
Cartilage Growth: Appositional and Interstitial
What are the two types of cartilage growth?
Appositional growth and interstitial growth.
p.6
Distribution and Locations of Different Cartilage Types
Where is hyaline cartilage commonly found?
In the nose, trachea, and at the ends of long bones.
p.41
Calcification of Hyaline Cartilage
Does elastic cartilage undergo calcification?
No, it does not undergo calcification.
p.56
Cartilage Growth: Appositional and Interstitial
What happens to daughter cells after chondrocytes divide?
Initially, they occupy the same lacuna.
p.6
Distribution and Locations of Different Cartilage Types
What is the primary function of hyaline cartilage?
To provide support and flexibility.
p.6
Distribution and Locations of Different Cartilage Types
What distinguishes elastic cartilage from other types?
It contains more elastic fibers, allowing for greater flexibility.
p.47
Distribution and Locations of Different Cartilage Types
What complex in the wrist contains fibrocartilage?
Triangular fibrocartilage complex.
p.36
Distribution and Locations of Different Cartilage Types
Where is the epiphyseal plate located?
In long bones during the growth period.
p.33
Cartilage Growth: Appositional and Interstitial
What is the epiphyseal plate?
A hyaline cartilage structure found in growing bones.
p.63
Calcification of Hyaline Cartilage
What happens to chondrocytes when the cartilage matrix is calcified?
They swell and die due to impaired diffusion.
p.33
Cartilage Growth: Appositional and Interstitial
At what stage of life is the epiphyseal plate most active?
During childhood and adolescence.
p.24
Functions and Properties of Chondrocytes
How does the appearance of chondrocyte cytoplasm vary?
It varies according to the activity level of the chondrocytes.
p.7
Types of Cartilage: Hyaline, Elastic, and Fibrocartilage
What is the main characteristic of fibrocartilage?
It is tough and durable, providing support and the ability to withstand pressure, found in intervertebral discs and the pubic symphysis.
p.19
Composition of Cartilage Matrix
What does the Capsular Matrix contain?
The highest concentration of proteoglycans, hyaluronan, and multiadhesive glycoprotein.
p.35
Clinical Relevance: Osteoarthritis and Cartilage Degeneration
What is osteoarthritis?
A disease of articular cartilage.
p.63
Functions and Properties of Chondrocytes
How do chondrocytes derive nutrition?
By diffusion through the cartilage matrix.
p.56
Cartilage Growth: Appositional and Interstitial
What occurs during interstitial growth?
New cartilage forms within an existing cartilage mass.
p.24
Functions and Properties of Chondrocytes
How are lipid droplets visualized in older chondrocytes?
As clear areas within the cytoplasm.
p.54
Definition and Characteristics of Cartilage
What is embryonic cartilage?
A type of cartilage that is present during the early stages of fetal development.
p.21
Composition of Cartilage Matrix
What is the function of the Interterritorial Matrix?
It surrounds the territorial matrix and occupies space between isogenous groups of chondrocytes.
p.9
Definition and Characteristics of Cartilage
How can hyaline cartilage be distinguished in a tissue section?
By its smooth amorphous extracellular matrix.
p.29
Perichondrium Structure and Function
How is the Perichondrium attached to cartilage?
It is firmly attached to the cartilage.
p.19
Composition of Cartilage Matrix
What are the three regions of the extracellular matrix based on stain intensity?
Capsular (Pericellular) matrix, Territorial Matrix, Interterritorial Matrix.
p.63
Calcification of Hyaline Cartilage
What is the consequence of calcified cartilage matrix?
It is removed and replaced by bone tissue.
p.40
Perichondrium Structure and Function
What role does the Inner Chondrogenic Layer play?
It is involved in the growth and maintenance of cartilage.
p.15
Composition of Cartilage Matrix
What role do Multiadhesive Glycoproteins play in hyaline cartilage?
They influence the interaction between chondrocytes and the matrix molecules.
p.55
Cartilage Growth: Appositional and Interstitial
What do new chondroblasts secrete during appositional growth?
Cartilage matrix on the surface of existing cartilage.
p.29
Perichondrium Structure and Function
What function does the Perichondrium serve regarding nutrients?
It permits diffusion of nutrients and waste products between the perichondrium and cartilage matrix.
p.43
Perichondrium Structure and Function
Does fibrocartilage have a perichondrium?
No, fibrocartilage is not covered with perichondrium.
p.7
Types of Cartilage: Hyaline, Elastic, and Fibrocartilage
What role does fibrocartilage play in the body?
It acts as a shock absorber in joints and provides tensile strength.
p.56
Cartilage Growth: Appositional and Interstitial
How do new cartilage cells arise during interstitial growth?
From the division of chondrocytes within their lacunae.
p.56
Cartilage Growth: Appositional and Interstitial
What forms between daughter cells during interstitial growth?
A partition is formed as new matrix is secreted.
p.12
Composition of Cartilage Matrix
How are collagen fibrils arranged in hyaline cartilage?
In a three-dimensional hexagonal lattice.
p.12
Composition of Cartilage Matrix
What are the main components of proteoglycans in hyaline cartilage?
Aggrecan hyaluronan aggregates.
p.10
Functions and Properties of Chondrocytes
Where do chondrocytes reside within the cartilage?
In spaces known as lacunae.
p.38
Functions and Properties of Chondrocytes
What is the primary function of elastic cartilage?
To maintain shape while allowing flexibility.
p.16
Composition of Cartilage Matrix
What is the primary function of collagen fibrils in hyaline cartilage?
They provide tensile strength, shape, bind aggrecans, and support them.
p.7
Types of Cartilage: Hyaline, Elastic, and Fibrocartilage
What is hyaline cartilage?
A type of cartilage that provides support with some flexibility, commonly found in the nose, trachea, and at the ends of long bones.
p.43
Composition of Cartilage Matrix
Where are chondrocytes found in fibrocartilage?
In the immediate vicinity of chondrocytes.
p.59
Functions and Properties of Chondrocytes
What is the primary role of chondrocytes in interstitial growth?
Chondrocytes divide and produce new matrix, leading to an increase in cartilage size.
p.33
Cartilage Growth: Appositional and Interstitial
What happens to the epiphyseal plate after growth is complete?
It becomes ossified and turns into the epiphyseal line.
p.29
Perichondrium Structure and Function
What is the vascularization status of the Perichondrium?
It is rich in blood vessels.
p.32
Cartilage Growth: Appositional and Interstitial
What is the origin of articular cartilage?
It is a remnant of the original hyaline cartilage template of the developing bone.
p.32
Cartilage Growth: Appositional and Interstitial
Does articular cartilage persist throughout life?
Yes, it persists throughout adult life.
p.27
Functions and Properties of Chondrocytes
What role do secretory granules play in chondrocytes?
They are involved in the secretion of extracellular matrix components.
p.61
Calcification of Hyaline Cartilage
In which situations does calcification of hyaline cartilage occur?
1. In growing and adult bones at the articular cartilage in contact with bone tissue. 2. During endochondral ossification. 3. As part of the aging process.
p.6
Distribution and Locations of Different Cartilage Types
Where can fibrocartilage be found?
In intervertebral discs and the pubic symphysis.
p.21
Composition of Cartilage Matrix
What are the three regions of the extracellular matrix based on staining properties?
Capsular (Pericellular) matrix, Territorial Matrix, Interterritorial Matrix.
p.20
Composition of Cartilage Matrix
Where is the Territorial Matrix located?
Away from chondrocytes and within the isogenous groups.
p.17
Functions and Properties of Chondrocytes
What is one function of type II collagen in hyaline cartilage?
Provides cartilage shape.
p.15
Composition of Cartilage Matrix
What are the three major classes of molecules in the extracellular matrix of hyaline cartilage?
Collagen, Proteoglycans, and Multiadhesive Glycoproteins.
p.5
Composition of Cartilage Matrix
What components does Fibrocartilage share with Hyaline Cartilage?
Type II collagen, proteoglycans, and multiadhesive glycoproteins.
p.17
Functions and Properties of Chondrocytes
What framework does type II collagen provide in hyaline cartilage?
A framework to resist the swelling pressure caused by proteoglycan molecules.
p.60
Clinical Relevance: Osteoarthritis and Cartilage Degeneration
What complication may arise in adults during cartilage repair?
Formation of new blood vessels at the site of a healing wound.
p.61
Calcification of Hyaline Cartilage
What is Hyaline Cartilage Calcification?
The process where calcium phosphate crystals become embedded in the cartilage matrix.
p.47
Distribution and Locations of Different Cartilage Types
What is one location where fibrocartilage can be found?
Annulus fibrosus of intervertebral discs.
p.35
Clinical Relevance: Osteoarthritis and Cartilage Degeneration
What are the results of osteoarthritis on cartilage?
Breakdown of proteoglycan and collagen, loss of cartilage, and bone-on-bone contact.
p.6
Distribution and Locations of Different Cartilage Types
What is the role of fibrocartilage?
To absorb shock and provide tensile strength.
p.20
Composition of Cartilage Matrix
How does the concentration of sulfated proteoglycans in the Territorial Matrix compare to the capsular matrix?
It has a lower concentration of sulfated proteoglycans.
p.41
Distribution and Locations of Different Cartilage Types
What is another name for the external auditory meatus?
External acoustic meatus.
p.20
Composition of Cartilage Matrix
How does the staining intensity of the Territorial Matrix compare to the capsular matrix?
It stains less intensely than the capsular matrix.
p.19
Composition of Cartilage Matrix
What type of collagen fibrils are found in the Capsular Matrix?
Only type VI collagen fibrils.
p.3
Role of Proteoglycan Aggregates in Cartilage
What are proteoglycan aggregates?
They consist of several proteoglycans linked together.
p.15
Clinical Relevance: Osteoarthritis and Cartilage Degeneration
What is the clinical value of Multiadhesive Glycoproteins?
They are used as markers to detect cartilage turnover and degeneration.
p.35
Clinical Relevance: Osteoarthritis and Cartilage Degeneration
What enzyme activity enhances in osteoarthritis?
Matrix metalloproteinase enzyme activity.
p.32
Perichondrium Structure and Function
What are the two surfaces of articular cartilage?
A free articular surface and a surface in contact with bone.
p.43
Composition of Cartilage Matrix
Where are fibroblasts located in fibrocartilage?
Between chondrocyte groups.
p.56
Cartilage Growth: Appositional and Interstitial
What are the two types of cartilage growth?
Appositional growth and interstitial growth.
p.16
Composition of Cartilage Matrix
How does the hydrated extracellular matrix benefit hyaline cartilage?
It provides resilience and diffusion of metabolites.
p.19
Composition of Cartilage Matrix
What is the function of type VI collagen fibrils in the Capsular Matrix?
They anchor the chondrocyte to the matrix.
p.18
Composition of Cartilage Matrix
What provides information about the distribution and concentration of sulfated proteoglycan in hyaline cartilage?
The variable stain intensity of the ground substance.
p.18
Composition of Cartilage Matrix
What are examples of substances that exhibit metachromasia?
Ground substance of cartilage, heparin, and histamine-containing granules of mast cells.
p.56
Cartilage Growth: Appositional and Interstitial
What happens to the cells as matrix secretion continues?
The cells move further apart and each occupies its own lacuna.
p.48
Functions and Properties of Chondrocytes
What role does the Annulus Fibrosus play in spinal health?
It helps absorb shock and distribute loads across the spine.
p.39
Distribution and Locations of Different Cartilage Types
Where is elastic cartilage commonly found?
In structures such as the ear and epiglottis.
p.60
Functions and Properties of Chondrocytes
What is the proliferation ability of mature chondrocytes in adults?
Limited ability to proliferate.
p.63
Calcification of Hyaline Cartilage
What are chondroclasts considered to be?
Mature osteoclasts capable of removing cartilage tissue.
p.18
Composition of Cartilage Matrix
What does basophilia indicate in the ground substance?
It stains with basic dyes, such as hematoxylin.
p.17
Calcification of Hyaline Cartilage
What can happen to the extracellular matrix of hyaline cartilage?
It can undergo calcification.
p.24
Functions and Properties of Chondrocytes
What do older, less active chondrocytes contain in their cytoplasm?
Stores of glycogen and lipid droplets.
p.16
Composition of Cartilage Matrix
What does the extracellular matrix framework resist in hyaline cartilage?
Swelling pressure caused by aggrecans.
p.47
Distribution and Locations of Different Cartilage Types
Where is fibrocartilage primarily distributed?
In areas where tensile strength is needed.
p.3
Role of Proteoglycan Aggregates in Cartilage
What is the function of proteoglycan aggregates?
They permit diffusion of nutritive substances to chondrocytes.
p.48
Definition and Characteristics of Cartilage
What is the Annulus Fibrosus?
The tough outer layer of an intervertebral disc.
p.47
Distribution and Locations of Different Cartilage Types
In what other areas can fibrocartilage be found?
Where tendons attach to bones.
p.12
Composition of Cartilage Matrix
What are the three major classes of molecules in the extracellular matrix of hyaline cartilage?
Collagen, Proteoglycans, and Multiadhesive Glycoproteins.
p.61
Calcification of Hyaline Cartilage
Where does calcification occur in growing and adult bones?
In the portion of articular cartilage in contact with the bone tissue.
p.61
Calcification of Hyaline Cartilage
How does aging affect hyaline cartilage?
Calcification occurs commonly, replacing portions of the cartilage with bone, especially in tracheal cartilage.
p.12
Composition of Cartilage Matrix
Which three glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are present in the proteoglycans of hyaline cartilage?
Hyaluronan, Chondroitin Sulfate, and Keratan Sulfate.
p.48
Definition and Characteristics of Cartilage
How does the structure of the Annulus Fibrosus contribute to its function?
Its concentric lamellae arrangement allows it to withstand tensile forces.
