Around 600 BC.
The characteristic shape of a Normal Conic projection is conical, meaning it resembles a cone.
Mapping usually refers to map-making.
At the North or South Pole.
Generalization.
Distance.
General purposes and Special purposes.
Distortion increases rapidly towards the poles.
Make it presentable.
A graphic tool to characterize the spatial variations in distortion as a result of transformation.
A conformal projection preserves the shape of features but may distort their size.
Limited by space and resolution.
Cartography involves creating maps that are related to the physical world.
Combination could be seen as a direct consequence of reducing map scale.
Accuracy decreases.
To illustrate distortion in map projections.
To provide geographical information on natural and human-made features on the Earth's surface.
Maps are classified by the ratio of distance on the map to the corresponding distance on the ground, with small-scale maps showing larger areas and large-scale maps showing smaller areas.
A cylindrical map projection that preserves area.
To measure and statistically estimate the positional accuracy of points on maps with respect to georeferenced ground positions.
Diverse geographical phenomena, including natural and man-made features.
Vehicle navigation.
A large-scale map example is 1:1,000, which is accurate to 0.3 - 0.5 meters and provides detailed information.
Both spatial and attribute data.
37 satellites.
They observe, measure, and record objects on the Earth's surface.
It demonstrates distortion.
Yes, all projections have a purpose.
No, there are only good and poor choices of projections.
By cluster areas with major roads.
Tapes and laser distance meters.
The real distance is 3000 meters.
The Babylon map.
Plane, cylinder, and cone.
Scaling is the process of determining the ratio between the size of the area to be mapped and the size of the target paper.
3000 meters.
A Normal Conic projection is a type of map projection where the Earth's surface is projected onto a cone placed over the globe.
A connection between the real world and the map.
The difference between arc and tangent distances.
It preserves local shape by maintaining the same scale in all directions.
Any angle to the globe that is not purely polar or equatorial.
Anything that is related to position.
Some distortion.
At the Equator.
Simplification is the process of reducing detail in a map.
It is a cylindrical projection.
When the difference between arc and tangent distances becomes significant.
Understanding how map projections distort spatial information.
A method used in mapping to categorize data by clustering points together based on certain criteria.
It ensures that distances are correct from a point or along a line.
To make individual measurements about the elevation of points.
All orientations that are not purely polar or equatorial.
1. Size of the area to be mapped, 2. Size of the target paper to be mapped.
Because wrapping a flat paper around a curved sphere (Earth) is difficult and causes distortion.
A technique in mapping where less important points are removed to create a clearer and more understandable map.
It is unclear from the context provided.
To draw (project) the Earth's (sphere) surface onto paper.
A point where the map projection fails to conform, such as the central pole in a polar conic conformal map.
A map projection onto a cone.
Point symbols.
A map that shows a larger area with less detail, often referred to as 'zoom out'.
No limit on space or resolution, but limited by data accuracy.
Vector and raster.
Maps were traditionally drawn on paper.
Conic, Azimuthal, and Cylindrical.
A surface that cannot be unrolled or unfolded to lie flat, like a sphere.
The ratio of areas on the map to those on the Earth.
Normal, Oblique, and Transverse.
Map scale is the ratio of a distance on the map to the corresponding distance on the ground.
The ratio of areas changes accordingly.
Degrees Celsius (°C).
Level of Detail (LoD).
Location with respect to a globally defined reference, such as latitude and longitude.
General purpose (reference) maps and special purpose (thematic) maps.
Because they rely on the cartographer's judgment.
Generalization is the process of simplifying the representation of geographical features on a map to make it more readable and useful at a certain scale.
A larger area with less detail.
Higher precision leads to more accurate measurements, while lower precision results in less accurate measurements.
Oblique Azimuthal refers to an azimuthal projection where the projection plane is tilted at an angle, not aligned with the poles or the equator.
Modern maps now cover the universe.
A ruler.
The process of making measurements from photographs.
Map scale is represented as a ratio (e.g., 1:50,000) or a graphical scale bar.
Cameras.
Cylindrical equivalent projection.
The use of graphics to capture the structure or phenomena of the Earth.
Distortion increases towards the poles.
To present relationships between spatial objects.
Large scale and small scale.
To allow people to visualize spatial information.
Generalization of road network.
Equal area projection.
The coastline is strongly emphasized because the overall appearance is much clearer on the generalized map.
Azimuthal, conical, and cylindrical.
A map that shows a smaller area with more detail, often referred to as 'zoom in'.
Spatial distributions of mean, maximum, and minimum temperatures.
A benchmark is a fixed reference point used to measure relative height.
Leveling, telescopic, and compass components.
Both can be limited by data accuracy.
Creating or collecting data from the real world by contact.
They developed geometry for determining the shape and size of the Earth as well as the relative positions of environmental features.
A map that shows a large area with a low level of detail.
A standard parallel is formed.
Vector data generally has higher accuracy compared to raster data.
Both represent Canada's provincial and territorial boundaries.
Object distances on the map.
Angle MOA (circle) becomes M’O A’ (ellipse) U’.
When the projection surface is oriented perpendicular to the Earth's axis.
To preserve the information that is important for users.
Angular distortion is the difference between MOA (circle) and M’O A’ (ellipse).
Climatic maps and census maps.
Cylindrical, conic, and azimuthal projections.
1:1,500,000
A ratio or fraction (e.g., 1:25,000 or 1/25,000) that indicates the scale of the map.
Geometric representation of features on the map.
Larger scale maps show more detail and cover smaller areas, while smaller scale maps show less detail and cover larger areas.
Globes have very small scale with little detail, are costly to reproduce and update, difficult to make measurements on, and inconvenient to carry.
Because we live in a 4-dimensional world (three spatial dimensions + time).
It ensures that areas over the map are proportionally correct.
They generally have a consistent scale.
To depict the 3D shape of the Earth on a 2D plane surface.
Normal, transverse, and oblique.
The transverse aspect is centered somewhere on the Equator.
All world maps are wrong because they cannot accurately represent the spherical surface of the Earth on a flat plane without some form of distortion.
To determine important characteristics and eliminate unwanted details.
Back Propagation Neural Network.
Mapping can be presented in hardcopy or digital format.
Digital maps have no limit on space or resolution and allow zooming in.
All types of maps, plans, charts, sections, three-dimensional models, and globes representing the earth or any heavenly body at any scale.
Vector and Raster.
To represent something too large by scaling it down or something too small by scaling it up.
General direction, major forms, and minor forms.
Yes, SF values may vary in different directions at a point.
As a picture of the line.
It aims to maintain the general direction and major forms while minimizing the impact on minor forms.
Equirectangular projection.
It helps to convert scaled model measurements to their original values.
A medium-scale map example is 1:20,000, which is accurate to 6 - 10 meters and provides moderate detail.
Techniques used to represent the curved surface of the Earth on a flat map.
Angle, distance, and coordinate measurements.
Resolution problems can affect the accuracy of the pixel block.
Hurricane Harvey.
The product is 1.0, indicating an equal-area map projection.
Conformal, Equivalent, Equidistant.
Approximately 1055 mm per year.
Normal, Transverse, Oblique.
An airport symbol.
The shape of the object also changes.
Relative areas of features.
To identify the location of spatial objects.
To accurately interpret spatial relationships and understand the limitations of different map projections.
Shapes, angles, areas, distances, and directions.
Zero distortion refers to areas on a map where the scale is accurate and there is no distortion of shapes or distances.
By area patches with major roads, named areas, and major landmarks (point symbols).
Choice of colors, symbol selection, and representation.
It results in a blurred map image.
Mapping is the representation and presentation of spatial information in a hardcopy or digital format, which can be in 2D or 3D.
An ellipse.
The transverse aspect is aligned with a meridian.
It means that the actual scale on the map is twice as large as the principal scale on the reference globe.
Projected maps provide a good relationship between shape and distance, while unprojected maps display a distorted representation.
Location and attribute.
Zero distortion occurs when the plane is tangent to the globe at a single point or intersects the globe along a small circle, forming a standard parallel.
Accuracy affects the Level of Detail; higher accuracy leads to a higher Level of Detail.
Using graphic marks to encode the information for visualization.
In relative or absolute terms.
An unprojected map displays a distorted (elongated) representation of Canada's land mass.
Accuracy ensures that the map correctly represents the real-world locations and distances, which is crucial for navigation and analysis.
Direct contact with the object or scene.
Cylindrical, Conical, and Azimuthal.
Google generalizes the polygons of coastlines.
The curvature of the Earth can cause distances on a map to appear shorter if not taken into consideration.
They are conformal and typically have a normal aspect.
Map symbols such as roads, buildings, and rivers.
The distance between the Observatory in TST and the Airport is approximately 26000 meters, but it will appear shorter on a map if the Earth's curvature is not considered.
Map scale refers to the relationship between a distance on the map and the corresponding distance on the ground.
Areas affected by flooding, wind damage, and other hazards, along with their respective risk levels.
Paper maps and digital maps (e.g., Google Maps).
Satellite remote sensing, aerial and terrestrial photogrammetry, aerial and terrestrial LASER scanning.
Scale reduction often accompanies simplification.
The main challenge is dealing with the distortion that occurs during the projection process.
The equirectangular projection is neither equal area nor conformal.
Area.
Conformal projection.
By street blocks with different classes of roads, landmarks, and buildings.
Cone and cylinder.
A city map of Kathmandu.
Spatial data and attribute data.
Mapping involves collecting data such as distances and angles, translating them to coordinates, and representing them on a map.
Gaps between objects become lost, and symbols merge.
The level of detail also decreases.
A smaller scale represents a larger area with less detail.
Data that provides information about the characteristics of spatial features.
Thematic Map
They are translated to coordinates.
A table that stores attribute data for spatial features.
A map projection where the sphere is projected onto a cone.
For small areas, the information collected is more or less correct, but for large areas, there is a problem with accuracy.
Angle BOA (circle) equals angle B’O A’ (ellipse).
A large scale map.
Field surveys and conventional surveying.
Exploration of the Earth led to the recording of new places.
Classification, simplification, and exaggeration.
For ease of handling.
Data that varies continuously, such as temperature and elevation surfaces.
x = O, y = I where -180 ≤ O ≤ 180 and -90 ≤ I ≤ 90.
It enhances visualization.
sn = D/d
Convert the unit of measurement into the most convenient unit (e.g., convert 100,000 centimeters to 1 kilometer).
Scale = 1:sn
Yes, it varies with places and even with directions in one place.
sn = 20,000
Mapping is the process of creating visual representations of geographical areas, showing physical features, boundaries, and other significant details.
By measuring differences in elevation and direction.
A curve around the central pole completes a 254°33' circuit instead of 360° like on the globe.
A map projection onto a cylinder.
Generalization emphasizes symbols to convey important information clearly.
By a point with a text label.
A point of zero distortion is a specific point on a map where there is no distortion of scale, shape, or distance.
They disappear.
Users may find it confusing to interpret the scale correctly, especially if they are not familiar with the units used.
Global Positioning System.
Data that represents the location, shape, and relationship of geographic features.
To emphasize important characteristics.
To provide geolocation and time information to a GPS receiver.
The main components include data collection, map design, map projection, and map production.
The simplification of 2D and 3D objects for display.
Horizontal and vertical angles with accuracy.
When the projection surface is oriented in its usual position, such as a conic projection with the cone's axis aligned with the Earth's axis.
Because it remains accurate regardless of the map's size changes.
An electronic theodolite, an electronic distance measuring device, and a computer.
The spatial variation of annual precipitation over a region.
It is a map specification used in the USA.
It maps meridians to vertical straight lines of constant spacing.
No direct contact with the object or scene.
A small-scale map example is 1:50,000, which is accurate to 15 - 25 meters and provides less detail.
Cylindrical, Conical, Azimuthal (or Zenithal).
They are equivalent (equal-area) and often have a transverse aspect.
The importance of each symbol.
Determine the actual distance (D) between two grid points.
Multiply the map distance by the denominator of the fraction.
1:17,000
Tangent, Secant.
A line scale is a visual representation of distance on a map, showing the ratio of map distance to real-world distance.
Distortion or deformation of features in some or all areas of the map.
Putting useful information on paper.
A combination of error minimization techniques.
Distortion or deformation of features.
Spatial information refers to data that has a geographical or locational component.
Scanning, typing, importing.
Direction, Distance, Area, and Shape.
Symbols are emphasized to highlight key information.
The art, science, and technology of making maps together with their study as scientific documents and works of art.
At least one of these properties: shape, area, distance, and direction.
Larger map scales generally result in more accurate measurements and higher levels of detail.
A scale that shows both miles and kilometers on the same bar.
SF is a ratio.
Mathematicians use mathematical theories known as Map Projection.
To emphasize the most important map elements by generalizing unimportant details.
It results in zero distortion at that point.
It preserves area.
Map projection is important because it allows the representation of the curved surface of the Earth on a flat map, though it introduces some distortion.
By using contour lines.
The scale is equal along the equator but varies with latitude.
When the projection surface is oriented at an angle to the Earth's axis.
It represents the areas affected by various hazards and their risk levels after Hurricane Harvey.
Location with respect to some other point of reference, such as the southeastern coast of China.
China.
The polygons of coastlines are generalized.
Map scale refers to the relationship between a distance on the map and the corresponding distance on the ground.
More accurate data sources lead to more accurate measured values.
The data is obtained without direct contact.
Because they are used for policy making, resource allocation, and representation.
They are simplified.
They cover a small area with more detail.
Map scale refers to the relationship between a distance on the map and the corresponding distance on the ground.
Flat surface (plane), cylinder, and cone.
Direction (Bearing).
1:5,500
Paper info, Excel files, etc.
Because the Earth is a three-dimensional sphere, and flattening it into a two-dimensional map causes distortions.
1,700,000
From 1:50,000 to 1:200,000.
Because the world is not flat.
1:150,000, 1:1,000,000, 1:400,000.
Ordering and grouping features by their attributes.
Cartography is the science and art of making maps.
Cylindrical, Conic, and Azimuthal.
Google Map is an example of 2D mapping, while Google Earth is an example of 3D mapping.
Mean, maximum, and minimum temperatures.
A map projection where the sphere is projected onto a cylinder.
To display demographic data collected during the US census.
A numerical concept used to convert scaled model measurements to their original values.
It is a map specification used in Hong Kong.
Areas are the product of distances.
It led to a dramatic increase in mapping accuracy and map use processes.
Generalization simplifies the representation of geographic data to make the map more readable and useful at a given scale.
Elevation (height above sea level) and the shape of the land.
It represents a specific area, such as 10 hectares.
OA' is 1.25 and OB' is 0.8.
Tapes, distance meters, levels, theodolites, and total stations.
Transforming data into a visually presentable format by abstracting real-world features using points, lines, areas, and images, and symbolizing it to enhance readability and presentation.
Because OA' does not equal OB', resulting in a loss of conformity (shape).
Variation in map scale refers to the differences in scale used for different maps, affecting the level of detail and area covered.
Accuracy is defined as the difference between the measured value on the map and the actual value on the ground.
Size and extent of the area, and the objective to reduce distortion in the area of interest.
As a ratio, for example, 1:100,000.
750 m
Original map.
The shape of features may become distorted as the scale is reduced.
Aspect, property, and class.
It represents the map scale.
They are used to transfer features to the surface and then flatten them.
Size, shape, height, and nature.
A verbal statement specifies different units, such as '1 inch to 1 mile' or '1 centimeter represents 10 kilometers'.
More or less, large or small, high or low, direction, and relationship.
Relative height refers to the height of a point in relation to a benchmark.
Maps provide a mechanism for transforming our 3D world into a 2D representation.
The scale changes proportionally, which can affect the accuracy and usability of the map.
A line scale.
Ceremony and ritual, and mapping the stars and sky.
A map that shows a small area with a high level of detail.
The Earth, being a sphere, cannot be unrolled or unfolded to lie flat.
Acquiring raw data from the field, which can be direct or indirect.
Map scale, measurement precision, and accuracy of data sources.
A cylindrical and conformal map projection.
Population density, age distribution, racial composition, and other demographic information.
1976 to 2005.
A map projection where the sphere is projected onto a plane.
Water channels
The army.
A small scale map.
It maps latitudes to horizontal straight lines of constant spacing.
It increases from approximately 641 mm per year in Northwestern Ontario to approximately 1055 mm per year in Southeastern Ontario.
More detailed polygons of coastlines are shown.
0.5 mm
Local angles and shapes.
By seeing it as a two-stage process.
One centimeter on the map equals 25,000 centimeters on the Earth's surface, or one inch on the map equals 25,000 inches on the Earth's surface.
Mapping the Earth on a reference globe.
Locations are displaced.
Yes, all map projections have distortions.
Distortion caused by map projections.
Photographic reduction involves creating a blurred map image.
To achieve specific map purposes, such as preserving the shape of features.
Lines of zero distortion are also known as standard parallels.
Tissot, a French mathematician.
The normal aspect is centered on a pole.
Compromise projection.
A larger scale represents a smaller area with more detail.
To ensure the feature's purpose and meaning are preserved.
To reduce complex lines to simple combinations of straight lines and arcs.
As a straight line.
Merging of the same symbol types.
34
sa = a / A
Simplification.
Manual and automated methods.
Mapping is the process of representing the Earth's surface on a flat map.
It helps in accurately representing object areas.
Larger scale maps have higher accuracy, while smaller scale maps have lower accuracy.
An Azimuthal projection is a type of map projection where the Earth's surface is projected onto a plane, typically used for polar regions.
Grid cells.
Topographic maps and road maps.
They provide quantitative positional accuracy standards.
Use a ruler to measure the map distance (d) between two grid points.
To translate features to graphic marks on maps.
To represent real-world topographic features on paper for ease of handling.
They are equidistant and can have an oblique aspect.
A0, A1, A2, A3, A4.
Variation in map scale can be caused by the purpose of the map, the area being mapped, and the level of detail required.
Aircraft and ground-based platforms.
Zero distortion occurs where the scale factor (SF) is 1, meaning there is no distortion.
If the shape of an object changes, so do its angles.
Zero distortion can occur in plane, cone, and cylinder projections.
Along the equator.
A map projection onto a flat surface.
To illustrate distortion in map projections.
Yes, except for maps that show very small areas.
Graticules are lines showing parallels of latitude and meridians of longitude used to show locations in geographic coordinates.
Conformal, equidistant, and equivalent.
Textual information such as census information, weather information, building floor area, and environmental information.
SF = actual RF / principal RF
Census information, weather information, building floor area, and environmental information.
Because a sphere is an undevelopable surface.
Because the overall appearance is much clearer.
Distances and angles.
To provide a systematic mechanism for visualization.
A projected map provides a good relationship between shape and distance of Canada's land mass.
The scale remains accurate and can still be used.
Points, lines, and polygons (areas).
To observe, measure, and record objects on the Earth's surface.
Nautical chart
Data that has discrete boundaries, such as country borders, land parcels, and streets.
To see different levels of details.
Both OA and OB equal 1.
A secant is when a plane intersects the globe along a small circle, typically along a parallel of latitude.
Every 10 years.
Find the map scale (e.g., 1:20,000).
To accurately represent certain aspects of the Earth's surface, such as area, shape, distance, or direction.
A smaller area with more detail.
Mercator projection.
To simplify shapes and lines, eliminate, group, symbolize, and enlarge features, and displace locations.
Large-scale maps and small-scale maps.
By map specification
Map scale.
Vd = sn * Vm
Suitability, scale, accuracy, how to convert, scanning, and digitising.
It involves simplifying complex lines into simple combinations of straight lines and arcs.
sa = sl^2
Approximately 641 mm per year.
Map scale determines the level of detail and the extent of area covered on a map, affecting its accuracy and usability.
No, roads are not essential on a nautical chart.
Detailed information on smaller geographic areas like neighborhoods.
'S Oblique Azimuthal' refers to an oblique azimuthal projection oriented towards the southern hemisphere, while 'N Oblique Azimuthal' is oriented towards the northern hemisphere.
Map scale is typically represented as a ratio (e.g., 1:50,000) or a graphical scale bar.
Yes, each symbol type has items at different levels of importance.
Map projections are used because globes have very small scale with little detail, are costly to reproduce and update, difficult to make measurements on, and inconvenient to carry.
Features are eliminated, grouped, symbolized, and enlarged.
Larger scales (e.g., 1:1,000) provide more detail and higher accuracy, while smaller scales (e.g., 1:100,000) provide less detail and lower accuracy.
Because it represents a ratio that is independent of the units used.
Using a 2D map with a map projection.
No, it is only valid for maps being used at their original size.
The size of the Earth is reduced to full size and then further reduced to fit on a 2D map.
d_s = d/D
Singularities are created on the projection.
Symbolization involves choosing appropriate visual variables (geometric shapes and colors) to represent features, which can affect how clearly and accurately the map conveys information.
Street maps, where streets are more important than buildings.
Because it introduces obvious distortion.
Previously compiled maps, documentary information/attributes, ground measurements/surveying, GPS records, aerial photographs, and satellite imagery.
A method used to represent the curved surface of the Earth on a flat surface.
To represent spatial information and geographic features.
(X,Y,Z) = (123456.78, 987654.32, 567.11.2).
A map that shows major and minor highways and roads, as well as airports, railroad tracks, cities, and other points of interest.
Distances are correct at a point or along a line.
Maps are used to collect, analyze, and present spatial data in various scientific fields such as geology, meteorology, and environmental science.
Ensuring that the data is up-to-date and accurately represents the population.
A method of remote acquisition where data is collected from satellites.
Shape and size, colour, line colour, fill colour, width, line width, style, line style, fill style, and symbol.
2D and 3D spatial data.
Pictorial and iconic.
A method of remote acquisition that uses laser technology to capture data from the air or ground.
Map scale is typically represented as a ratio (e.g., 1:50,000) or a graphical scale bar.
Larger scale maps (e.g., 1:10,000) generally provide more accurate spatial data than smaller scale maps (e.g., 1:100,000) because they show more detail.
Accuracy determines how closely the map represents real-world locations and features.
The axis of the projection surface coincides with the rotation axis of the globe.
Captain Sir Edward Belcher in H.M.S. Sulphur.
1:30.1
A map that shows governmental boundaries of countries, states, and counties, as well as the location of major cities.
Azimuthal projection.
They provide precise and accurate data about the physical characteristics of the land.
A map that shows the specific types of economic activities or natural resources present in an area.
186 mm
They are often used for mapping mid-latitude regions like the United States.
Areas are represented correctly and proportionally to their areas on the Earth's reference surface.
A method used to represent the curved surface of the Earth on a flat map.
They cover a large area with less detail.
Conic projection.
Larger scales (e.g., 1:1,000) generally provide more accurate spatial data, while smaller scales (e.g., 1:100,000) provide less detail and accuracy.
Cylindrical, conic, and azimuthal projections.
The accuracy of a distance (V_d) is calculated as V_d = s_n * V_m.
Zero distortion occurs where the projection surface is in contact with the globe.
Larger scale maps show more detail and cover smaller areas, while smaller scale maps show less detail and cover larger areas.
d = 2 * R * tan(θ/2)
1:16.6
It may be used for city maps or other small areas with map scales large enough to reduce the obvious distortion.
36,522 meters
It provides attributes and descriptive information that can complement spatial data.
1:87,000,000
7,200 km
It provides comprehensive and up-to-date images of large areas, useful for various mapping applications.
Maps are used as educational tools to teach geography, history, and other subjects by providing a visual context.
Maps convey complex spatial information in a visual format, making it easier to share and understand geographic data.
Scale, original and final scales, map purpose, features of importance, level of importance, importance within the same type of features, importance of different types of features, symbolization, choice of visual variables (geometric and color), and output media.
Map scale is typically represented as a ratio (e.g., 1:50,000), a fraction (e.g., 1/50,000), or a graphical scale bar.
Azimuthal projection tangent to the globe at one point.
Because it affects how the shape of an object is distorted.
The map purpose guides which features are emphasized or omitted, ensuring the map effectively communicates its intended message.
The map has a representative fraction (RF).
1:10.2
Detail: Low, Coverage: Much Larger Area, Building: Merged, Small Road: Omitted, Major Road: Line Symbol.
The projection is neither equal area nor conformal.
A type of map scale that expresses the ratio of map distance to ground distance.
Conformality preserves shape.
Flat B, 4/F, 123 Smith Street.
A map that shows the climate zones of an area, including temperature and precipitation patterns.
A map projection where the Earth's surface is projected onto a cone.
Maps help visualize spatial relationships and geographic data, making it easier to understand physical and cultural landscapes.
3,300 km
To minimize distortion over a specific region, particularly in mid-latitudes.
The accuracy of spatial data is controlled by map scale number (s_n) and measurement precision (V_m).
Transforming the 3D information on the globe's surface onto a 2D map surface.
Mathematical transformations between geographic coordinates (I, O) on the sphere and plane coordinates (x, y) on the projection surface.
'd' is measured as the distance on the map.
Detail: High, Coverage: Small Area, Building: Outline, Small Road: Road Edge, Major Road: Road Edge.
The level of importance helps prioritize which features should be retained or simplified based on their relevance to the map's purpose.
Larger scale maps generally provide more accurate spatial data because they represent smaller areas with greater detail.
Computer screen and paper map.
Buildings are represented as blocks.
A type of map scale that shows the relationship between a unit of length on the map and the corresponding length on the ground.
A map that shows physical features of the landscape such as mountains, rivers, and lakes.
Meridians are lines of longitude.
At the edges.
They offer detailed images of the Earth's surface from above, useful for creating and updating maps.
1:103,000,000
Equivalence preserves area.
A method of remote acquisition that involves taking measurements from photographs taken from the air or ground.
Map scale refers to the relationship between a distance on the map and the corresponding distance on the ground.
Most mapping data.
Zero distortion can occur at a single point or along closed lines (standard parallels).
Azimuthal projection.
Detail: Moderate, Coverage: Large Area, Building: Block, Small Road: Single Line, Major Road: Road Edge.
To selectively emphasize important characteristics of features.
To reduce distortion in the area of interest.
The larger the distance, the greater the distortion.
16,927 meters
Parallels are lines of latitude.
23° 18' 42" E, 141° 37' 03" S.
A type of map scale that represents the relationship between areas on the map and the corresponding areas on the ground.
They all introduce some form of distortion because the Earth is a three-dimensional object being represented in two dimensions.
http://hkss.cedd.gov.hk/hkss/eng/slopeinfo/ie/lamppost/integration/Lamppost_home.htm.
They can distort areas, especially near the poles.
Because the Earth is a sphere and cannot be represented accurately on a flat surface without some distortion.
Scale determines the level of detail that can be represented on a map, influencing how features are simplified or aggregated.
Variation in map scale can be caused by the purpose of the map, the area being mapped, and the level of detail required.
Larger scales show more detail, while smaller scales show less detail.
'D' is measured as the distance in the real world.
s = R * θ
Equidirectional projection, equidistant cylindrical projection, Plate Carrée, geographic projection.
6,372 km
Major roads are represented by their road edges.
Along some parallels between the poles and the equator.
A type of map scale that uses a visual representation, such as a bar, to show the scale of the map.
A map projection where the Earth's surface is projected onto a cylinder.
A map projection where the Earth's surface is projected onto a plane, often used for polar regions.
Lamp Post Number (e.g., 18198).
It means the projection is equidistant.
Parallels (lines of latitude) are preserved, but meridians (lines of longitude) are not.
It represents the scale of the map, where 'd' is the distance measured on the map and 'D' is the corresponding distance in the real world.
Accuracy is how close a measured value is to the actual (true) value, while precision is how close a series of measurements are to each other.
The reference globe has a representative fraction (RF) derived by dividing the Earth's radius by the radius of the globe.
To show how the graticules of the globe appear as the graticules of the projection.
Fill colour and fill style.
Tangent refers to the projection surface touching the globe at a single point, while secant refers to the projection surface intersecting the globe along a line.
The larger the scale, the higher the level of detail; the smaller the scale, the lower the level of detail.
Cylindrical projection.
Conical projection.
A type of map scale that describes the scale in words, such as '1 cm = 25 km'.
A map projection where the Earth's surface is projected onto a cylinder, often used for world maps.
Maps provide a visual representation of an area, helping users to find routes and locations.
Lamp post.
Preserving angles and shapes of small objects, making it useful for navigation.
1:48,000,000
Larger scales show more detail and cover smaller areas, while smaller scales show less detail and cover larger areas.
Generalization affects map details in different degrees with different map scales.
100 m
Meridians are equally spaced vertical lines.
The orientation of how the cylinder, cone, or plane is placed on the Earth.
8.5 m
The normal aspect turned 90 degrees.
In 1845.
Here, there, above, below.
Cylindrical, conic, and azimuthal projections.
At their center point.
They provide accurate location data that can be used for mapping and navigation.
A map projection where the Earth's surface is projected onto a plane.
Maps provide critical spatial information that can be used for urban planning, resource management, and strategic decision-making.
Zip code, post code.
Ensuring the map is appropriate for the intended use.
Transverse cylindrical projection.
Because the scale affects the level of detail and accuracy of the map.
27.75 m
Relatively unimportant.
1:10.9
The projection plane is at an angle to the globe.
7,785 meters
Go along here for a bit, turn that way, go through the green door on your left.
A map that uses contour lines to represent the shape and elevation of the land.
A map projection where the Earth's surface is projected onto a cone, often used for mapping mid-latitude regions.
Scale changes from point to point.
A map that focuses on a particular theme or subject area, such as population density or land use.
Slope, Building.
Distances and shapes are often distorted.
1 unit on the map represents 100,000 units on the ground.
1:20,000
By comparing the scale numbers; a larger scale has a smaller second number (e.g., 1:10,000 is larger than 1:100,000).
Variation in map scale indicates different levels of detail and area coverage; larger scales show more detail over smaller areas, while smaller scales show less detail over larger areas.
Minimizing distortion while accurately representing the Earth's surface.
Very important.
Because they may be unreadable without exaggeration.
A method used to represent the curved surface of the Earth on a flat map.
They provide historical and reference information that can be used to update or verify new maps.
Cylindrical, conic, and azimuthal (or planar).
It means the projection preserves local shape.
A map is a symbolic depiction highlighting relationships between elements of a space such as objects, regions, and themes.
They are useful for navigation because they preserve angles and shapes over small areas.
They accurately represent directions from a central point.
Parallels are equally spaced horizontal lines.
Line colour, line width, and line style.
The alteration of the original shape, area, distance, or direction of the Earth's surface when represented on a flat map.
Meridians and parallels are perpendicular.
Scanning and digitising.
Small roads are omitted.
At the equator.
Different projections distort different aspects of the Earth's surface, such as shape, area, distance, or direction.
78,695 meters
A graphical representation of the scale of a map, often found at the bottom of the map.
Equidistance preserves distance.
Creating visually appealing maps that balance size and shape distortions.
Thematic maps focus on specific themes or subjects, such as population density or climate, providing detailed insights into particular aspects of a region.
