p.24
Structure and Function of Carbohydrates
What is cellulose?
A structural polysaccharide found in plants.
p.41
Phospholipid Bilayers and Cell Membranes
What property allows phospholipids to form bilayers in water?
Their amphipathic properties.
p.25
Energy Storage in Carbohydrates vs. Lipids
How does starch function as an energy storage compound?
It is stored in plants and can be broken down into glucose when needed.
p.42
Phospholipid Bilayers and Cell Membranes
What causes the formation of phospholipid bilayers?
The hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions of phospholipids.
p.13
Structure and Function of Carbohydrates
What are monosaccharides?
The simplest form of carbohydrates.
p.5
Chemical Properties of Carbon
What types of structures can carbon compounds have?
Branched or unbranched chains and single or multiple rings.
p.32
Types and Functions of Lipids
Why are lipids considered hydrophobic?
Because they do not mix well with water.
p.2
Chemical Properties of Carbon
How many covalent bonds can a carbon atom form?
Up to four covalent bonds.
p.9
Metabolic Processes: Anabolism and Catabolism
What do catabolic reactions do?
They break down complex molecules into simple ones.
p.44
Oxidation and Reduction in Biological Systems
What are the roles of oxidation and reduction in biological systems?
They are essential for energy transfer, metabolic processes, and maintaining cellular functions.
p.14
Metabolic Processes: Anabolism and Catabolism
How can disaccharides and polysaccharides be broken down?
Via hydrolysis reactions into monosaccharides.
p.32
Types and Functions of Lipids
What role do the hydrophobic properties of lipids play in biological systems?
They contribute to the formation of cell membranes and energy storage.
p.23
Structure and Function of Carbohydrates
What is the primary function of cellulose in plants?
To serve as a structural polysaccharide.
p.42
Phospholipid Bilayers and Cell Membranes
What are the hydrophobic regions of phospholipids?
The tails that repel water.
p.29
Types and Functions of Lipids
What type of bonds contribute to the hydrophobic properties of lipids?
Non-polar covalent C-C and C-H bonds.
p.3
Chemical Properties of Carbon
How many covalent bonds can a carbon atom form?
Up to four covalent bonds.
p.23
Structure and Function of Carbohydrates
What is the basic building block of cellulose?
Glucose units linked by β-1,4-glycosidic bonds.
p.41
Phospholipid Bilayers and Cell Membranes
Where do the hydrophilic heads of phospholipids arrange themselves?
On the outside of the bilayer.
p.22
Structure and Function of Carbohydrates
What is the primary function of cellulose in plants?
To serve as a structural polysaccharide.
p.37
Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fatty Acids
What is the main difference between cis and trans unsaturated fatty acids?
Cis fatty acids have hydrogen atoms on the same side of the double bond, while trans fatty acids have them on opposite sides.
p.14
Metabolic Processes: Anabolism and Catabolism
What is the primary function of carbohydrates?
To serve as a short-term energy source.
p.28
Types and Functions of Lipids
What are lipids primarily composed of?
Fatty acids and glycerol.
p.27
Role of Glycoproteins in Cell Recognition
What role do glycoproteins play in the immune system?
They enable the immune system to distinguish between self and non-self.
p.37
Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fatty Acids
What are polyunsaturated fatty acids?
Fatty acids that contain two or more double bonds in their structure.
p.35
Types and Functions of Lipids
What are the three types of fatty acids?
Saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids.
p.6
Chemical Properties of Carbon
Why is carbon-based metabolism essential for life?
It enables the formation of diverse organic compounds necessary for biological processes.
p.38
Triglycerides and Energy Storage
What is the solubility of triglycerides in water?
They are insoluble in water.
p.4
Chemical Properties of Carbon
How many covalent bonds can a carbon atom form?
Up to four covalent bonds.
p.34
Triglycerides and Energy Storage
What are triglycerides composed of?
Glycerol and three fatty acids.
p.2
Chemical Properties of Carbon
Why are covalent bonds important for organic molecules?
Their strength ensures the stability of organic molecules.
p.33
Triglycerides and Energy Storage
How are triglycerides formed?
Through condensation reactions between glycerol and three fatty acid chains.
p.42
Phospholipid Bilayers and Cell Membranes
How do hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions contribute to cell membrane structure?
They drive the arrangement of phospholipids into bilayers.
p.21
Energy Storage in Carbohydrates vs. Lipids
What structural features of glycogen and amylopectin enhance their efficiency as storage compounds?
Branching and coiling during polymerization.
p.21
Energy Storage in Carbohydrates vs. Lipids
Why are polysaccharides relatively insoluble in water?
Due to their large molecular size.
p.43
Role of Glycoproteins in Cell Recognition
How do steroid hormones trigger responses in the body?
Through chemical signaling.
p.7
Metabolic Processes: Anabolism and Catabolism
What are the two types of reactions within metabolism?
Anabolic and catabolic reactions.
p.42
Phospholipid Bilayers and Cell Membranes
What are the hydrophilic regions of phospholipids?
The heads that attract water.
p.1
Structure and Function of Carbohydrates
How do variations in form contribute to the diversity of function in carbohydrates?
Different structures of carbohydrates, such as monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides, allow them to serve various roles like energy storage, structural support, and cell recognition.
p.40
Phospholipid Bilayers and Cell Membranes
What do the hydrophobic tails of phospholipids do in a bilayer?
They extend towards each other to minimize contact with aqueous solutions.
p.4
Chemical Properties of Carbon
Why are covalent bonds important for organic molecules?
Their strength ensures the stability of organic molecules.
p.23
Structure and Function of Carbohydrates
Why is cellulose insoluble in water?
Due to its extensive hydrogen bonding and crystalline structure.
p.7
Metabolic Processes: Anabolism and Catabolism
What do metabolic reactions enable in terms of materials?
The synthesis and assimilation of new materials for use in the cell.
p.12
Structure and Function of Carbohydrates
What are the two main types of carbohydrates?
Simple carbohydrates and complex carbohydrates.
p.30
Types and Functions of Lipids
What are carotenoids and their role in plants?
They are light-absorbing accessory pigments involved in photosynthesis.
p.32
Types and Functions of Lipids
What are lipids primarily characterized by?
Their hydrophobic properties.
p.15
Structure and Function of Carbohydrates
How do monosaccharides differ?
They differ in the number of carbon atoms.
p.2
Chemical Properties of Carbon
What types of bonds can a carbon atom form?
Two single bonds and one double bond, or four single bonds.
p.44
Metabolic Processes: Anabolism and Catabolism
How can compounds synthesized by living organisms accumulate and become carbon sinks?
Through processes like photosynthesis, where carbon dioxide is absorbed and converted into organic compounds.
p.37
Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fatty Acids
What characterizes saturated fatty acids?
They have no double bonds between carbon atoms and are fully saturated with hydrogen.
p.22
Structure and Function of Carbohydrates
What is the significance of cellulose's insolubility in water?
It helps maintain plant structure and prevents water loss.
p.28
Energy Storage in Carbohydrates vs. Lipids
What is the main function of lipids in the body?
Energy storage and insulation.
p.3
Chemical Properties of Carbon
What types of bonds can carbon form?
Two single bonds and one double bond, or four single bonds.
p.28
Triglycerides and Energy Storage
What are triglycerides?
A type of lipid used for energy storage.
p.31
Types and Functions of Lipids
What is the primary function of triglycerides?
To serve as a long-term energy source in animals (fats) and plants (oils).
p.10
Metabolic Processes: Anabolism and Catabolism
What is the significance of the electron transport chain in central metabolic pathways?
It generates a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis through oxidative phosphorylation.
p.41
Phospholipid Bilayers and Cell Membranes
What do the hydrophobic tails of phospholipids do in a bilayer?
They extend towards each other to minimize contact with aqueous solutions.
p.41
Phospholipid Bilayers and Cell Membranes
What is the consequence of the hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions of phospholipids?
The formation of phospholipid bilayers.
p.38
Triglycerides and Energy Storage
How much energy do triglycerides release compared to carbohydrates?
Twice as much energy per gram.
p.38
Triglycerides and Energy Storage
What role do triglycerides play in thermal insulation?
They conduct heat poorly, serving as a thermal insulator.
p.23
Structure and Function of Carbohydrates
What type of polymer is cellulose?
A structural polysaccharide.
p.13
Structure and Function of Carbohydrates
How can monosaccharides be combined?
They can be joined together via condensation reactions.
p.24
Structure and Function of Carbohydrates
How is the structure of cellulose related to its function?
Its linear chains and hydrogen bonding create strong fibers that provide rigidity.
p.3
Chemical Properties of Carbon
Why are covalent bonds important for organic molecules?
The strength of covalent bonds ensures the stability of organic molecules.
p.31
Types and Functions of Lipids
What role do phospholipids play in cells?
They are a structural component of cell membranes.
p.43
Phospholipid Bilayers and Cell Membranes
What property allows steroid hormones to pass through cell membranes?
Their hydrophobic properties.
p.6
Metabolic Processes: Anabolism and Catabolism
What is metabolism?
The totality of chemical reactions that occur in a cell or organism.
p.22
Structure and Function of Carbohydrates
What type of polymer is cellulose?
A structural polysaccharide.
p.22
Structure and Function of Carbohydrates
How does the structure of cellulose contribute to its function?
Its linear chains form strong fibers that provide rigidity and support.
p.4
Chemical Properties of Carbon
What types of bonds can carbon form?
Two single bonds and one double bond, or four single bonds.
p.26
Role of Glycoproteins in Cell Recognition
How do glycoproteins contribute to cellular functions?
By facilitating recognition between cells.
p.4
Chemical Properties of Carbon
What is a covalent bond?
A bond formed by sharing a pair of electrons between two atoms.
p.29
Types and Functions of Lipids
Why do lipids have hydrophobic properties?
Due to the presence of many non-polar covalent bonds in their structure.
p.19
Energy Storage in Carbohydrates vs. Lipids
What are polysaccharides primarily used for?
As energy storage compounds.
p.1
Energy Storage in Carbohydrates vs. Lipids
How do carbohydrates and lipids compare as energy storage compounds?
Carbohydrates provide quick energy, while lipids offer long-term energy storage due to their higher energy density.
p.40
Phospholipid Bilayers and Cell Membranes
What is the consequence of the hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions of phospholipids?
The formation of phospholipid bilayers.
p.19
Structure and Function of Carbohydrates
What type of structure does amylose have?
Helical structure (linear).
p.30
Types and Functions of Lipids
What is the function of waxes in plants and animals?
They act as a protective layer against water loss.
p.36
Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fatty Acids
What is the arrangement of hydrogen atoms in trans isomers?
Hydrogen atoms are on different sides.
p.6
Chemical Properties of Carbon
What are the chemical properties of a carbon atom that allow for diverse compound formation?
Carbon can form four covalent bonds, allowing for a variety of structures and compounds.
p.39
Triglycerides and Energy Storage
What role do triglycerides play in marine mammals?
They provide energy storage and thermal insulation.
p.8
Metabolic Processes: Anabolism and Catabolism
What do anabolic reactions do?
Build up complex molecules from simple ones.
p.25
Energy Storage in Carbohydrates vs. Lipids
What role does glycogen play in animals?
It serves as a short-term energy storage molecule.
p.33
Triglycerides and Energy Storage
What is the primary function of triglycerides?
They function primarily as a long-term energy source.
p.9
Metabolic Processes: Anabolism and Catabolism
What is released during catabolic reactions?
Monomers from macromolecules.
p.21
Energy Storage in Carbohydrates vs. Lipids
What are polysaccharides used for in biological systems?
As energy storage compounds.
p.8
Metabolic Processes: Anabolism and Catabolism
What is the result of linking monomers in anabolic reactions?
The formation of a polymer.
p.37
Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fatty Acids
How do the physical properties of cis and trans fatty acids differ?
Cis fatty acids are typically liquid at room temperature, while trans fatty acids are more solid.
p.28
Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fatty Acids
What distinguishes saturated fatty acids from unsaturated fatty acids?
Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds between carbon atoms, while unsaturated fatty acids do.
p.7
Metabolic Processes: Anabolism and Catabolism
What is the purpose of eliminating waste in metabolic processes?
To maintain homeostasis and proper cellular function.
p.19
Structure and Function of Carbohydrates
How is amylopectin structured?
Helical structure (more branches).
p.19
Structure and Function of Carbohydrates
Name an example of a polysaccharide.
Cellulose, amylose, amylopectin, or glycogen.
p.31
Types and Functions of Lipids
What are glycolipids and their function?
They are complexes of carbohydrate and lipid that function as cell receptors and recognition molecules.
p.5
Chemical Properties of Carbon
What allows carbon atoms to form diverse compounds essential for life?
The chemical properties of carbon.
p.25
Energy Storage in Carbohydrates vs. Lipids
What are polysaccharides primarily used for in living organisms?
As energy storage compounds.
p.26
Role of Glycoproteins in Cell Recognition
What are glycoproteins?
Carbohydrates linked with proteins.
p.27
Role of Glycoproteins in Cell Recognition
What are glycoproteins?
Carbohydrates linked with proteins.
p.37
Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fatty Acids
What defines monounsaturated fatty acids?
They contain one double bond in their fatty acid chain.
p.40
Phospholipid Bilayers and Cell Membranes
Where do the hydrophilic heads of phospholipids arrange themselves?
On the outside of the bilayer.
p.30
Types and Functions of Lipids
What is the primary function of triglycerides?
They serve as a long-term energy source in animals (fats) and plants (oils).
p.10
Metabolic Processes: Anabolism and Catabolism
What role does the citric acid cycle play in metabolism?
It oxidizes acetyl-CoA to produce ATP, NADH, and FADH2, which are used in the electron transport chain.
p.10
Metabolic Processes: Anabolism and Catabolism
How do central metabolic pathways connect to cellular respiration?
They provide the substrates and energy carriers needed for the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation.
p.17
Structure and Function of Carbohydrates
What is glucose considered in biological systems?
One of the most important biomolecules.
p.17
Structure and Function of Carbohydrates
Why is glucose highly soluble in water?
Because it is a polar molecule.
p.11
Types and Functions of Lipids
Are lipids composed of monomers?
No, lipids are not composed of monomers but triglycerides have distinctive subunits.
p.15
Structure and Function of Carbohydrates
What are hexoses?
Monosaccharides that contain 6 carbon atoms, such as glucose, fructose, and galactose.
p.39
Triglycerides and Energy Storage
Why is thermal insulation important for marine mammals?
It helps maintain body temperature in cold water environments.
p.2
Chemical Properties of Carbon
What is a covalent bond?
A bond formed by sharing a pair of electrons between two atoms.
p.25
Energy Storage in Carbohydrates vs. Lipids
What is the structural difference between starch and glycogen?
Glycogen has a more branched structure compared to starch.
p.23
Structure and Function of Carbohydrates
How does the structure of cellulose contribute to its function?
Its linear chains form strong hydrogen bonds, providing rigidity and strength.
p.7
Metabolic Processes: Anabolism and Catabolism
What are the three key functions of metabolic reactions?
Provide energy, enable synthesis of new materials, and eliminate waste.
p.1
Types and Functions of Lipids
What are the primary functions of lipids?
Lipids serve as energy storage, structural components of cell membranes, and signaling molecules.
p.7
Metabolic Processes: Anabolism and Catabolism
What is one function of metabolic reactions related to energy?
They provide a source of energy for cellular processes like growth and reproduction.
p.3
Chemical Properties of Carbon
What is a covalent bond?
A bond formed by sharing a pair of electrons between two atoms.
p.19
Structure and Function of Carbohydrates
What is the structure of cellulose?
Flat, repeating sheet structure.
p.28
Phospholipid Bilayers and Cell Membranes
What role do phospholipids play in cells?
They form the bilayer of cell membranes.
p.31
Types and Functions of Lipids
How do steroids function in plants and animals?
They act as hormones and are structural components of animal cell membranes (cholesterol).
p.20
Energy Storage in Carbohydrates vs. Lipids
What are polysaccharides primarily used for in biological systems?
As energy storage compounds.
p.15
Structure and Function of Carbohydrates
What are pentoses?
Monosaccharides that contain 5 carbon atoms, such as deoxyribose and ribose.
p.13
Metabolic Processes: Anabolism and Catabolism
What is the primary function of carbohydrates?
To serve as a short-term energy source.
p.40
Phospholipid Bilayers and Cell Membranes
What property allows phospholipids to form bilayers in water?
Their amphipathic properties.
p.32
Types and Functions of Lipids
Can lipids dissolve in water?
No, lipids are insoluble in water due to their hydrophobic nature.
p.8
Metabolic Processes: Anabolism and Catabolism
What is formed during anabolic reactions?
Macromolecules (polymers) from monomers.
p.29
Types and Functions of Lipids
What are lipids characterized by in terms of solubility?
They do not dissolve well in polar solvents such as water.
p.22
Structure and Function of Carbohydrates
What type of bonds are present in cellulose that contribute to its structural properties?
Hydrogen bonds between chains.
p.8
Metabolic Processes: Anabolism and Catabolism
What happens to water during condensation reactions?
Water is produced as a by-product.
p.13
Structure and Function of Carbohydrates
What more complex carbohydrates can monosaccharides form?
Disaccharides and polysaccharides.
p.10
Metabolic Processes: Anabolism and Catabolism
What are central metabolic pathways?
They are the primary biochemical routes through which cells convert nutrients into energy and building blocks.
p.43
Phospholipid Bilayers and Cell Membranes
What is the ability of non-polar steroids regarding cell membranes?
They can pass freely through the phospholipid bilayer.
p.21
Energy Storage in Carbohydrates vs. Lipids
What makes glycogen and amylopectin compact?
The branching and coiling structure.
p.43
Types and Functions of Lipids
What are two examples of human sex hormones?
Testosterone and oestradiol.
p.30
Types and Functions of Lipids
What are glycolipids and their function?
They are complexes of carbohydrate and lipid that function as cell receptors and recognition molecules.
p.36
Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fatty Acids
How does the double bond affect the structure of trans unsaturated fatty acids?
No kink in the chain is created.
p.38
Triglycerides and Energy Storage
How do triglycerides act as a shock absorber?
They provide cushioning around organs, such as the kidneys.
p.34
Triglycerides and Energy Storage
What is the significance of condensation reactions in lipid formation?
They link fatty acids to glycerol, forming triglycerides and phospholipids.
p.30
Types and Functions of Lipids
What role do phospholipids play in cells?
They are a structural component of cell membranes.
p.35
Types and Functions of Lipids
What is the structure of monounsaturated fatty acids?
They have one double bond and may have a bent structure.
p.17
Metabolic Processes: Anabolism and Catabolism
What does glucose yield in catabolic reactions?
A great deal of chemical energy.
p.11
Triglycerides and Energy Storage
What are the components that form triglycerides?
Glycerol and fatty acids.
p.34
Types and Functions of Lipids
What distinguishes phospholipids from triglycerides?
Phospholipids contain two fatty acids and a phosphate group.
p.24
Structure and Function of Carbohydrates
What role does cellulose play in plants?
It provides structural support.
p.27
Role of Glycoproteins in Cell Recognition
Where are glycoprotein antigens found in the ABO blood system?
In the red blood cell membranes.
p.9
Metabolic Processes: Anabolism and Catabolism
How are covalent bonds broken during hydrolysis?
Via the consumption of water (H2O).
p.10
Metabolic Processes: Anabolism and Catabolism
What is the main purpose of glycolysis in central metabolic pathways?
To break down glucose into pyruvate, producing ATP and NADH in the process.
p.12
Structure and Function of Carbohydrates
What are carbohydrates primarily composed of?
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
p.24
Structure and Function of Carbohydrates
What type of bonds contribute to the strength of cellulose?
Hydrogen bonds between cellulose chains.
p.16
Structure and Function of Carbohydrates
What are the common functional groups found in monosaccharides?
Hydroxyl groups (OH) and aldehyde or ketone groups.
p.24
Structure and Function of Carbohydrates
Why is cellulose important for plant cell walls?
It helps maintain cell shape and prevents collapse.
p.28
Types and Functions of Lipids
How do lipids contribute to cell signaling?
Certain lipids act as signaling molecules in various biological processes.
p.16
Structure and Function of Carbohydrates
What is the general formula for monosaccharides?
C_n(H2O)_n, where n is typically 3 to 7.
p.31
Types and Functions of Lipids
What is the function of waxes in plants and animals?
They act as a protective layer against water loss.
p.31
Types and Functions of Lipids
What are carotenoids and their role in plants?
They are light-absorbing accessory pigments involved in photosynthesis.
p.36
Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fatty Acids
How does the double bond affect the structure of cis unsaturated fatty acids?
It creates a kink in the chain.
p.16
Structure and Function of Carbohydrates
What is the significance of the anomeric carbon atom in monosaccharides?
It determines the α and β configurations.
p.35
Types and Functions of Lipids
How do unsaturated fatty acids differ from saturated fatty acids?
Unsaturated fatty acids possess double bonds and are typically liquid at room temperature.
p.16
Structure and Function of Carbohydrates
What does the notation 'α' and 'β' refer to in monosaccharides?
The configuration of the anomeric carbon atom.
p.11
Metabolic Processes: Anabolism and Catabolism
What are most organic macromolecules composed of?
Polymers composed of monomers.
p.14
Structure and Function of Carbohydrates
What is the relationship between monosaccharides and other carbohydrates?
Disaccharides and polysaccharides can be converted into monosaccharides.
p.35
Types and Functions of Lipids
What is a characteristic of saturated fatty acids?
They do not possess any double bonds and are often solid at room temperature.
p.1
Types and Functions of Lipids
What role does the structure of lipids play in their function?
The hydrophobic nature of lipids allows them to form cell membranes and store energy efficiently.
p.30
Types and Functions of Lipids
How do steroids function in organisms?
They act as hormones and are structural components of animal cell membranes (cholesterol).
p.35
Types and Functions of Lipids
What defines polyunsaturated fatty acids?
They have multiple double bonds.
p.35
Types and Functions of Lipids
In what types of lipids are fatty acids found?
Triglycerides and phospholipids.
p.17
Metabolic Processes: Anabolism and Catabolism
How is glucose transported in the body?
Easily transportable in blood and fluids between cells.
p.36
Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fatty Acids
What is the general health impact of cis unsaturated fatty acids?
Generally good for health.
p.19
Structure and Function of Carbohydrates
What is the structure of glycogen?
Helical structure (fewer branches).
p.12
Role of Glycoproteins in Cell Recognition
How do carbohydrates contribute to cellular structure?
They form part of glycoproteins and glycolipids.
p.36
Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fatty Acids
What is the general health impact of trans unsaturated fatty acids?
Generally bad for health.
p.12
Structure and Function of Carbohydrates
What is the role of fiber in the diet?
To aid digestion and maintain gut health.
p.36
Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fatty Acids
What is the arrangement of hydrogen atoms in cis isomers?
Hydrogen atoms are on the same side.
