p.27
Effects of Aging on Skin
What does biological age refer to?
It does not correlate with chronological age.
p.33
Preventative Interventions for Skin Integrity
What is the importance of keeping the skin clean?
It reduces the likelihood of developing infections or wounds.
p.14
Functions of the Skin
What is the function of sebaceous and sweat glands?
They lubricate the skin and help control pH and temperature.
p.28
Effects of Aging on Skin
How do epidermal-dermal papillae change with aging?
They become flattened, increasing susceptibility to friction and shear.
p.14
Dermis Composition and Role
Where do dermal appendages originate?
In the dermis and protrude into the epidermis.
p.19
Functions of the Skin
What is thermoregulation?
The process of maintaining body temperature through the combined function of nerves, glands, and blood vessels.
p.18
Functions of the Skin
How does skin damage impact communication?
It can negatively affect communication due to changes in body image.
What role does the stratum corneum play in protecting the skin?
It protects the skin from microorganism invasion.
p.36
Skin Integrity Factors
What should be reported regarding skin condition?
Redness, blisters, rashes, open areas, dark colored bruised areas, dryness, unusual or new lesions, cracked areas, indentation marks, temperature variations, unusual swelling, and any concerning signs.
p.11
Epidermis Structure and Function
What is the function of Langerhan Cells?
They play a role in immune function.
p.20
Functions of the Skin
What happens when there is a loss or reduction in sensation in the skin?
It increases the risk for injury.
p.26
Effects of Aging on Skin
What changes occur in skin pigmentation with aging?
There may be an increase in age spots and uneven pigmentation.
p.36
Skin Integrity Factors
Why is it important to look for indentation marks?
They may indicate that socks or clothes are too tight, which can affect skin integrity.
p.14
Dermis Composition and Role
What are the components included in the South West Regional Wound Care Program?
Hair follicles, sebaceous and sweat glands, fingernails, and toe nails.
p.34
Skin Integrity Factors
What is necessary to keep the skin intact?
Hydration and lubrication of the stratum corneum.
p.25
Effects of Aging on Skin
How does age affect skin integrity?
Age can lead to changes in skin elasticity and moisture levels, impairing skin integrity.
p.11
Epidermis Structure and Function
What is the role of melanocytes in the skin?
They produce melanin, which affects skin color.
p.30
Effects of Aging on Skin
How does aging affect sweat glands and sebum production?
There is a reduction in sweat glands and sebum, resulting in decreased skin hydration.
p.34
Functions of the Skin
What does transepidermal water loss refer to?
The loss of water through the epidermis.
p.11
Epidermis Structure and Function
Why is skin in darker individuals more resistant to injury?
Cells in dark skin are more compact.
Where do nerve fibers that supply the skin originate?
In nerve roots in the spine.
p.10
Acid Mantle and Skin pH
What is the purpose of the South West Regional Wound Care Program?
To maintain the acid mantle.
What is the primary focus of the South West Regional Wound Care Program?
Skin and its underlying structures.
What are the three primary layers of the skin?
Epidermis, Dermis, Subcutaneous tissue.
p.21
Functions of the Skin
What does the skin excrete?
Waste products, electrolytes, and water.
p.11
Epidermis Structure and Function
What are the four distinct layers of cells in the epidermis?
Keratinocytes, Melanocytes, Merkel Cells, and Langerhan Cells.
p.34
Functions of the Skin
What are the benefits of using a pH balanced moisturizer?
It prevents damage to the stratum corneum, blocks penetration of substances into the skin, and reduces transepidermal water loss.
p.28
Effects of Aging on Skin
What happens to elastin fibers in aging skin?
Elastin fibers are lost, making the skin less elastic.
p.26
Effects of Aging on Skin
What is one major effect of aging on the skin?
Decreased elasticity and firmness.
p.22
Functions of the Skin
What is one of the primary functions of the skin barrier?
To protect against trauma.
p.11
Epidermis Structure and Function
How often is the external layer of the epidermis replaced?
Every three to four weeks.
p.19
Functions of the Skin
How does the body cool itself when exposed to heat?
By increasing sweat production.
p.22
Functions of the Skin
How does skin pigmentation contribute to skin function?
It protects against UV radiation.
p.24
Effects of Aging on Skin
What role does age play in skin integrity?
Aging skin is thinner and more susceptible to injury.
p.12
Dermis Composition and Role
What are the two layers of the dermis?
Papillary (superficial) and reticular (deep).
p.24
Skin Integrity Factors
What is the effect of temperature on skin integrity?
Extreme temperatures can lead to burns or frostbite, compromising skin integrity.
p.28
Effects of Aging on Skin
What is the effect of a 20% decrease in dermal thickness on the skin?
It leads to thinning of the skin.
p.30
Effects of Aging on Skin
What happens to blood vessels as skin ages?
They become thinner and more fragile, causing small hemorrhages called senile purpura.
p.7
Skin Integrity Factors
What can dressing adhesives do to the stratum corneum?
They can strip the stratum corneum and cause transepidermal water loss.
What effect does the stratum corneum have on skin permeability?
It makes the skin less permeable to water.
p.22
Functions of the Skin
How does the skin barrier protect against bacterial invasion?
By acting as a physical barrier.
p.26
Effects of Aging on Skin
How does aging impact the skin's ability to heal?
Aging skin has a slower healing process.
p.36
Skin Integrity Factors
What does unusual swelling indicate?
It may suggest a skin issue that needs to be reported.
p.16
Functions of the Skin
What is the skin's role in excretion?
It helps eliminate waste products through sweat.
p.12
Dermis Composition and Role
What components are found in the papillary layer of the dermis?
ECM, blood and lymph vessels, epithelial cells, connective and nerve tissue, muscle, and fat.
p.33
Preventative Interventions for Skin Integrity
What should be done after cleaning the skin?
It should be dried properly.
p.23
Functions of the Skin
How is Vitamin D synthesized in the body?
It is synthesized in the skin and then transferred to other parts of the body.
p.35
Skin Integrity Factors
What should be done if any skin problems are noticed?
Report any problems IMMEDIATELY.
p.13
Dermis Composition and Role
What components make up the dermal layer?
Blood and lymph vessels, nerves, sweat and sebaceous glands, and hair roots.
p.9
Acid Mantle and Skin pH
What happens to the skin's pH when it is damaged?
It increases, raising the risk of infection.
p.35
Skin Integrity Factors
What are the most common pressure areas to monitor?
Heels, hips, sacrum, and ischeal tuberosities.
p.26
Effects of Aging on Skin
How does aging affect skin hydration?
Aging skin tends to become drier due to reduced oil production.
p.2
Effects of Aging on Skin
How does aging affect the skin?
It leads to decreased elasticity, thinning, and increased dryness.
p.10
Acid Mantle and Skin pH
What type of skin cleansers should be used to maintain the acid mantle?
Mild pH balanced non-scented skin cleansers.
p.17
Functions of the Skin
What role does the skin play in protecting internal organs?
It serves as a protective barrier between internal organs and the external environment.
p.29
Effects of Aging on Skin
What happens to collagen in the skin as it ages?
Collagen reduces and collagen fibers become compressed.
p.15
Subcutaneous Layer Characteristics
What is the relationship between the thickness of the adipose layer and blood supply?
The thicker the adipose layer, the poorer the blood supply through it.
p.31
Preventative Interventions for Skin Integrity
What is the focus of the South West Regional Wound Care Program?
Prevention of impaired skin integrity.
p.32
Preventative Interventions for Skin Integrity
What is the third rule of the South West Regional Wound Care Program?
Closely monitor the skin.
p.30
Effects of Aging on Skin
What is senile purpura?
Small hemorrhages caused by fragile blood vessels in aging skin.
p.13
Functions of the Skin
What is one of the primary functions of the dermal layer?
Provides tensile strength, mechanical support, and protection to underlying muscles, bones, and organs.
p.19
Functions of the Skin
What is the body's response to cold exposure?
Body temperature falls and heat is conserved.
p.6
Epidermis Structure and Function
Name the five sub-layers of the epidermis.
Stratum corneum, Stratum lucidum, Stratum granulosum, Stratum spinosum, Stratum basale.
p.26
Effects of Aging on Skin
What happens to the skin's thickness as a person ages?
The skin becomes thinner.
p.10
Acid Mantle and Skin pH
What type of moisturizers are recommended for maintaining the acid mantle?
Mild pH balanced non-scented moisturizers.
p.24
Skin Integrity Factors
How does friction affect skin integrity?
Friction can cause abrasions and increase the risk of skin breakdown.
p.24
Skin Integrity Factors
How does hydration affect skin integrity?
Adequate hydration helps maintain skin elasticity and barrier function.
p.23
Functions of the Skin
What role does Vitamin D play in the body?
It assists in the mineralization of bones and teeth.
p.18
Functions of the Skin
How can damage to the skin affect self-esteem?
It can contribute to poor self-esteem.
p.27
Effects of Aging on Skin
What factors influence the rate at which we age?
Our genes, environment, and how we look after our bodies.
p.25
Skin Integrity Factors
What role does nutrition play in skin integrity?
Proper nutrition is essential for maintaining healthy skin and preventing impairment.
p.11
Epidermis Structure and Function
How does skin color affect melanocyte size and activity?
In darker skin, melanocytes are larger and more active.
p.30
Effects of Aging on Skin
What are the characteristics of skin as it ages?
Skin becomes dry, itchy, and inelastic.
What are the primary functions of skin?
Protection, sensation, temperature regulation, and vitamin D synthesis.
p.35
Skin Integrity Factors
What is the purpose of monitoring the skin?
To identify and address any potential issues early.
p.7
Epidermis Structure and Function
What type of structure is the stratum corneum?
It is an avascular multilayer structure.
p.16
Functions of the Skin
How does the skin aid in the synthesis of vitamin D?
By absorbing sunlight, which triggers vitamin D production.
p.9
Acid Mantle and Skin pH
How does diabetes affect skin pH?
It is associated with increased skin pH.
p.12
Dermis Composition and Role
What are the main cell types found in the dermis?
Fibroblasts, macrophages, and mast cells.
p.29
Effects of Aging on Skin
What change occurs in the vascularity of the dermis with aging?
Diminished dermis vascularity.
p.12
Dermis Composition and Role
What components are found in the reticular layer of the dermis?
Blood vessels, collagen fibers, and connective tissue.
p.35
Skin Integrity Factors
How often should the skin be checked?
At least daily, with twice being better.
p.7
Acid Mantle and Skin pH
How does the stratum corneum contribute to the acid mantle?
It is involved in the formation of an acid mantle.
p.25
Skin Integrity Factors
Why is hydration important for skin integrity?
Hydration helps maintain skin moisture and elasticity, preventing dryness and damage.
p.16
Functions of the Skin
What is one of the primary functions of the skin?
Protection against external elements.
p.37
Functions of the Skin
What are the primary functions of the skin?
The skin protects against pathogens, regulates temperature, and facilitates sensation.
p.2
Skin Integrity Factors
What factors can negatively affect skin integrity?
Poor nutrition, moisture imbalance, friction, and pressure.
p.16
Functions of the Skin
What role does the skin play in sensation?
It contains nerve endings that detect touch, pain, and temperature.
p.37
Preventative Interventions for Skin Integrity
What are some preventative interventions to reduce the risk of impaired skin integrity?
Interventions include regular skin assessments, maintaining hydration, and using barrier creams.
What is the primary focus of the South West Regional Wound Care Program?
Anatomy and Physiology of the Skin.
p.8
Acid Mantle and Skin pH
How does the pH of an open wound compare to normal skin?
Open wounds have a higher pH (6.5 – 8.5) compared to normal skin (4 - 6.5).
p.34
Skin Care Best Practices
What type of moisturizer should be used for skin care?
A mild, non-scented, pH balanced moisturizer.
p.28
Effects of Aging on Skin
What happens to the skin's penetrability to environmental substances as it ages?
There is a loss of penetrability, making irritants more readily absorbed.
p.6
Epidermis Structure and Function
Is the epidermis vascular or avascular?
Avascular (no blood vessels).
What are the characteristics of the various layers of skin?
The skin consists of the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layer, each with distinct functions and structures.
p.25
Skin Integrity Factors
How can the environment affect skin integrity?
Environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, and exposure to irritants can impair skin integrity.
p.16
Functions of the Skin
How does the skin contribute to temperature regulation?
By controlling sweat production and blood flow.
p.37
Skin Integrity Factors
What factors may negatively affect skin integrity?
Factors include moisture, friction, pressure, and poor nutrition.
p.36
Skin Integrity Factors
What are signs of potential skin issues to look for?
Redness, blisters, rashes, open areas, dark bruised areas, dryness, unusual lesions, cracked areas, tight clothing marks, temperature changes, and swelling.
p.24
Skin Integrity Factors
How can nutrition impact skin integrity?
Poor nutrition can lead to skin breakdown and delayed healing.
p.15
Subcutaneous Layer Characteristics
What is another name for the subcutaneous layer?
Adipose or hypodermis layer.
p.15
Subcutaneous Layer Characteristics
What is the composition of the subcutaneous layer?
Fat, blood vessels, and connective tissue.
What is the primary function of the stratum corneum?
It acts as a barrier to the environment and prevents transepidermal water loss.
p.18
Functions of the Skin
What are some consequences of skin damage?
Functional limitations and physiologic consequences.
p.6
Epidermis Structure and Function
What is the average thickness of the epidermis?
0.1 mm (15-100 cell layers).
p.14
Functions of the Skin
What role do dermal appendages play in wound healing?
They contribute epithelial cells for reepithelialization.
p.19
Functions of the Skin
What happens to blood vessels when the skin is exposed to cold?
Blood vessels constrict and blood flow is reduced to the skin.
p.20
Functions of the Skin
What types of sensations do nerve endings in the skin sense?
Pain, pressure, and temperature.
p.13
Functions of the Skin
How does the dermal layer contribute to temperature regulation?
It regulates temperature.
p.19
Functions of the Skin
What occurs when the skin is exposed to heat?
Blood vessels dilate and blood flow increases to the skin.
p.2
Preventative Interventions for Skin Integrity
What are some preventative interventions for skin integrity?
Regular skin assessments, proper hydration, and use of barrier creams.
p.17
Functions of the Skin
How does the skin help in maintaining body temperature?
Through temperature regulation.
p.9
Acid Mantle and Skin pH
What cardiovascular condition is linked to increased skin pH?
CVD (Cardiovascular Disease).
p.24
Skin Integrity Factors
What is the impact of underlying health conditions on skin integrity?
Conditions like diabetes can impair circulation and healing.
p.37
Effects of Aging on Skin
What are the effects of aging on skin?
Aging can lead to thinner skin, reduced elasticity, and increased dryness.
p.22
Functions of the Skin
What underlying structures does the skin protect from injury?
Tissues and underlying structures.
What are the characteristics of the various layers of skin?
The epidermis is the outer layer, the dermis contains connective tissue, and the subcutaneous layer provides insulation.
p.26
Effects of Aging on Skin
What role does collagen play in aging skin?
Collagen production decreases, leading to wrinkles and sagging.
p.15
Subcutaneous Layer Characteristics
What does the subcutaneous layer store?
Energy in the form of fat.
p.17
Functions of the Skin
What sensory functions does the skin perform?
It acts as a sensory organ for pain, temperature, and touch.
p.29
Effects of Aging on Skin
How does dermis atrophy affect wound healing?
It slows wound contraction and increases the risk of dehiscence.
p.29
Effects of Aging on Skin
Where is subcutaneous fat atrophy most noticeable?
In the face, backs of hands, and shins.
