p.1
Bioenergetics Principles
What is a coupling reaction?
A process where an exergonic reaction drives an endergonic reaction.
p.1
ATP and Energy Transfer
What is ATP?
A molecule that stores and transfers energy within cells.
p.1
Metabolic Processes: Catabolism and Anabolism
What is metabolism?
The set of life-sustaining chemical reactions in organisms.
p.1
Regulation of Metabolism
What is the role of regulation in metabolism?
To control the rate and direction of metabolic pathways.
p.2
Energy Transformation and Efficiency
What is potential energy?
Energy stored in a body or object by virtue of its position; energy waiting to be used.
p.2
Energy Transformation and Efficiency
What is kinetic energy?
Energy possessed by virtue of the motion of a body or object and their molecules; energy in use.
p.2
Energy Transformation and Efficiency
How does potential energy transform?
Potential energy changes into kinetic energy.
p.1
Importance of Energy in Biological Systems
What is the significance of energy in biological systems?
Energy is crucial for sustaining life processes.
p.1
Bioenergetics Principles
What is bioenergetics?
The study of energy flow and transformation in biological systems.
p.1
Gibbs Free Energy and Thermodynamics
What does Gibbs Free Energy represent?
The maximum reversible work that can be performed by a thermodynamic system at constant temperature and pressure.
p.4
Gibbs Free Energy and Thermodynamics
How is the universe divided in thermodynamics?
Into the system and everything outside the system.
p.16
Regulation of Metabolism
What does feedback inhibition prevent?
It prevents too much buildup of the product.
p.11
Gibbs Free Energy and Thermodynamics
What happens during the hydrolysis of acyl phosphate (1,3-bisphosphoglycerate)?
It is accompanied by a large, negative standard free energy change.
p.13
Photosynthesis and Energy Cycle
What is cyclic photophosphorylation?
A process that generates ATP without producing NADPH, occurring when there is insufficient NADP+.
p.12
ATP and Energy Transfer
What happens to protons during oxidative phosphorylation?
Protons are pumped out of the mitochondria.
p.2
Importance of Energy in Biological Systems
What type of energy do animals derive from their food?
Chemical energy to sustain their metabolism.
p.12
Cellular Respiration: Aerobic vs Anaerobic
What occurs during aerobic respiration?
All three steps of cellular respiration occur.
p.4
Bioenergetics Principles
What is bioenergetics?
The study of the flow and transformation of energy in and between living organisms and their environment.
p.13
ATP and Energy Transfer
What does the Nicotinamide ring accept to become NADH?
2 electrons and 1 proton (hydride).
p.16
Regulation of Metabolism
What is the purpose of feedback inhibition in a system?
It provides a means of self-regulating.
p.11
ATP and Energy Transfer
What is the role of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) in ATP synthesis?
PEP has a very high ΔG of Pi hydrolysis, allowing ATP synthesis through Pi transfer.
p.14
Metabolic Processes: Catabolism and Anabolism
What is the role of anabolism?
Constructive metabolic processes that consume energy and synthesize complex molecules from small ones.
p.6
Gibbs Free Energy and Thermodynamics
What does a negative ΔH indicate?
Energy is released from the system.
p.4
Gibbs Free Energy and Thermodynamics
What does thermodynamics in biological systems refer to?
The part of the universe in which you are interested.
p.4
Gibbs Free Energy and Thermodynamics
What is the focus of thermodynamics systems?
The interactions and energy transformations within a defined system.
p.12
ATP and Energy Transfer
What is oxidative phosphorylation?
The process of ATP formation when electrons are transferred by electron carriers from NADH or FADH2 to oxygen.
p.6
Gibbs Free Energy and Thermodynamics
What does the second law of thermodynamics state about energy transfer?
Every energy transfer makes the universe more disordered, which is measured by entropy.
p.16
Regulation of Metabolism
How is the glycolysis pathway regulated?
Through feedback inhibition and feedforward activation.
p.17
Regulation of Metabolism
What role do hormones play in metabolic regulation?
They regulate pathways such as glycolysis.
p.5
Energy Transformation and Efficiency
What happens to energy during transformations?
Every energy transfer results in heat loss.
p.11
Bioenergetics Principles
What is a thioester?
A compound where a sulfur atom replaces the usual oxygen in the ester bond.
p.15
Regulation of Metabolism
What determines the speed of the overall reaction in a metabolic pathway?
The slowest step of a reaction, known as the rate-limiting reaction.
p.8
Gibbs Free Energy and Thermodynamics
How do you convert kilojoules to kilocalories?
Divide the number of kilojoules by 4.184.
p.14
Photosynthesis and Energy Cycle
What is generated during noncyclic photophosphorylation?
ATP is generated by the Photosystem II electron transport chain and chemiosmosis.
p.11
ATP and Energy Transfer
What is substrate-level phosphorylation?
The direct formation of ATP by transferring a phosphate group from a high energy compound to ADP.
p.6
Gibbs Free Energy and Thermodynamics
What is the formula for the change in entropy (ΔS)?
ΔS = ΔQ/T, where Q is the heat transferred and T is the absolute temperature.
p.15
Regulation of Metabolism
Can a rate-limiting reaction be exothermic or endothermic?
Yes, it can be either exothermic or endothermic.
p.6
Gibbs Free Energy and Thermodynamics
What does a positive ΔS signify?
The system becomes more disordered during the reaction.
p.6
Gibbs Free Energy and Thermodynamics
What does ΔH represent in biological systems?
The change in enthalpy, which refers to energy stored in bonds.
p.16
Regulation of Metabolism
What is feedback inhibition?
A process where the product of a pathway controls the rate of synthesis, acting as an inhibitor of the pathway.
p.13
Metabolic Processes: Catabolism and Anabolism
What is the role of NADPH in metabolic pathways?
It acts as an electron donor in synthetic pathways.
p.14
Metabolic Processes: Catabolism and Anabolism
What does catabolism do?
Breaks down large molecules and provides energy and components for anabolic reactions.
p.5
Gibbs Free Energy and Thermodynamics
What does the first law of thermodynamics state?
Energy is never created nor destroyed; the total amount of energy in the universe remains conserved.
p.7
Gibbs Free Energy and Thermodynamics
What does ΔH represent?
Change in enthalpy for the reaction.
p.3
Metabolic Processes: Catabolism and Anabolism
What does Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) represent?
The minimum amount of energy required to maintain life or sustain vital functions in the body.
p.17
Regulation of Metabolism
What is feedback inhibition?
A process where the product of a pathway controls the rate of synthesis, acting as an inhibitor of the pathway.
p.14
Metabolic Processes: Catabolism and Anabolism
What are the two main types of metabolic processes?
Catabolism and Anabolism.
p.17
Regulation of Metabolism
How does feedback inhibition contribute to a system?
It provides a means of self-regulating.
p.12
ATP and Energy Transfer
What do food substrates donate during oxidative phosphorylation?
Electrons and protons to acceptor molecules, i.e., oxidation.
p.9
Bioenergetics Principles
How do endergonic reactions proceed?
They require an input of energy to occur.
p.9
Bioenergetics Principles
What is the significance of coupling reactions?
A spontaneous reaction can drive a non-spontaneous reaction.
p.2
Energy Transformation and Efficiency
What happens to energy in a living cell?
Energy is converted from one form to another.
p.8
Gibbs Free Energy and Thermodynamics
What are the standard state conditions for Gibbs Free Energy?
[S]initial = [P]initial = 1 M, 25 °C.
p.12
Metabolic Processes: Catabolism and Anabolism
What is the overall reaction of cellular respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy (ATP/heat).
p.11
Gibbs Free Energy and Thermodynamics
What is the standard free energy change of hydrolysis for thioesters?
Thioesters have a large, negative standard free energy change of hydrolysis.
p.16
Regulation of Metabolism
What is feedforward activation?
An early product in the pathway activates (or catalyzes) future reactions.
p.2
Metabolic Processes: Catabolism and Anabolism
What do organisms that use inorganic raw materials and sunlight do?
They make chemical energy in food and grow.
p.9
Bioenergetics Principles
Where does the energy for endergonic reactions come from?
From coupling with spontaneous reactions.
p.6
Gibbs Free Energy and Thermodynamics
What happens to the system when ΔS is negative?
The system becomes more ordered.
p.3
Bioenergetics Principles
What part of biochemistry is concerned with energy in biological organisms?
The energy involved in making and breaking chemical bonds in molecules.
p.14
Metabolic Processes: Catabolism and Anabolism
What is metabolism?
The set of chemical reactions that happen in living organisms to maintain life.
p.13
ATP and Energy Transfer
What does FAD accept to become FADH2?
2 electrons and 2 protons.
p.15
Metabolic Processes: Catabolism and Anabolism
What are the three types of sequences mentioned in metabolic pathways?
Linear sequence, cycle, and branched sequence.
p.17
Regulation of Metabolism
What is feedforward activation?
An early product in the pathway activates (or catalyzes) future reactions.
p.17
Regulation of Metabolism
What are two ways regulation occurs in the glycolysis pathway?
Through feedback inhibition and feedforward activation.
p.12
ATP and Energy Transfer
How is ATP synthesized during oxidative phosphorylation?
H+ ions pass through ATP synthase, which synthesizes ATP.
p.5
Energy Transformation and Efficiency
Why is heat energy considered disordered?
Because it cannot be converted back to a useful form of energy.
p.3
Importance of Energy in Biological Systems
What are some vital functions that BMR supports?
Tissue synthesis, digestion, circulation of blood, secretory glands, muscle contraction, nerve transmission, and brain function.
p.17
Regulation of Metabolism
What does feedback inhibition prevent?
It prevents too much buildup of the product.
p.13
ATP and Energy Transfer
What drives ATP synthesis during chemiosmosis?
Proton gradient across the membranes of mitochondria.
p.12
ATP and Energy Transfer
What role do NADH and FADH2 play in oxidative phosphorylation?
They carry electrons into the electron transport chain.
p.2
Metabolic Processes: Catabolism and Anabolism
How do organisms that cannot produce their own food obtain energy?
They get energy by consuming other organisms.
p.8
Gibbs Free Energy and Thermodynamics
What does ΔGº' represent?
Standard Gibbs Free Energy change.
p.12
Cellular Respiration: Aerobic vs Anaerobic
What is the main process performed during anaerobic respiration?
Only glycolysis is performed.
p.10
ATP and Energy Transfer
What is the alternative reaction for ATP breakdown?
ATP can be converted to AMP and pyrophosphate (PPi).
p.10
ATP and Energy Transfer
How can Pi be utilized in metabolic processes?
Pi may be transferred to another compound, such as a hydroxyl group on glucose.
p.10
ATP and Energy Transfer
What happens to ATP during hydrolysis?
ATP is cleaved to ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi).
p.10
ATP and Energy Transfer
What can pyrophosphate (PPi) be further cleaved into?
Two inorganic phosphates (2 Pi).
p.10
ATP and Energy Transfer
What role do high-energy phosphate compounds play in animals?
They serve as energy stores in muscle and brain.
p.10
ATP and Energy Transfer
Name some high-energy phosphate compounds found in animals.
Phosphagen, phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), carbamoyl phosphate, 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate, and creatine phosphate.
p.10
ATP and Energy Transfer
What is creatine phosphate's role in muscle metabolism?
It acts as an energy reserve to regenerate ATP.
