In the upper ocean, light availability influences photosynthesis, which in turn affects nutrient uptake by phytoplankton. Temperature can affect metabolic rates and nutrient solubility, impacting overall productivity.
PAR stands for Photosynthetically Active Radiation, which designates the spectral range of solar radiation from 400 to 700 nm that photosynthetic organisms can use.
Light, temperature, water, carbon dioxide, and nutrient availability.
Chlorophyll concentration
Nutrient is low until 25m and then increases.
Photosynthesis is the process where solar energy is used to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen gas. The chemical equation is 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2.
Bacteria and viruses, categorized as femtoplankton and picoplankton.
Phytoplankton, specifically nanoplankton and microplankton.
106:16:1, referred to as the Redfield ratio.
There is an inverse relationship between the abundance of light and nutrients, which determines the pattern of phytoplankton production at different latitudes.
Autotrophs, or primary producers, are organisms that produce their own food through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis, serving as the base of the food chain.
200 m depth limit at the edge of the continental shelf.
About 8%.
Light is not limiting in the surface ocean but limits productivity with depth and latitude.
Biological oceanography is the study of life in the oceans, focusing on the distribution, abundance, and production of marine species, as well as the processes that govern their spread and development.
The rate of total amount of CO2 that is fixed by the plant in photosynthesis.
NPP = GPP - R, where R is the respiration rate.
They are major factors in determining the amount and type of marine animals produced, including commercially caught fish.
The dysphotic zone is significant because it receives some light but not enough for photosynthesis, supporting organisms that rely on detritus or other food sources.
Net production (Pn) of phytoplankton shows seasonal variations influenced by environmental factors and nutrient availability.
Three treatment bottles: Initial, Dark, and Light.
Marine organisms are classified based on their taxonomy, which includes categories such as domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species.
Production in the marine environment depends on the synthesis of organic matter of high potential chemical energy from inorganic materials of low potential energy.
Add 1ml of Winckler’s A (3M Manganous chloride - MnCl2) and 1ml of Winckler’s B (Alkaline sodium Iodide Azide (8N NaOH / 4M NaI)) to the sample bottle.
0.375 mg
The primary productivity zones in the marine environment include the euphotic zone, where sunlight penetrates and photosynthesis occurs, the dysphotic zone, where light is insufficient for photosynthesis, and the aphotic zone, which is devoid of light.
They sink to the bottom and spend the next thousand years or more moving along the seafloor to the Indian Ocean.
(mg/O2 /L)/ hr
The production of organic compounds from atmospheric or aquatic CO2 through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.
The O2 production method, developed by Gaarder and Gran in 1927, measures the amount of oxygen produced by photosynthetic organisms.
2 - 3 hours.
Phytoplankton production is highest in spring and autumn in temperate regions.
150-500 gC/m²/yr
Benthic habitats include rocks, reefs, marshes, and sediments that provide a substrate for various organisms.
Bacterial decomposition and release of nutrients may balance photosynthetic uptake.
Nekton are free-swimming animals that are strong enough to swim against currents.
Cap the sample bottle and mix by inverting several times.
Allow the precipitate to settle for about 5 minutes before proceeding.
The Atlantic Ocean.
The PI Curve illustrates the relationship between solar irradiance and the rate of photosynthesis, indicating how photosynthesis varies with light intensity.
During the summer when light becomes sufficient for a net increase in primary productivity.
Seasonal development of phytoplankton standing stock (S) varies with changes in nutrient concentration (N) and net production (Pn).
Fill the bottles with water sample.
The Half Saturation Constant (KI) is the light intensity at which the photosynthetic maximum value is half of its maximum (Pmax/2).
The 14C method for measuring primary production was developed by Steeman-Nielsen in 1952.
Phytoplankton production is highest in the summer in the polar region.
Primary consumers take in chemical potential energy in the form of food from plants.
Phytoplankton production occurs throughout the whole year in tropical regions.
0.40 Pg C/yr
Common sampling techniques include net sampling, grab sampling, and the use of underwater cameras, along with preservative techniques to maintain specimen integrity.
Plankton are drifting and floating organisms that are passively transported by currents in the sea and whose existence is independent of the sea bottom.
192 g of O2
Physical forces that bring nutrients up from deep water where they accumulated.
Productivity = O2 Content X 0.375 (mg/C/l/hr)
The euphotic zone is characterized by sufficient sunlight for photosynthesis, typically extending to about 200 meters deep in clear ocean waters.
PAR refers to the radiation absorbed by plants to carry out the photosynthesis process.
Older water will have less oxygen but higher nutrient concentrations.
Nutrient limitation year-round due to a permanent thermocline.
This process is known as nitrogen fixation.
Atomic weight C = 12 g
Nitrate (NO3-) availability can limit organisms.
Molecular weight O2 = 32 g
Gross Primary Production (GPP), Net Primary Production (NPP), and Net Ecosystem Production (NEP).
Phytoplankton absorb carbon dioxide during photosynthesis, playing a crucial role in reducing atmospheric CO2 and contributing to carbon sequestration.
Eutrophic waters contain high nutrients and support high numbers of phytoplankton.
Mesotrophic waters have nutrient levels between those of oligotrophic and eutrophic waters.
Oceanic species, Neritic species, Benthos (animals/plants in the sea floor), and Pelagic.
32 g
In the upper 100 to 200 meters.
Oligotrophic regions have low productivity, often found in central gyres where downwelling removes nutrients.
They determine what type of phytoplankton develop and how much primary production occurs.
Pelagic and benthic environments.
It has high oxygen and low nutrient content.
The amount of light decreases from the Equator towards the poles.
Net Primary Productivity (Pn) is calculated as Gross photosynthesis minus respiration.
Oxygen is consumed while nutrients accumulate.
Diatoms require silica (SiO2).
46.10 Pg C/yr
Fix the initial bottle for determination of DO.
17.30%
Indirect methods include nitrogen uptake and chlorophyll measurement.
DO content can be calculated using the formula: DO = (Oxygen Saturation * Water Temperature Factor) - (Oxygen Demand).
Primary productivity shows relative seasonal changes at three different latitudes, influenced by the abundance of light and nutrients.
Chlorophyll will be maximum at 30m depths.
Zooplankton, which includes mesoplankton, macroplankton, and megaplankton.
The pelagic division refers to the water column, from the surface to the greatest depths of the open sea.
Autotrophs require 106 times more carbon than phosphorus.
The net amount of primary production after accounting for respiration by plants, heterotrophs, and decomposers. NEP = GPP - (Rp + Rh + Rd).
Nitrogen and phosphorus are the major inorganic nutrients required by phytoplankton.
N2 is readily available, but most autotrophs require nitrate (NO3-).
The absolute amount of dissolved oxygen (DO).
To determine DO (Dissolved Oxygen).
The data collected in July 2008 shows conditions related to primary production, vertical flux, and regeneration of nutrients in a coastal marine ecosystem.
Photosynthesis increases with increasing light intensity up to a maximal value (Pmax), after which it decreases due to photoinhibition.
Photoinhibition is the significant decrease in photosynthesis at higher light intensities, often caused by physiological reactions like the shrinkage of chloroplasts.
In bright light, chloroplasts may shrink, leading to photoinhibition and a decrease in photosynthesis.
(mg/O2 /L)/ hr
Sodium Thiosulfate, 0.0025M (1% Starch Indicator).
Oligotrophic regions have low concentrations of essential nutrients and therefore low productivity.
500-1250 gC/m²/yr
The Light and Dark Bottle Method.
Water and carbon dioxide.
Light
Gross Productivity = (Light Bottle DO - Dark Bottle DO) / time in hours.
Net Productivity = (Light Bottle DO - Initial Bottle DO) / time in hours.
The spectral range of PAR is from 400 to 700 nm, which corresponds to the visible light spectrum.
The benthic division encompasses the seafloor, including shores, littoral or intertidal areas, coral reefs, and the deep seabed.
High productivity regions, or eutrophic areas, are typically found in coastal upwelling regions, such as Peru, with productivity greater than 1 g C m - 2 day - 1.
10.60 Pg C/yr
The main components include different habitats and communities that vary with depth, light availability, and distance from shore.
Nutrient concentration (N) is crucial for the seasonal development of phytoplankton, affecting both standing stock (S) and net production (Pn).
The primary source of phosphorus for phytoplankton is dissolved inorganic PO4-.
Phosphate is often available in small amounts, but is less limiting than nitrate (NO3-).
Plant death removes assimilated nutrients from the photic zone.
Nutrients are transported to deep waters.
Plankton populations in temperate regions typically increase during spring and summer when light availability is higher, leading to greater photosynthesis and growth. In fall and winter, light decreases, resulting in reduced plankton populations.
Nutrient availability often peaks in spring due to runoff and mixing, supporting a bloom in plankton populations. As nutrients become depleted in summer, plankton populations may decline, with a potential resurgence in fall if conditions allow.
Narrow on the west coast of South America and wide (several hundred km) on the NE coast of the United States.
Respiration rate = (Initial Bottle DO - Dark Bottle DO) / time in hours.
The compensation point is the light intensity at which the amount of respiration exactly balances the amount of photosynthesis, marking the lower boundary of the euphotic zone.
(mg/O2 /L)/ hr
Magnesium is a major ion in the ocean and is not limiting.
A clear-yellow to brown-orange color will develop.
Nutrients occur in small amounts, making them limiting factors for primary productivity.
Most of it dissipates as heat and is lost from the ecosystem.
Studying biological oceanography is important for estimating abundance (population size), animal density (number of animals per unit area), and the overall distribution of marine animals, which is critical for understanding marine ecology and making effective management and conservation decisions.
It decreases from the equator towards the poles.
The amount of CO2 that is lost from an organism or system due to metabolic activity.
No, carbon is not limiting because CO2 exists in high concentrations within seawater.
In the aphotic zone, there is no light, and organisms rely on organic matter falling from above or chemosynthesis for energy.
Add 1ml drops of 10N Sulfuric Acid.
28.20%
There are only small fluctuations in primary productivity due to intense surface heating.
Each species has a particular response to different concentrations of limiting nutrients and a maximum growth rate.
Photosynthetic uptake reduces concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus to extremely low levels.
Temperature will penetrate until 30m, then forms a thermocline and reduces until 20°C, remaining constant.
Chlorophyll is the light-absorbing pigment that captures blue and red light for photosynthesis.
Gross Primary Productivity (Pg) represents the total amount of photosynthesis occurring in an ecosystem.
It indicates that decomposition or respiration has overpowered carbon absorption, releasing more carbon to the atmosphere than was taken in by plants.
The amount of wind mixing increases from the tropics towards the poles.
Secondary productivity reflects the utilization of food produced by primary producers for consumer biomass.
It measures the rate at which food energy is assimilated at the trophic level of consumers.
Factors include light availability, nutrient concentration, temperature, and water movement.
Vertical migration refers to the daily movement of zooplankton to deeper waters during the day and returning to surface waters at night, often for feeding and avoiding predators.
Sustained productivity depends on the nutrient renewal rate in the photic zone.
Mesotrophic regions have moderate productivity, greater than 0.5 g C m - 2 day - 1, often found on continental shelves and in polar seas due to vertical mixing.
In spring and autumn when available light and high nutrient concentrations allow plankton blooms.
They use sunlight energy and dissolved nutrients to convert inorganic carbon to organic material, releasing oxygen in the process.
There is an inverse relationship between the abundance of light and the abundance of nutrients in the euphotic zone.
Vertical profiles of production (biomass) help in understanding how phytoplankton distribution and productivity change with seasons.
The stable isotopes of oxygen used are 16O, 18O, and 17O, as noted by Bender et al. in 1987.
Fluorescence kinetics is a technique still under research for measuring primary production.
The rate of formation of new organic material per unit area per unit time, reported as g C/m²/day.
Pacific Ocean with 19.70 Pg C/yr
Calculate the gross and net productivities and the respiration rate for samples.
A large amount of energy is degraded into heat and never returns to the ecosystem.
