p.36
Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
What is a promoter in DNA transcription?
A segment of DNA where transcription begins, serving as binding sites for RNA polymerase and other regulatory proteins.
p.36
Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
What is a terminator in DNA transcription?
A segment of DNA where transcription ends.
p.51
Cell Cycle and Mitosis
What phases must a cell progress through before meiosis begins?
G1, S, and G2 phases of the cell cycle.
p.39
Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
What is the genetic code?
The sequence of bases in an mRNA molecule.
p.3
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
What is the structure of the plasma membrane?
It is a phospholipid bilayer made of two layers.
p.51
Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction
What is formed during prophase of meiosis?
Bivalent/Tetrad, where homologous pairs of sister chromatids associate.
p.37
Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
What are proteins composed of?
Large, complex polymers made of amino acid molecules.
p.5
Plasma Membrane Permeability
What causes the concentration gradient across plasma membranes?
Inequal distribution of ions.
p.14
Transport Mechanisms Across Plasma Membrane
How is secondary active transport often coupled?
To primary active transport.
p.8
Plasma Membrane Permeability
What is diffusion?
The movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
p.10
Transport Mechanisms Across Plasma Membrane
How is glucose transported into the cells?
By facilitated transport down its concentration gradient with the help of a protein carrier called transporter.
p.14
Transport Mechanisms Across Plasma Membrane
What type of energy does secondary active transport utilize?
Energy stored in an electrochemical gradient.
p.22
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What type of organelles are lysosomes?
Single-membrane organelles.
p.2
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
Why is the integrity and function of the plasma membrane essential?
For the cell’s survival.
p.39
Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
How is the genetic code read?
In groups of 3 bases, known as codons.
p.38
Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
What does each tRNA carry?
A specific amino acid at one end.
p.4
Plasma Membrane Permeability
What type of barrier is the plasma membrane?
A selectively permeable barrier.
p.2
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
What does the plasma membrane mark?
The boundary between the outside and the inside of the cell.
p.44
Cell Cycle and Mitosis
What genetic information do daughter cells inherit from the mother cell?
The same genetic information.
p.8
Plasma Membrane Permeability
What are passive processes in the context of the plasma membrane?
Processes that do not require energy to move substances across the membrane.
p.41
Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
What does 'P site' refer to?
It refers to the peptidyl site in ribosomes where the growing polypeptide chain is held.
p.39
Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
What does the genetic code specify?
The sequence of amino acids within a polypeptide.
p.59
Cell Aging and Apoptosis
What are the two essential processes in the life cycle of organisms related to aging and cell death?
Cellular senescence and apoptosis.
p.30
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What is chromatin made of?
Chains of DNA wrapped around proteins called histones.
p.4
Plasma Membrane Permeability
What factors determine the ability of molecules to pass through the plasma membrane?
1) Electric features and 2) Size of molecules.
p.22
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What do lysosomes store?
Hydrolases, enzymes that digest various biological molecules.
p.4
Plasma Membrane Permeability
What types of molecules are impermeable to the plasma membrane?
Charged molecules and ions.
p.31
Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
What is the role of Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)?
Stores genetic information.
p.46
Cell Cycle and Mitosis
What are the main stages of mitosis?
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase.
p.5
Plasma Membrane Permeability
What is a concentration gradient?
A difference in the concentration of ions across a membrane.
p.16
Transport Mechanisms Across Plasma Membrane
What is the mechanism by which SARS-CoV-2 enters cells?
Receptor-mediated endocytosis.
p.3
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
What types of molecules are embedded in the plasma membrane?
Various types of proteins.
p.10
Transport Mechanisms Across Plasma Membrane
What may occur when glucose transporters are altered within the cells?
Some forms of Diabetes may occur.
p.27
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
What are cilia and flagella?
Cytoplasmic outgrowths extending from the plasma membrane.
p.24
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What is one of the primary functions of mitochondria?
Generate ATP through reactions of aerobic cellular respiration.
p.41
Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
What does 'A site' refer to?
It refers to the aminoacyl site in ribosomes where tRNA brings amino acids.
p.38
Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
What is located at the other end of each tRNA?
An anticodon, which is complementary to the codon in the mRNA.
p.31
Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
What is the primary function of nucleic acids?
Responsible for the storage, expression, and transmission of genetic information.
p.28
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
What is the function of tight junctions?
They prevent substances from penetrating through the cellular layer.
p.48
Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
When is a karyotype typically performed?
During metaphase when chromosomes are duplicated, condensed, and most visible.
p.24
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What important role do mitochondria play besides energy production?
They play an important role in apoptosis.
p.31
Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
What is the function of Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)?
Transfers genetic information from DNA to form a protein.
p.27
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
How much shorter are cilia compared to flagella?
Cilia are about 20 times shorter than flagella.
p.29
Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
What is the first step in gene expression?
Transcription, where DNA is converted into messenger RNA (mRNA).
p.37
Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
What do amino acids form when covalently bonded?
A linear chain of polypeptides.
p.13
Transport Mechanisms Across Plasma Membrane
What is primary active transport?
A process that directly uses ATP energy to transport a solute against its concentration gradient.
p.10
Transport Mechanisms Across Plasma Membrane
Is cellular energy required for glucose transport via facilitated diffusion?
No, cellular energy is not required.
p.61
Structure-Function Relationship in Cells
What determines the function of a cell?
The cell's shape and specific organelles and subcellular structures.
p.31
Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
What are the two classes of nucleic acids?
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic Acid (RNA).
p.9
Plasma Membrane Permeability
What is diffusion?
The movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
p.8
Plasma Membrane Permeability
What is osmosis?
The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
p.57
Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction
How many daughter cells are produced by meiosis?
4 haploid daughter cells that are genetically different.
p.54
Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction
What is the primary purpose of Meiosis I?
To reduce the chromosome number by half and produce haploid cells.
p.32
Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
What are the base pairing rules in DNA?
A pairs with T and C pairs with G, both via hydrogen bonds.
p.38
Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
What is a codon?
A sequence of 3 bases in an mRNA molecule that codes for a specific amino acid.
p.24
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What are mitochondria commonly referred to as?
The 'powerhouses' of the cell.
p.8
Plasma Membrane Permeability
What is facilitated diffusion?
The process by which molecules pass through the plasma membrane via special protein channels.
p.47
Cell Cycle and Mitosis
What is mitosis?
The process of cell division that results in two identical daughter cells.
p.32
Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
What is the structure of DNA?
A double helix composed of two strands of polynucleotides.
p.26
Cell Cycle and Mitosis
What is the primary role of the centrosome?
It plays an important role in cell division.
p.4
Plasma Membrane Permeability
What is transported into the cell despite the plasma membrane's selectivity?
Essential cell proteins and large molecules.
p.30
Cell Cycle and Mitosis
In what state does chromatin exist in non-dividing cells?
In a decondensed state throughout the nucleus.
p.41
Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
What does 'E site' refer to?
It typically refers to the exit site in ribosomes during protein synthesis.
p.44
Cell Cycle and Mitosis
What are the two main events of somatic cell division?
Mitosis (division of the nucleus) and Cytokinesis (division of the cytoplasm).
p.14
Transport Mechanisms Across Plasma Membrane
What is the purpose of secondary active transport?
To move a molecule against its concentration gradient.
p.4
Plasma Membrane Permeability
What types of molecules can generally pass through the plasma membrane?
Hydrophobic molecules, gases, and small uncharged molecules.
p.49
Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction
What is the result of the fertilization event in sexual reproduction?
A diploid cell called a zygote.
p.57
Cell Cycle and Mitosis
What type of cells does mitosis produce?
2 diploid daughter cells that are genetically identical.
p.10
Transport Mechanisms Across Plasma Membrane
What are glucose transporters involved in?
Facilitated diffusion of glucose.
p.21
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus?
To sort and package modified proteins, lipids, and other macromolecules into vesicles.
p.15
Transport Mechanisms Across Plasma Membrane
What types of substances can be transported via endocytosis?
Large molecules, particles, and even other cells.
p.51
Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction
How does crossing over affect genetic variation?
It may increase the genetic variation of a species.
p.26
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What is the structure of centrioles?
Made up of 9 circular triplets of microtubules.
p.9
Plasma Membrane Permeability
How does concentration gradient affect passive transport?
Substances move down their concentration gradient during passive transport.
p.12
Transport Mechanisms Across Plasma Membrane
What is an example of active transport?
The sodium-potassium pump, which moves sodium out of and potassium into the cell.
p.46
Cell Cycle and Mitosis
What happens in telophase?
Chromosomes de-condense, and the nuclear envelope re-forms around each set of chromosomes.
p.26
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
How many microtubules are there in a centriole?
27 microtubules (9 triplets of microtubules).
p.24
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What type of membrane surrounds mitochondria?
A double membrane consisting of outer and inner mitochondrial membranes.
p.15
Transport Mechanisms Across Plasma Membrane
What is endocytosis?
A process by which cells transport substances into the cell via vesicles.
p.8
Plasma Membrane Permeability
What role do protein channels play in passive transport?
They help specific molecules cross the plasma membrane without using energy.
p.25
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What is the primary function of the cytoskeleton?
To maintain cell shape and anchor/move organelles.
p.28
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
Where are tight junctions predominantly found?
In kidney cells, stomach, and intestinal cells.
p.27
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
How do cilia differ from flagella in terms of size and quantity?
Cilia are short and numerous, while flagella are long and single.
p.28
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
What do desmosomes do?
They prevent cells subjected to mechanical stress from being pulled apart.
p.16
Cell Aging and Apoptosis
Why are individuals with pre-existing cardiovascular conditions more susceptible to severe outcomes from SARS-CoV-2?
Due to higher ACE2 expression in the heart and lungs.
p.15
Transport Mechanisms Across Plasma Membrane
What are the two main types of endocytosis?
Phagocytosis and pinocytosis.
p.26
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What are the two main components of a centrosome?
Two centrioles oriented at right angles to each other.
p.59
Cell Aging and Apoptosis
Why is the balance between cell aging and apoptosis important?
It is pivotal in maintaining the health of an organism.
p.25
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
Which cytoskeletal fiber has a thin diameter?
Microfilaments (Actin filaments).
p.19
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What are nuclear pores?
Openings in the nuclear envelope that regulate transportation of molecules.
p.12
Transport Mechanisms Across Plasma Membrane
How does active transport differ from passive transport?
Active transport requires energy, while passive transport does not.
p.33
Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
What are the components of an RNA nucleotide?
Nitrogenous base, ribose sugar, and phosphate group.
p.33
Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
What are the pyrimidine nitrogenous bases in RNA?
Uracil (U) and Cytosine (C).
p.48
Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
What is a karyotype?
A photographic representation of an individual’s complete set of chromosomes.
p.9
Plasma Membrane Permeability
What are passive processes in the context of the plasma membrane?
Processes that do not require energy to move substances across the membrane.
p.40
Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
What occurs during the elongation stage of translation?
Amino acids are sequentially added to the growing polypeptide chain.
p.21
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What is the structure of the Golgi apparatus?
A stack of flattened vesicles known as cisternae.
p.3
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
What role does cholesterol play in the plasma membrane?
It provides structural support.
p.48
Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
What does a diploid cell possess?
Two complete sets of chromosomes, each inherited from one parent.
p.25
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What are the three types of fibers that make up the cytoskeleton?
Microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments.
p.3
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
What is found on the exterior leaflet of the plasma membrane?
Carbohydrates (sugars) attached to proteins and lipids.
p.49
Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction
How does meiosis affect the number of chromosomes?
It reduces the number of chromosomes by half.
p.28
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
In which cells are desmosomes predominantly found?
In epidermis and cardiac cells.
p.46
Cell Cycle and Mitosis
What happens during prophase?
Chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes, and the nuclear envelope begins to break down.
p.22
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What is apoptosis in the context of lysosomes?
The digestion of an entire cell.
p.15
Transport Mechanisms Across Plasma Membrane
What is phagocytosis?
A type of endocytosis where the cell engulfs large particles or cells.
p.49
Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction
How many phases are there in Meiosis I?
5 phases: Prophase I, Prometaphase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, and Telophase I.
p.29
Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
What process follows transcription in gene expression?
Translation, where mRNA is translated into a protein.
p.7
Plasma Membrane Permeability
What is facilitated diffusion?
The process of transporting molecules across the plasma membrane via specific carrier or channel proteins.
p.23
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What is the function of proteases within proteasomes?
To degrade unneeded, damaged, or faulty cytoplasmic proteins into small peptides and amino acids.
p.7
Transport Mechanisms Across Plasma Membrane
What is active transport?
The movement of molecules across the plasma membrane against their concentration gradient, requiring energy.
p.7
Transport Mechanisms Across Plasma Membrane
What is exocytosis?
The process by which cells expel materials in vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane.
p.20
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What distinguishes Rough ER (RER) from Smooth ER (SER)?
Rough ER is studded with ribosomes and is involved in protein synthesis, while Smooth ER has no role in protein synthesis.
p.59
Cell Aging and Apoptosis
What causes cell aging over time?
A combination of factors including shortening of telomeres and accumulation of cellular damage.
p.11
Plasma Membrane Permeability
What is osmosis?
The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
p.11
Plasma Membrane Permeability
What type of membrane does osmosis occur across?
A selectively permeable membrane.
p.44
Cell Cycle and Mitosis
How many pairs of chromosomes do somatic cells contain?
23 pairs (46 chromosomes).
p.26
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
Where is the centrosome typically located?
Within the cytoplasm close to the nucleus.
p.59
Cell Aging and Apoptosis
What is apoptosis?
A programmed cell death mechanism that eliminates damaged or malfunctioning cells.
p.21
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
How is the Golgi apparatus related to the ER?
It is closely related in proximity and function.
p.3
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
What are the characteristics of the nonpolar 'tails' of phospholipid molecules?
They are hydrophobic (water-fearing) and align in the interior of the membrane.
p.11
Plasma Membrane Permeability
What occurs to a cell in a hypertonic solution during osmosis?
The cell shrinks as water exits.
p.15
Transport Mechanisms Across Plasma Membrane
What is pinocytosis?
A type of endocytosis where the cell takes in liquid and small solutes.
p.27
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
Where are cilia found in the human body?
In the trachea and fallopian tubes (oviduct).
p.47
Cell Cycle and Mitosis
What is cytokinesis?
The division of the cytoplasm, resulting in two separate cells.
p.29
Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
What is the significance of the genetic code?
It determines the sequence of amino acids in a protein.
p.43
Cell Cycle and Mitosis
What occurs during the G1 phase of the cell cycle?
It is the first gap phase where the cell grows.
p.33
Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
What are the purine nitrogenous bases in RNA?
Adenine (A) and Guanine (G).
p.20
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What are the functions of Smooth ER (SER)?
Synthesis of lipids and steroids, detoxification of harmful substances, storage and release of Ca2+ ions, and carbohydrate metabolism.
p.13
Transport Mechanisms Across Plasma Membrane
What does primary active transport establish across a membrane?
An electrochemical gradient.
p.61
Structure-Function Relationship in Cells
What is the relationship between a cell's structure and its function?
A cell's structure and function are related to one another, known as the Structure-Function Relationship.
p.15
Transport Mechanisms Across Plasma Membrane
What role do vesicles play in endocytosis?
Vesicles encapsulate substances to transport them into the cell.
p.51
Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction
What is crossing over in meiosis?
A physical exchange between chromosome pieces of the crossing bivalent.
p.49
Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction
What type of cells are produced through meiosis?
Haploid cells (gametes, e.g., spermatozoa and ova).
p.9
Plasma Membrane Permeability
What is facilitated diffusion?
The process by which molecules pass through the plasma membrane via special proteins.
p.8
Plasma Membrane Permeability
How does concentration gradient affect passive transport?
Substances move down their concentration gradient during passive transport.
p.11
Plasma Membrane Permeability
What drives the process of osmosis?
The concentration gradient of water.
p.42
Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
What is the primary role of mRNA in gene expression?
The primary role of mRNA is to serve as a template for protein synthesis during translation.
p.50
Cell Cycle and Mitosis
What occurs during Cytokinesis II?
The division of the cytoplasm following meiosis II, resulting in four haploid daughter cells.
p.27
Transport Mechanisms Across Plasma Membrane
What is the primary function of cilia?
To move fluids along a cell's surface.
p.29
Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
What is the role of mRNA in gene expression?
mRNA carries the genetic information from DNA to the ribosome for protein synthesis.
p.18
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
Name three organelles found in the cytoplasm.
Nucleus, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus.
p.28
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
Where are gap junctions predominantly found?
In neurons and muscle cells, including cardiac cells.
p.49
Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction
How many phases are there in Meiosis II?
5 phases: Prophase II, Prometaphase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, and Telophase II.
p.18
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
Where are glycogen granules abundant?
In liver and muscle cells.
p.23
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
How do proteasomes contribute to cellular health?
By degrading and recycling proteins, thus regulating various cellular processes.
p.34
Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
What are the common nitrogenous bases found in both DNA and RNA?
Adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C).
p.39
Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
What do most codons specify?
A particular amino acid, including Start and Stop codons.
p.59
Cell Aging and Apoptosis
What are telomeres?
Protective caps on the ends of chromosomes.
p.46
Cell Cycle and Mitosis
What is mitosis?
A process of cell division that results in two genetically identical daughter cells.
p.39
Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
Can more than one codon specify the same amino acid?
Yes, more than one codon can specify the same amino acid.
p.59
Cell Aging and Apoptosis
What is glycation?
A chemical process in which sugar molecules attach to proteins, lipids, or nucleic acids unnaturally.
p.50
Cell Cycle and Mitosis
What is Cytokinesis I?
The process that divides the cytoplasm of a cell into two daughter cells after meiosis I.
p.12
Transport Mechanisms Across Plasma Membrane
What is active transport?
The movement of molecules across a plasma membrane against their concentration gradient, requiring energy.
p.9
Transport Mechanisms Across Plasma Membrane
What role do channel proteins play in passive transport?
They provide pathways for specific molecules to cross the plasma membrane.
p.57
Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction
What is the genetic relationship of daughter cells produced by meiosis?
They are genetically different.
p.30
Cell Cycle and Mitosis
What happens to chromatin during cell division?
It condenses to form chromosomes.
p.12
Transport Mechanisms Across Plasma Membrane
What is the role of protein pumps in active transport?
They facilitate the movement of ions or molecules across the membrane against their gradient.
p.54
Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction
What happens during Metaphase I?
Homologous chromosome pairs align at the cell's equatorial plane.
p.26
Cell Cycle and Mitosis
What occurs to the centrosomes as cell division begins?
The two centrosomes move to opposite ends of the cell.
p.27
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What role do cilia play in the fallopian tubes?
They move eggs to the uterus.
p.19
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What are nucleoli and what is their function?
Dense spherical structures in the nucleus that are sites of rRNA synthesis and assembly of ribosomal subunits.
p.38
Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
What is the relationship between a codon and an anticodon?
The anticodon is complementary to the codon in the mRNA.
p.30
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What are histones?
Proteins around which DNA is wrapped to form chromatin.
p.47
Cell Cycle and Mitosis
What are the main stages of mitosis?
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase.
p.32
Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
What are the nitrogenous bases in DNA?
Pyrimidines: Thymine (T) & Cytosine (C); Purines: Adenine (A) & Guanine (G).
p.42
Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
What is mRNA?
mRNA, or messenger RNA, is a type of RNA that conveys genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, where proteins are synthesized.
p.47
Cell Cycle and Mitosis
What happens during prophase?
Chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes, and the nuclear envelope begins to break down.
p.57
Cell Cycle and Mitosis
What is the genetic relationship of daughter cells produced by mitosis?
They are genetically identical.
p.4
Plasma Membrane Permeability
What substances are allowed to exit the cell?
Proteins and waste products.
p.11
Plasma Membrane Permeability
What happens to a cell in a hypotonic solution during osmosis?
The cell swells as water enters.
p.44
Cell Cycle and Mitosis
What happens to each pair of chromosomes before cell division?
Each pair duplicates into two sister chromatids held together by a centromere.
p.26
Cell Cycle and Mitosis
What happens to the centrosome before cell division?
The centrosome duplicates.
p.28
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
How do cells interact and communicate with each other?
By forming junctions that provide mechanical links and enable surface receptors to recognize ligands on other cells.
p.7
Plasma Membrane Permeability
What is osmosis?
The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane through water channels.
p.43
Cell Cycle and Mitosis
Which types of cells may enter the G0 phase?
Liver cells, pancreatic cells, neurons, and muscle cells.
p.23
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
Where do the degraded peptides and amino acids go after being processed by proteasomes?
They are recycled back to the cytosol.
p.22
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What is one function of lysosomes related to endocytosis?
They fuse with and digest substances that enter a cell via endocytosis (e.g., phagocytosis).
p.21
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
Where does the Golgi apparatus transport macromolecules?
To various destinations inside or outside the cell.
p.3
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
What are the characteristics of the polar 'heads' of phospholipid molecules?
They are hydrophilic (water-loving) and align on both sides of the membrane.
p.47
Cell Cycle and Mitosis
What occurs during metaphase?
Chromosomes align at the cell's equatorial plane.
p.44
Cell Cycle and Mitosis
How are chromosomes inherited in somatic cells?
One member of each pair is inherited from each parent.
p.54
Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction
What occurs during Prophase I?
Homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange genetic material through crossing over.
p.46
Cell Cycle and Mitosis
What is the significance of anaphase?
Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell.
p.42
Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
What is the significance of the codon in mRNA?
Codons are sequences of three nucleotides in mRNA that specify which amino acid will be added during protein synthesis.
p.18
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What are lipid droplets?
Inclusion bodies commonly found in fat cells.
p.7
Transport Mechanisms Across Plasma Membrane
What is phagocytosis?
A type of endocytosis where cells engulf large particles or cells.
p.33
Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
What role does Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) play?
It is crucial for protein synthesis and is a fundamental component of ribosomes.
p.44
Cell Cycle and Mitosis
What are the components of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in somatic cells?
22 pairs of autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes (XX or XY).
p.54
Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction
What are the main stages of Meiosis I?
Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, and Telophase I.
p.12
Transport Mechanisms Across Plasma Membrane
What energy source is commonly used in active transport?
ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
p.42
Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
How is mRNA synthesized?
mRNA is synthesized through a process called transcription, where a segment of DNA is copied into RNA.
p.47
Cell Cycle and Mitosis
What is the significance of anaphase?
Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell.
p.18
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What are inclusion bodies?
Structures within the cytoplasm that store various substances.
p.43
Cell Cycle and Mitosis
What is G0 phase in the cell cycle?
An alternative pathway for cells that postpone division or never divide again.
p.33
Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
What is the function of Messenger RNA (mRNA)?
Directs the synthesis of a protein.
p.51
Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction
What is a chiasma in the context of meiosis?
A site where arms of chromosomes separate but remain adhered at a crossover site.
p.49
Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction
What are the two rounds of divisions in meiosis called?
Meiosis I and Meiosis II.
p.28
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
What is the primary function of gap junctions?
To facilitate direct communication between cells and the passage of ions and small molecules.
p.42
Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
What happens to mRNA after it is synthesized?
After synthesis, mRNA undergoes processing, including splicing, capping, and polyadenylation, before it is translated into protein.
p.11
Plasma Membrane Permeability
What is the effect of isotonic solutions on cells?
There is no net movement of water; cells remain the same size.
p.54
Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction
What is the significance of Anaphase I?
Homologous chromosomes are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell.
p.33
Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
What is RNA composed of?
One strand of polynucleotides.
p.7
Transport Mechanisms Across Plasma Membrane
What is endocytosis?
The process by which cells take in materials by engulfing them in vesicles.
p.20
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What are the main functions of Rough ER (RER)?
Protein synthesis and modification.
p.32
Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
What components make up a DNA nucleotide?
Nitrogenous base, deoxyribose sugar, and phosphate group.
p.50
Cell Cycle and Mitosis
How many total daughter cells result from Cytokinesis II?
Four haploid daughter cells.
p.43
Cell Cycle and Mitosis
What is the cell cycle?
A series of events that occurs in a cell as it grows and divides.
p.20
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)?
A continuous network of membranes that interacts with other membranes in the cell.
p.54
Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction
What occurs during Telophase I?
The cell divides into two haploid cells, each containing one set of chromosomes.
p.29
Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
What is a codon?
A sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid.
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Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
What is the function of transfer RNA (tRNA) in translation?
tRNA brings the appropriate amino acids to the ribosome based on the codon sequence of mRNA.
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Transport Mechanisms Across Plasma Membrane
What are the types of endocytosis?
Primary, secondary (coupled), phagocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis.
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Transport Mechanisms Across Plasma Membrane
What is receptor-mediated endocytosis?
A process where cells take in specific molecules based on receptor interactions.
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Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What does the cytoplasm contain?
Cell organelles, structures, solutes, nutrients, and inclusion bodies.
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Plasma Membrane Permeability
What is osmosis?
The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
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Cell Cycle and Mitosis
What occurs during metaphase?
Chromosomes align at the cell's equatorial plane.
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Plasma Membrane Permeability
What is simple diffusion?
The movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration without energy input.
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Cell Cycle and Mitosis
What happens during telophase?
Nuclear envelopes reform around the two sets of chromosomes, which begin to de-condense.
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Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What are proteasomes?
Barrel-shaped cellular protein complexes that contain proteases.
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Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What role do cilia play in the trachea?
They sweep mucus and dirt out of the lungs.
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Cell Cycle and Mitosis
What is cytokinesis?
The process that follows mitosis, dividing the cytoplasm and organelles into two daughter cells.
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Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What is the role of the endoplasmic reticulum?
It is involved in the synthesis and transport of proteins and lipids.
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Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What role does Smooth ER (SER) play in muscle contraction?
It stores and releases Ca2+ ions that trigger muscle contraction.
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Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What happens to proteins destined for degradation in proteasomes?
They are injected into the core proteasome and degraded into small peptides and amino acids.
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Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What is the function of the cytoplasm?
It is essential for the cell's survival, growth, and overall functioning.
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Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What types of nutrients can be found in the cytoplasm?
Ions, vitamins, nucleotides, amino acids, proteins, enzymes, minerals.
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Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
What are codons?
Sequences of 3 nucleotides in the mRNA.
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Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
What are the base pairing rules for RNA?
A pairs with U and C pairs with G (via hydrogen bonds).
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Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What is the function of cilia and flagella?
They are involved in cell movement and the movement of substances across the cell surface.
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Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What are cell junctions?
They are structures that facilitate communication and adhesion between cells.
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Cell Cycle and Mitosis
What is the purpose of the G2 phase?
It is the second gap phase where the cell prepares for mitosis.
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Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What does the Golgi apparatus do?
It modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for secretion or delivery to other organelles.
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Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What are lysosomes and proteasomes responsible for?
They are involved in the breakdown and recycling of cellular waste.
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Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
What happens during transcription regarding base pairing?
Bases pair in a complementary manner where U replaces T.
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Cell Cycle and Mitosis
What are the stages of mitosis?
Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.
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Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
What do codons in mRNA code for?
Specific amino acids or signal the termination of protein synthesis.
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Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
What is the function of Transfer RNA (tRNA)?
Carries specific amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis based on the genetic code in mRNA.
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Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
What are the two strands of DNA involved in transcription?
Coding strand and template strand.
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Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What types of lipids does Smooth ER (SER) synthesize?
Lipids and steroids such as cholesterol and its derivatives (e.g., estrogens, testosterone).
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Cell Organelles and Their Functions
How does Smooth ER (SER) contribute to carbohydrate metabolism?
It is involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates, such as glucose.
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Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What are centrosomes involved in?
They play a key role in cell division and organizing microtubules.
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Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What is the primary function of mitochondria?
They produce energy in the form of ATP through cellular respiration.
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Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What is the cytoskeleton's role in the cell?
It provides structural support and facilitates cell movement.
